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Liang YF, Yang JY, Shen YD, Xu ZL, Wang H. A breakthrough of immunoassay format for hapten: recent insights into noncompetitive immunoassays to detect small molecules. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38356229 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2315473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Immunoassay based on the antibodies specific for targets has advantages of high sensitivity, simplicity and low cost, therefore it has received more attention in recent years, especially for the rapid detection of small molecule chemicals present in foods, diagnostics and environments. However, limited by low molecular weight and only one antigenic determinant existed, immunoassays for these small molecule chemicals, namely hapten substances, were commonly performed in a competitive immunoassay format, whose sensitivities were obviously lower than the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay generally adaptable for the protein targets. In order to break through the bottleneck of detection format, researchers have designed and established several novel noncompetitive immunoassays for the haptens in the past few years. In this review, we focused on the four representative types of noncompetitive immunoassay formats and described their characteristics and applications in rapid detection of small molecules. Meanwhile, a systematic discussion on the current technologies challenges and the possible solutions were also summarized. This review aims to provide an updated overview of the current state-of-the-art in noncompetitive immunoassay for small molecules, and inspire the development of novel designs for small molecule detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Yi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Dong Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen-Lin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Fei J, Jiang J, Bai Y, Wu W, Zhao X, Yu W, Wen K, Yu X, Shen J, Wang Z. A Proof-of-Concept Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay Development for Small Molecules. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14665-14674. [PMID: 37679861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
A sandwich immunoassay theoretically exhibits higher sensitivity and specificity compared to a competitive counterpart; however, it is extremely difficult to obtain a pair of antibodies that can bind to a small molecule simultaneously, which is always thought to be a single epitope. In the present study, abamectin (ABM) was selected to prove the effect of hapten design and antibody recognition properties on the development of a sandwich immunoassay for small molecules. First, the epitopes of ABM were roughly located, and epitope distances were determined. Then, two haptens were designed by introducing spacer arms at the C4″-OH and C5-OH of ABM, respectively, aiming to provide the longest epitope distances. A total of seven rabbit polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) and 21 mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with various recognition properties were obtained. Extensive combinatorial associations of antibody pairs for simultaneously binding to ABM were performed, and only two mAb-mAb pairs were observed to achieve a sandwich immunoassay for ABM with a total success rate of 0.27%. The best mAb pair for sandwich immunoassay was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance, used to develop a sandwich immunoassay, and then evaluated by cross-reactivities and molecular docking with structurally similar analogues and abamectin. Altogether, the study provided a theoretical foundation as well as practical experience and demonstrated the importance of careful hapten design and extensive antibody screening to successfully establish the sandwich immunoassay for small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fei
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqun Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Bai
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangjun Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezhi Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Application of phage-display developed antibody and antigen substitutes in immunoassays for small molecule contaminants analysis: A mini-review. Food Chem 2020; 339:128084. [PMID: 33152875 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toxic small molecule contaminants (SMCs) residues in food threaten human health. Immunoassays are popular and simple techniques for SMCs analysis. However, immunoassays based on polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies and chemosynthetic antigens have some defects, such as complicated preparation of antibodies, risk of toxic haptens using for antigen chemosynthesis and so on. Phage-display technique has been proven to be an attractive alternative approach to producing antibody and antigen substitutes of SMCs, and opened up new realms for developing immunoassays of SMCs. These substitutes contain five types, including anti-idiotypic recombinant antibody (AIdA), anti-immune complex peptide (AIcP), anti-immune complex recombinant antibody (AIcA) and anti-SMC recombinant antibody (anti-SMC RAb). In this review, the principle of immunoassays based on the five types of substitutes, as well as their application and advantages are summarized and discussed.
