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Nonaka M, Fukuda MN, Gao C, Li Z, Zhang H, Greene MI, Peehl DM, Feizi T, Fukuda M. Determination of carbohydrate structure recognized by prostate-specific F77 monoclonal antibody through expression analysis of glycosyltransferase genes. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:16478-86. [PMID: 24753248 PMCID: PMC4047414 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.559047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports the determination of the carbohydrate epitope of monoclonal antibody F77 previously raised against human prostate cancer PC-3 cells (Zhang, G., Zhang, H., Wang, Q., Lal, P., Carroll, A. M., de la Llera-Moya, M., Xu, X., and Greene, M. I. (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 107, 732–737). We performed a series of co-transfections using mammalian expression vectors encoding specific glycosyltransferases. We thereby identified branching enzymes and FUT1 (required for Fucα1→2Gal linkage) as being essential for F77 antigen formation. When immortalized normal prostate 267B1 cells were transfected with FUT1 alone, cells showed weak expression of F77 antigen. By contrast, cells co-transfected with FUT1 plus either GCNT1, GCNT2, or GCNT3 (an enzyme required to form GlcNAcβ1→6Gal/GalNAc) showed robust F77 antigen expression, suggesting that F77 specifically binds to Fucα1→2Galβ1→4GlcNAcβ1→6Gal/GalNAc. RT-PCR for FUT1, GCNT1, GCNT2, and GCNT3 showed that F77-positive cell lines indeed express transcripts encoding FUT1 plus one GCNT. F77-positive prostate cancer cells transfected with siRNAs targeting FUT1, GCNT2, and GCNT3 showed significantly reduced F77 antigen, confirming the requirement of these enzymes for epitope synthesis. We also found that hypoxia induces F77 epitope expression in immortalized prostate RWPE1 cells, which express F77 antigen moderately under normoxia but at an elevated level under hypoxia. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated up-regulation of FUT1, GCNT2, and GCNT3 transcripts in RWPE1 cells under hypoxia, suggesting that hypoxia up-regulates glycosyltransferase expression required for F77 antigen synthesis. These results define the F77 epitope and provide a potential mechanism for F77 antigen synthesis in malignant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Nonaka
- From the Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Michiko N Fukuda
- From the Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Chao Gao
- the Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Zhen Li
- the Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6082
| | - Mark I Greene
- the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6082
| | - Donna M Peehl
- the Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5118, and
| | - Ten Feizi
- the Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Minoru Fukuda
- From the Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037,
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Ferreira RDS, Zhou D, Ferreira JG, Silva MCC, Silva-Lucca RA, Mentele R, Paredes-Gamero EJ, Bertolin TC, dos Santos Correia MT, Paiva PMG, Gustchina A, Wlodawer A, Oliva MLV. Crystal Structure of Crataeva tapia Bark Protein (CrataBL) and Its Effect in Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64426. [PMID: 23823708 PMCID: PMC3688800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A protein isolated from the bark of Crataeva tapia (CrataBL) is both a Kunitz-type plant protease inhibitor and a lectin. We have determined the amino acid sequence and three-dimensional structure of CrataBL, as well as characterized its selected biochemical and biological properties. We found two different isoforms of CrataBL isolated from the original source, differing in positions 31 (Pro/Leu); 92 (Ser/Leu); 93 (Ile/Thr); 95 (Arg/Gly) and 97 (Leu/Ser). CrataBL showed relatively weak inhibitory activity against trypsin (Kiapp = 43 µM) and was more potent against Factor Xa (Kiapp = 8.6 µM), but was not active against a number of other proteases. We have confirmed that CrataBL contains two glycosylation sites and forms a dimer at high concentration. The high-resolution crystal structures of two different crystal forms of isoform II verified the β-trefoil fold of CrataBL and have shown the presence of dimers consisting of two almost identical molecules making extensive contacts (∼645 Å2). The structure differs from those of the most closely related proteins by the lack of the N-terminal β-hairpin. In experiments aimed at investigating the biological properties of CrataBL, we have shown that addition of 40 µM of the protein for 48 h caused maximum growth inhibition in MTT assay (47% of DU145 cells and 43% of PC3 cells). The apoptosis of DU145 and PC3 cell lines was confirmed by flow cytometry using Annexin V/FITC and propidium iodide staining. Treatment with CrataBL resulted in the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and in the activation of caspase-3 in DU145 and PC3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dongwen Zhou
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Reinhard Mentele
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology LMU, Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Munich, Germany
- Department for Protein Analytics, Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Thiago Carlos Bertolin
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alla Gustchina
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AW); (MLVO)
| | - Maria Luiza Vilela Oliva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AW); (MLVO)
