1
|
Al Musaimi O. FDA's stamp of approval: Unveiling peptide breakthroughs in cardiovascular diseases, ACE, HIV, CNS, and beyond. J Pept Sci 2024:e3627. [PMID: 38885943 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Peptides exhibit significant specificity and effective interaction with therapeutic targets, positioning themselves as key players in the global pharmaceutical market. They offer potential treatments for a wide range of diseases, including those that pose significant challenges. Notably, the peptide trofinetide (Daybue) marked a groundbreaking achievement by providing the first-ever cure for Rett syndrome, and several peptides have secured FDA approval as first-in-class medications. Furthermore, peptides are expanding their presence in areas traditionally dominated by either small or large molecules. A noteworthy example is the FDA approval of motixafortide (Aphexda) as the first peptide-based chemokine antagonist. Here, the focus will be on the analysis of FDA-approved peptides, particularly those targeting cardiovascular diseases, human immunodeficiency, central nervous system diseases, and various other intriguing classes addressing conditions such as osteoporosis, thrombocytopenia, Cushing's disease, and hypoglycemia, among others. The review will explore the chemical structures of the peptides, their indications and modes of action, the developmental trajectory, and potential adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Othman Al Musaimi
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Váradi G, Batta G, Galgóczy L, Hajdu D, Fizil Á, Czajlik A, Virágh M, Kele Z, Meyer V, Jung S, Marx F, Tóth GK. Confirmation of the Disulfide Connectivity and Strategies for Chemical Synthesis of the Four-Disulfide-Bond-Stabilized Aspergillus giganteus Antifungal Protein, AFP. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:782-790. [PMID: 36847642 PMCID: PMC10152477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Emerging fungal infections require new, more efficient antifungal agents and therapies. AFP, a protein from Aspergillus giganteus with four disulfide bonds, is a promising candidate because it selectively inhibits the growth of filamentous fungi. In this work, the reduced form of AFP was prepared using native chemical ligation. The native protein was synthesized via oxidative folding with uniform protection for cysteine thiols. AFP's biological activity depends heavily on the pattern of natural disulfide bonds. Enzymatic digestion and MS analysis provide proof for interlocking disulfide topology (abcdabcd) that was previously assumed. With this knowledge, a semi-orthogonal thiol protection method was designed. By following this strategy, out of a possible 105, only 6 disulfide isomers formed and 1 of them proved to be identical with the native protein. This approach allows the synthesis of analogs for examining structure-activity relationships and, thus, preparing AFP variants with higher antifungal activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Györgyi Váradi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Gyula Batta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4010, Hungary
| | - László Galgóczy
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Hajdu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4010, Hungary
| | - Ádám Fizil
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4010, Hungary
| | - András Czajlik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4010, Hungary
| | - Máté Virágh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kele
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Vera Meyer
- Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin 13355, Germany
| | - Sascha Jung
- Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin 13355, Germany
| | - Florentine Marx
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Gábor K Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wen Y, Zong S, Liu T, Du P, Li H, Xiao H. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid attenuates cisplatin-induced ototoxicity by inhibiting the accumulation and aggregation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Toxicology 2021; 453:152736. [PMID: 33631298 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity is one of the important reasons that limit the drug's clinical application, and its mechanism has not been fully elucidated so far. The aim of this study was to explore the attenuate effect of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a proteostasis promoter, on cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in vivo and in vitro, and to explore its possible mechanism. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) was measured to identify the attenuate effects of TUDCA administered subcutaneously [500 mg/kg/d × 3d, cisplatin: 4.6 mg/kg/d × 3d, intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)] or trans-tympanically (0.5 mg/mL, cisplatin: 12 mg/kg, i.p. with a pump) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats subjected to cisplatin-induced hearing loss. The cochlear explants of neonatal rats and OC1 auditory hair cell-like cell lines cultured in vitro were used to observe the number of apoptotic cells and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the control, cisplatin (5 μM for 48 h for cochlear explants, 10 μM for 24 h for OC1 cells), and cisplatin + TUDCA (1 mM for 24 h for cochlear explants, 1.6 mM for 24 h for OC1 cells) groups. Differences in the expression of key proteins in the ER protein quality control (ERQC) system were detected. The changes in the attenuate effect of TUDCA on cisplatin-induced ototoxicity after down-regulating calreticulin (CRT), UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase-like 1 (UGGT1), and OS9 ER lectin (OS9) were also measured. The effect of TUDCA (10 mM) on stabilizing unfolded or misfolded proteins (UFP/MFP) was analyzed in a cell-free 0.2 % bovine serum albumin (BSA) aggregation system in vitro. Both the subcutaneous and trans-tympanic TUDCA administration alleviated cisplatin-induced increase in ABR thresholds in rats. TUDCA was able to reduce cisplatin-induced apoptosis and alleviate ER stress in cochlear explants and OC1 cells. Under the cisplatin treatment, the expression levels of CRT, UGGT1, and OS9 in the auditory hair cell increased, and the expression of total ubiquitinated proteins decreased. TUDCA attenuated the effect of cisplatin on UGGT1 and OS9, and recovered the protein ubiquitination levels. After down-regulating CRT, UGGT1, or OS9, the protective effect of TUDCA decreased. In the cell-free experimental system, TUDCA inhibited the aggregation of denatured BSA molecules. In summary, TUDCA can attenuate cisplatin-induced ototoxicity, possibly by inhibiting the accumulation and aggregation of UFP/MFP and the associated ER stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shimin Zong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Peiyu Du