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Measurement of Microcystin and Nodularin Activity in Human Urine by Immunocapture-Protein Phosphatase 2A Assay. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120729. [PMID: 31847123 PMCID: PMC6950260 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MC) and nodularin (NOD) are toxins released by cyanobacteria during harmful algal blooms. They are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A) and cause a variety of adverse symptoms in humans and animals if ingested. More than 250 chemically diverse congeners of MCs have been identified, but certified reference materials are only available for a few. A diagnostic test that does not require each reference material for detection is necessary to identify human exposures. To address this need, our lab has developed a method that uses an antibody to specifically isolate MCs and NOD from urine prior to detection via a commercially available PP2A kit. This assay quantitates the summed inhibitory activity of nearly all MCs and NOD on PP2A relative to a common MC congener, microcystin-LR (MC-LR). The quantitation range for MC-LR using this method is from 0.050–0.500 ng/mL. No background responses were detected in a convenience set of 50 individual urines. Interday and intraday % accuracies ranged from 94%–118% and relative standard deviations were 15% or less, meeting FDA guidelines for receptor binding assays. The assay detected low levels of MCs in urines from three individuals living in close proximity to harmful algal blooms (HABs) in Florida.
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Liu A, Anfossi L, Shen L, Li C, Wang X. Non-competitive immunoassay for low-molecular-weight contaminant detection in food, feed and agricultural products: A mini-review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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6
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Gold nanomaterials for the selective capturing and SERS diagnosis of toxins in aqueous and biological fluids. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 91:664-672. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Production of monoclonal antibodies with broad specificity and development of an immunoassay for microcystins and nodularin in water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6037-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Dong JX, Xu C, Wang H, Xiao ZL, Gee S, Li ZF, Wang F, Wu WJ, Shen YD, Yang JY, Sun YM, Hammock BD. Enhanced sensitive immunoassay: noncompetitive phage anti-immune complex assay for the determination of malachite green and leucomalachite green. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:8752-8. [PMID: 25077381 PMCID: PMC4150606 DOI: 10.1021/jf5019824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To develop a more sensitive immunoassay for malachite green (MG) and leucomalachite green (LMG), we identified the immunocomplex binding phage-borne peptides for use in the noncompetitive phage anti-immunocomplex assay (PHAIA). An anti-LMG monoclonal antibody (mAb) was used to select immunocomplex binding peptides from a circular random eight-amino-acid phage-displayed library. After three rounds of panning-elution, five peptides that bound the LMG-mAb immunocomplex were obtained. One of the phage-borne peptide clones that resulted in an assay with the highest sensitivity was chosen for further research. The concentration of LMG producing 50% of the saturated signal and the limit of detection of the assay were 7.02 and 0.55 ng/mL, respectively, with a linear range of 1.35 to 21.56 ng/mL. The PHAIA based on the same antibody was 16 times more sensitive compared to the competitive immunoassay. PHAIA was used to analyze LMG, MG, and two mixtures of spiked fish samples, with validation by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector. Results showed a good correlation (R(2)LMG = 0.9841; R(2)MG = 0.993; R(2)Mixture = 0.9903) between the data of PHAIA and HPLC, thus the assay was an efficient method for monitoring food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Xian Dong
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department
of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Chao Xu
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- E-mail: (H.W.). Tel.: (+86)-020-8528-3448
| | - Zhi-Li Xiao
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shirley
J. Gee
- Department
of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Zhen-Feng Li
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wei-Jian Wu
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yu-Dong Shen
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jin-Yi Yang
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuan-Ming Sun
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- E-mail: (Y.-M.S.)
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department
of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Wei TQ, Zheng YF, Dubowy M, Sharma M. Sandwich assay for tacrolimus using 2 antitacrolimus antibodies. Clin Chem 2013; 60:621-30. [PMID: 24381229 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2013.214023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although detection of natural haptens by antihapten antibodies in sandwich assay format has the theoretical advantages of high analytical specificity and sensitivity, this type of assay has not been reported because of the seemingly insurmountable task of avoiding steric hindrance between the 2 bindings. This is especially true for ring-structured hydrophobic haptens. The macrolide drug tacrolimus (FK506, Prograf®, 804 Da) is such a hapten. Here we show the detection of tacrolimus using 2 antitacrolimus monoclonal antibodies in a sandwich assay. METHODS Both antibodies were developed by use of an intact tacrolimus molecule covalently linked to a carrier protein but via 2 different positions separated by 10 carbon atoms. Epitope analysis based on drug analog binding was used to show no overlap between the binding sites of the 2 antibodies, indicating the 10-carbon separation resulted in 2 distinct epitopes. The distinct epitopes suggested that the drug might be approachable by the antibodies from 2 separate directions, which predicted simultaneous binding as in sandwich formation. RESULTS This prediction was confirmed in sandwich ELISA and affinity column-mediated immunoassay formats. The assay demonstrated good imprecision and significantly lower metabolite cross-reactivity than competitive assay counterparts. Comparison with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using 55 whole-blood samples from transplant patients with tacrolimus concentrations ranging from 0.9 to 29.5 ng/mL showed a linear regression: sandwich = 0.99 × LC-MS/MS + 0.10 ng/mL, r = 0.991, Sy|x = 1.08 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates that a highly specific sandwich assay using 2 antihapten antibodies is feasible for the measurement of a hapten drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Q Wei
- Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., Newark, DE 19714
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Immunoassays and biosensors for the detection of cyanobacterial toxins in water. SENSORS 2013; 13:15085-112. [PMID: 24196435 PMCID: PMC3871135 DOI: 10.3390/s131115085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Algal blooms are a frequent phenomenon in nearly all kinds of fresh water. Global warming and eutrophication by waste water, air pollution and fertilizers seem to lead to an increased frequency of occurrence. Many cyanobacteria produce hazardous and quite persistent toxins, which can contaminate the respective water bodies. This may limit the use of the raw water for many purposes. The purification of the contaminated water might be quite costly, which makes a continuous and large scale treatment economically unfeasible in many cases. Due to the obvious risks of algal toxins, an online or mobile detection method would be highly desirable. Several biosensor systems have been presented in the literature for this purpose. In this review, their mode of operation, performance and general suitability for the intended purpose will be described and critically discussed. Finally, an outlook on current developments and future prospects will be given.
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Kim HJ, McCoy M, Gee SJ, González-Sapienza GG, Hammock BD. Noncompetitive phage anti-immunocomplex real-time polymerase chain reaction for sensitive detection of small molecules. Anal Chem 2011; 83:246-53. [PMID: 21141939 PMCID: PMC3031424 DOI: 10.1021/ac102353z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Immuno polymerase chain reaction (IPCR) is an analytical technology based on the excellent affinity and specificity of antibodies combined with the powerful signal amplification of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), providing superior sensitivity to classical immunoassays. Here we present a novel type of IPCR termed phage anti-immunocomplex assay real-time PCR (PHAIA-PCR) for the detection of small molecules. Our method utilizes a phage anti-immunocomplex assay (PHAIA) technology in which a short peptide loop displayed on the surface of the M13 bacteriophage binds specifically to the antibody-analyte complex, allowing the noncompetitive detection of small analytes. The phagemid DNA encoding this peptide can be amplified by PCR, and thus, this method eliminates hapten functionalization or bioconjugation of a DNA template while providing improved sensitivity. As a proof of concept, two PHAIA-PCRs were developed for the detection of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, a major urinary metabolite of some pyrethroid insecticides, and molinate, a herbicide implicated in fish kills. Our results demonstrate that phage DNA can be a versatile material for IPCR development, enabling universal amplification when the common element of the phagemid is targeted or specific amplification when the real time PCR probe is designed to anneal the DNA encoding the peptide. The PHAIA-PCRs proved to be 10-fold more sensitive than conventional PHAIA and significantly faster using magnetic beads for rapid separation of reactants. The assay was validated with both agricultural drain water and human urine samples, showing its robustness for rapid monitoring of human exposure or environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Joo Kim
- Department of Entomology and UCD Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Mark McCoy
- Department of Entomology and UCD Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Shirley J. Gee
- Department of Entomology and UCD Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Gualberto G. González-Sapienza