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hongjun Xiao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Narayan M. Revisiting the Formation of a Native Disulfide Bond: Consequences for Protein Regeneration and Beyond. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225337. [PMID: 33207635 PMCID: PMC7697891 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative protein folding involves the formation of disulfide bonds and the regeneration of native structure (N) from the fully reduced and unfolded protein (R). Oxidative protein folding studies have provided a wealth of information on underlying physico-chemical reactions by which disulfide-bond-containing proteins acquire their catalytically active form. Initially, we review key events underlying oxidative protein folding using bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A), bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and hen-egg white lysozyme (HEWL) as model disulfide bond-containing folders and discuss consequential outcomes with regard to their folding trajectories. We re-examine the findings from the same studies to underscore the importance of forming native disulfide bonds and generating a “native-like” structure early on in the oxidative folding pathway. The impact of both these features on the regeneration landscape are highlighted by comparing ideal, albeit hypothetical, regeneration scenarios with those wherein a native-like structure is formed relatively “late” in the R→N trajectory. A special case where the desired characteristics of oxidative folding trajectories can, nevertheless, stall folding is also discussed. The importance of these data from oxidative protein folding studies is projected onto outcomes, including their impact on the regeneration rate, yield, misfolding, misfolded-flux trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cytoplasm, and the onset of neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Narayan
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas as El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bäuml CA, Paul George AA, Schmitz T, Sommerfeld P, Pietsch M, Podsiadlowski L, Steinmetzer T, Biswas A, Imhof D. Distinct 3-disulfide-bonded isomers of tridegin differentially inhibit coagulation factor XIIIa: The influence of structural stability on bioactivity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 201:112474. [PMID: 32698061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tridegin is a 66mer cysteine-rich coagulation factor XIIIa (FXI-IIa) inhibitor from the giant amazon leech Haementeria ghilianii of yet unknown disulfide connectivity. This study covers the structural and functional characterization of five different 3-disulfide-bonded tridegin isomers. In addition to three previously identified isomers, one isomer containing the inhibitory cystine knot (ICK, knottin) motif, and one isomer with the leech antihemostatic protein (LAP) motif were synthesized in a regioselective manner. A fluorogenic enzyme activity assay revealed a positive correlation between the constriction of conformational flexibility in the N-terminal part of the peptide and the inhibitory potential towards FXI-IIa with clear differences between the isomers. This observation was supported by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and subsequent molecular docking studies. The presented results provide detailed structure-activity relationship studies of different tridegin disulfide isomers towards FXI-IIa and reveal insights into the possibly existing native linkage compared to non-native disulfide tridegin species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Bäuml
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ajay Abisheck Paul George
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitz
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Paul Sommerfeld
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Str. 24, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Pietsch
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Str. 24, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars Podsiadlowski
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research (ZMB), Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Adenauerallee 160, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University of Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Arijit Biswas
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
He R, Pan J, Mayer JP, Liu F. Stepwise Construction of Disulfides in Peptides. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1101-1111. [PMID: 31886929 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The disulfide bond plays an important role in biological systems. It defines global conformation, and ultimately the biological activity and stability of the peptide or protein. It is frequently present, singly or multiply, in biologically important peptide hormones and toxins. Numerous disulfide-containing peptides have been approved by the regulatory agencies as marketed drugs. Chemical synthesis is one of the prerequisite tools needed to gain deep insights into the structure-function relationships of these biomolecules. Along with the development of solid-phase peptide synthesis, a number of methods of disulfide construction have been established. This minireview will focus on the regiospecific, stepwise construction of multiple disulfides used in the chemical synthesis of peptides. We intend for this article to serve a reference for peptide chemists conducting complex peptide syntheses and also hope to stimulate the future development of disulfide methodologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun He
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46241, USA
| | - Jia Pan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center China, 20 Life Science Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - John P Mayer
- Department of Molecular, Developmental & Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, 530 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Solid-Phase Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of an Artificial Cyclic Peptide Containing Two Disulfide Bridges. Int J Pept Res Ther 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-018-9757-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
8
|
Abstract
The reagents and methods for purification and use of the most commonly used denaturants, guanidine hydrochloride (guanidine-HCl) and urea, are described. Other protein denaturants and reagents used to fold proteins are briefly mentioned. Sulfhydryl reagents (reducing agents) and "oxido-shuffling" (or oxidative regeneration) systems are also described.
Collapse
|
9
|
Patil NA, Tailhades J, Hughes RA, Separovic F, Wade JD, Hossain MA. Cellular disulfide bond formation in bioactive peptides and proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:1791-805. [PMID: 25594871 PMCID: PMC4307334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16011791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides play important roles in metabolic regulation and modulation and many are used as therapeutics. These peptides often possess disulfide bonds, which are important for their structure, function and stability. A systematic network of enzymes--a disulfide bond generating enzyme, a disulfide bond donor enzyme and a redox cofactor--that function inside the cell dictates the formation and maintenance of disulfide bonds. The main pathways that catalyze disulfide bond formation in peptides and proteins in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are remarkably similar and share several mechanistic features. This review summarizes the formation of disulfide bonds in peptides and proteins by cellular and recombinant machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin A Patil
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, the University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Julien Tailhades
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, the University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Richard Anthony Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, the University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, the University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - John D Wade
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, the University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, the University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|