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, UDELAR, Av. A. Navarro 3051, piso 2, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and UCD Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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Dörr FA, Pinto E, Soares RM, Feliciano de Oliveira e Azevedo SM. Microcystins in South American aquatic ecosystems: Occurrence, toxicity and toxicological assays. Toxicon 2010; 56:1247-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Tsutsumi T, Nagata S, Yoshida F, Ueno Y, Harada KI. Development and Application of Highly Sensitive Anti-immune Complex ELISAs for Microcystins in Tap Water. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100050140768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. Tsutsumi
- a Research Institute for Biosciences and Department of Toxicology and Microbial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Science University of Tokyo , Ichigaya Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo , 162-0826 , Japan
| | - S. Nagata
- a Research Institute for Biosciences and Department of Toxicology and Microbial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Science University of Tokyo , Ichigaya Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo , 162-0826 , Japan
| | - F. Yoshida
- a Research Institute for Biosciences and Department of Toxicology and Microbial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Science University of Tokyo , Ichigaya Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo , 162-0826 , Japan
| | - Y. Ueno
- a Research Institute for Biosciences and Department of Toxicology and Microbial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Science University of Tokyo , Ichigaya Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo , 162-0826 , Japan
| | - K.-I. Harada
- b Faculty of Pharmacy , Meijo University , Tempaku , Nagoya , 4680077 , Japan
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Development of a noncompetitive phage anti-immunocomplex assay for brominated diphenyl ether 47. Anal Biochem 2010; 401:38-46. [PMID: 20152791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We present a new application of the noncompetitive phage anti-immunocomplex assay (PHAIA) by converting an existing competitive assay to a versatile noncompetitive sandwich-type format using immunocomplex binding phage-borne peptides to detect the brominated flame retardant, brominated diphenyl ether 47 (BDE 47). Three phage-displayed 9-mer disulfide-constrained peptides that recognize the BDE 47-polyclonal antibody immunocomplex were isolated. The resulting PHAIAs showed variable sensitivities, and the most sensitive peptide had a dose-response curve with an SC(50) (concentration of analyte producing 50% saturation of the signal) of 0.7ng/ml BDE 47 and a linear range of 0.3-2ng/ml, which was nearly identical to the best heterologous competitive format (IC(50) of 1.8ng/ml, linear range of 0.4-8.5/ml). However, the PHAIA was 1400-fold better than homologous competitive assay. The validation of the PHAIA with extracts of house furniture foam as well as human and calf sera spiked with BDE 47 showed overall recovery of 80-113%. The PHAIA was adapted to a dipstick format (limit of detection of 3.0ng/ml), and a blind test with six random extracts of local house furniture foams showed that the results of the PHAIA and dipstick assay were consistent, giving the same positive and negative detection.
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15
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Kim HJ, Ahn KC, González-Techera A, González-Sapienza GG, Gee SJ, Hammock BD. Magnetic bead-based phage anti-immunocomplex assay (PHAIA) for the detection of the urinary biomarker 3-phenoxybenzoic acid to assess human exposure to pyrethroid insecticides. Anal Biochem 2008; 386:45-52. [PMID: 19101498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 11/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Noncompetitive immunoassays are advantageous over competitive assays for the detection of small molecular weight compounds. We recently demonstrated that phage peptide libraries can be an excellent source of immunoreagents that facilitate the development of sandwich-type noncompetitive immunoassays for the detection of small analytes, avoiding the technical challenges of producing anti-immunocomplex antibody. In this work we explore a new format that may help to optimize the performance of the phage anti-immunocomplex assay (PHAIA) technology. As a model system we used a polyclonal antibody to 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) and an anti-immunocomplex phage clone bearing the cyclic peptide CFNGKDWLYC. The assay setup with the biotinylated antibody immobilized onto streptavidin-coated magnetic beads significantly reduced the amount of coating antibody giving identical sensitivity (50% saturation of the signal (SC(50))=0.2-0.4ng/ml) to the best result obtained with direct coating of the antibody on ELISA plates. The bead-based assay tolerated up to 10 and 5% of methanol and urine matrix, respectively. This assay system accurately determined the level of spiked 3-PBA in different urine samples prepared by direct dilution or clean-up with solid-phase extraction after acidic hydrolysis with overall recovery of 80-120%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Joo Kim
- Department of Entomology and UCD Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
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Xu Q, Chen W, Gao G. Seasonal variations in microcystin concentrations in Lake Taihu, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2008; 145:75-79. [PMID: 18236167 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-007-0016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme-limited immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to monitor spatial and temporal variation of microcystins (MCs) in Lake Taihu. MC concentrations were higher in summer and autumn than in other seasons. Maximal MC concentration was 15.6 microg L(-1). Compared to central Lake Taihu and Wuli Bay, Meiliang Bay had higher MC concentrations due to high biomass of Microcystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujin Xu
- Lake Research Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing Anwai Beiyuan 100012, China.
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González-Techera A, Kim HJ, Gee SJ, Last JA, Hammock BD, González-Sapienza G. Polyclonal antibody-based noncompetitive immunoassay for small analytes developed with short peptide loops isolated from phage libraries. Anal Chem 2007; 79:9191-6. [PMID: 17973501 DOI: 10.1021/ac7016713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To date, there are a few technologies for the development of noncompetitive immunoassays for small molecules, the most common of which relies on the use of anti-immunocomplex antibodies. This approach is laborious, case specific, and relies upon monoclonal antibody technology for its implementation. We recently demonstrated that, in the case of monoclonal antibody-based immunoassays, short peptide loops isolated from phage display libraries can be used as substitutes of the anti-immunocomplex antibodies for noncompetitive immunodetection of small molecules. The aim of this work was to demonstrate that such phage ligands can be isolated even when the selector antibodies are polyclonal in nature. Using phenoxybenzoic acid (PBA), a major pyrethroid metabolite, as a model system, we isolated the CFNGKDWLYC peptide after panning a cyclic peptide library on the PBA/anti-PBA immunocomplex. The sensitivity of the noncompetitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) setup with this peptide was 5-fold (heterologous) or 400-fold (homologous) higher than that of the competitive assay setup with the same antibody. Phage anti-immunocomplex assay (PHAIA) was also easily adapted into a rapid and highly sensitive dipstick assay. The method not only provides a positive readout but also constitutes a major shortcut in the development of sensitive polyclonal-based assays, avoiding the need of synthesizing heterologous competing haptens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A González-Techera
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
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González-Techera A, Vanrell L, Last J, Hammock B, González-Sapienza G. Phage anti-immune complex assay: general strategy for noncompetitive immunodetection of small molecules. Anal Chem 2007; 79:7799-806. [PMID: 17845007 PMCID: PMC2519879 DOI: 10.1021/ac071323h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to their size, small molecules cannot be simultaneously bound by two antibodies, precluding their detection by noncompetitive two-site immunoassays, which are superior to competitive ones in terms of sensitivity, kinetics, and working range. This has prompted the development of anti-immune complex antibodies, but these are difficult to produce, and often exhibit high cross-reactivity with the unliganded primary antibody. This work demonstrates that anti-immune complex antibodies can be substituted by phage particles isolated from phage display peptide libraries. Phages bearing specific small peptide loops allowed to focus the recognition to changes in the binding area of the immune complex. The concept was tested using environmental and drug analytes; with improved sensitivity and ready adaptation into on-site formats. Peptides specific for different immune complexes can be isolated from different peptide libraries in a simple and systematic fashion allowing the rapid development of noncompetitive assays for small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A González-Techera
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - L Vanrell
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - J. Last
- Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - B.D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - G. González-Sapienza
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Corresponding author. Av. A. Navarro 3051, piso 2. 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay, , tel (5982) 4874334
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Sheng J, He M, Yu S, Shi H, Qian Y. Microcystin-LR detection based on indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11783-007-0056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Wang N, He M, Shi HC. Novel indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method to detect Total E. coli in water environment. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 590:224-31. [PMID: 17448348 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In order to establish ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) method to detect Total E. coli in water environment, E. coli multi-characters antigens in water environment were prepared according to the characters of kinds of E. coli serotypes, including antigen of whole cell, antigen of disrupted whole cell, somatic antigen, flagellar antigen and fimbrial antigen. Total E. coli polyclonal antibodies were obtained from the New Zealand rabbits immunized with these five antigens, respectively. Antibodies generated in this research are with high titers and good purity, can conjugate with antigens, specifically, stably and strongly. Indirect ELISA shows the titers of antibody of whole cell and antibody of disrupted whole cell are both over 1x10(5). The cross-reactivity of the antibody is from 12 to 30% which indicate the specificity of the antibody against Total E. coli. Based on these antibodies, we established indirect ELISA method to detect Total E. coli in water environment. The matrix effects were studied and the results show that there is no significant influence by all the factors. The ELISA result shows that the detection limitation could be 10(4) CFU (colony forming units) L(-1). The indirect ELISA method developed in this study is well suited for Total E. coli analysis in real water samples as a rapid screen method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- ESPC State Key Joint Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Metcalf
- Division of Environmental and Applied Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, United Kingdom
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22
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Carmichael WW, An J. Using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PPIA) for the detection of microcystins and nodularins. NATURAL TOXINS 2002; 7:377-85. [PMID: 11122533 DOI: 10.1002/1522-7189(199911/12)7:6<377::aid-nt80>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins produced by cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) include potent neurotoxins and hepatotoxins. The hepatotoxins include cyclic peptide microcystins and nodularins plus the alkaloid cylindrospermopsins. Among the cyanotoxins the microcystins have proven to be the most widespread, and are most often implicated in animal and human poisonings. This paper presents a practical guide to two widely used methods for detecting and quantifying microcystins and nodularins in environmental samples-the enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and the protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PPIA).
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Carmichael
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton OH 45435, USA.
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23
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Kobayashi N, Goto J. Noncompetitive immunoassays for small molecules with high sensitivity and specificity. Adv Clin Chem 2002; 36:139-70. [PMID: 11605257 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(01)36027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
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24
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Mehto P, Ankelo M, Hinkkanen A, Mikhailov A, Eriksson JE, Spoof L, Meriluoto J. A time-resolved fluoroimmunometric assay for the detection of microcystins, cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins. Toxicon 2001; 39:831-6. [PMID: 11137543 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
An immunoassay based on the time-resolved fluorometry (TR-FIA) was developed for microcystins, cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins. The assay was performed in a competitive mode and it utilised the monoclonal antibodies raised against microcystin-LR, and a europium chelate of microcystin-LR as a competitive antigen. The sensitivity of the assay was 0.1microg/l. The detection method of TR-FIA was compared to a commercially available kit based on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The same level of sensitivity could be obtained with TR-FIA (in a non-optimised system). The simplified method of TR-FIA leads to a shorter analysis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mehto
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Abo Akademi University, P.O. Box 66, 20521 Turku, Finland
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Abstract
The application of surface plasmon resonance biosensors in life sciences and pharmaceutical research continues to increase. This review provides a comprehensive list of the commercial 1999 SPR biosensor literature and highlights emerging applications that are of general interest to users of the technology. Given the variability in the quality of published biosensor data, we present some general guidelines to help increase confidence in the results reported from biosensor analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132, USA
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Tsutsumi T, Nagata S, Hasegawa A, Ueno Y. Immunoaffinity column as clean-up tool for determination of trace amounts of microcystins in tap water. Food Chem Toxicol 2000; 38:593-7. [PMID: 10942320 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(00)00044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trace amounts of microcystins (MCs) in drinking water should be monitored because of their potential hazard for human health as an environmental tumor promoter. We describe here a new clean-up tool with immunoaffinity column (IAC) for determination of trace amounts of MCs (from pg to microg/litre) in tap water. The water samples were concentrated with IAC clean-up and MCs levels were determined by HPLC with UV detection or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In the combination with HPLC analysis, mean recovery of microcystin-LR (MCLR),-RR and-YR spiked to tap water were 91.8%, 77.3% and 86.4%, respectively, in the range 2.5-100 microg/litre. The chromatogram of MCs-spiked tap water sample cleaned up with IAC showed effective elimination of the impurities compared to that with octadecyl silanized cartridge, which had been cleaned up with a conventional method. Also, in the combination with highly sensitive ELISA, mean recovery of MCLR spiked to tap water was 80% in the range 0.1-1000 ng/litre. The combined methods developed here can detect pg to microg/litre of MCs in tap water. The overall results indicated that IAC will be suitable as a clean-up tool for trace amounts of MCs in tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsutsumi
- Research Institute for Biosciences and Department of Toxicology and Microbial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science University of Tokyo, Ichigaya, Japan.
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