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Talwar GP, Gupta JC, Shankar NV. Immunological Approaches Against Human Chorionic Gonadotropin for Control of Fertility and Therapy of Advanced-Stage Cancers Expressing hCG/Subunits. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66:26-39. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Vyas HK, Pal R, Lohiya NK, Talwar GP. A partner monoclonal antibody to Moab 730 kills 100% of DU145 and PC3 androgen-independent cancer cells. J Biosci 2010; 34:909-16. [PMID: 20093744 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-009-0105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A number of therapeutic options are available for patients with prostate carcinoma till the time that the tumour is hormone dependent. However, no fully effective therapy is available for the treatment of androgen-independent prostate carcinomas. Antibodies directed at epitopes unique to or overexpressed on the cancer cells could be of therapeutic utility. A monoclonal antibody (Moab) 2C4 has been generated, which binds with cells of two androgenindependent prostate cancers, DU145 and PC3, and does not bind to peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) of healthy donors. This antibody, along with the previously developed Moab 730, kills 100% of both DU145 and PC3 cells in the presence of complement and does not have a deleterious effect on PBLs of healthy males. The anti-tumour action of the two antibodies prevents the establishment of DU145 cell tumour in nude mice in vivo. Moab 2C4 in combination with 730 has potential for use as therapy for androgen-independent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Kumar Vyas
- Talwar Research Foundation, E-8, Neb Valley, New Delhi 110 068, India
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Pedone E, Searle F, Brocchini S. Diethylstilbestrol glutamate as a potential substrate for ADEPT. J Drug Target 2008; 14:437-43. [PMID: 17092843 DOI: 10.1080/10611860600834573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The combination of systemic toxicity, water insolubility and a labile chemical structure has limited the clinical use of diethylstilbestrol (DES) 1 for the treatment of prostate cancer. To determine if DES could potentially be a prodrug substrate for the pre-targeting strategy known as antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT), the DES-glutamate 5 was prepared. The synthesis required the activation of the bis-t-butyl glutamate ester 2 to the isocyanate 3 followed by addition of DES 1. The desired DES-glutamate 5 was water-soluble and upon incubation with carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) underwent carbamate cleavage to give DES 1. A control reaction in the absence of CPG2 demonstrated that the enzyme was necessary for rapid glutamate cleavage to give DES 1. HPLC analysis was required to follow the reaction of DES-glutamate 5 with CPG2. These preliminary results suggest that it may be possible to examine an ADEPT strategy for DES provided enzymatic kinetics can be measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pedone
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39, Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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Naz RK, Gupta SK, Gupta JC, Vyas HK, Talwar AGP. Recent advances in contraceptive vaccine development: a mini-review. Hum Reprod 2005; 20:3271-83. [PMID: 16113040 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dei256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Contraceptive vaccines (CV) may provide viable and valuable alternatives to the presently available methods of contraception. The molecules that are being explored for CV development either target gamete production [luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)/GnRH, FSH], gamete function [sperm antigens and oocyte zona pellucida (ZP)], and gamete outcome (HCG). CV targeting gamete production have shown varied degrees of efficacy; however, they either affect sex steroids causing impotency and/or show only a partial rather than a complete effect in inhibiting gametogenesis. However, vaccines based on LHRH/GnRH are being developed by several pharmaceutical companies as substitutes for castration of domestic pets, farm and wild animals, and for therapeutic anticancer purposes such as in prostatic hypertrophy and carcinoma. These vaccines may also find applications in clinical situations that require the inhibition of increased secretions of sex steroids, such as in uterine fibroids, polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis and precocious puberty. CV targeting molecules involved in gamete function such as sperm antigens and ZP proteins are exciting choices. Sperm constitute the most promising and exciting target for CV. Several sperm-specific antigens have been delineated in several laboratories and are being actively explored for CV development. Studies are focused on delineating appropriate sperm-specific epitopes, and increasing the immunogenicity (specifically in the local genital tract) and efficacy on the vaccines. Anti-sperm antibody (ASA)-mediated immunoinfertility provides a naturally occurring model to indicate how a vaccine might work in humans. Vaccines based on ZP proteins are quite efficacious in producing contraceptive effects, but may induce oophoritis, affecting sex steroids. They are being successfully tested to control feral populations of dogs, deer, horses and elephants, and populations of several species of zoo animals. The current research for human applicability is focused on delineating infertility-related epitopes (B-cell epitopes) from oophoritis-inducing epitopes (T-cell epitopes). Vaccines targeting gamete outcome primarily focus on the HCG molecule. The HCG vaccine is the first vaccine to undergo Phase I and II clinical trials in humans. Both efficacy and lack of immunopathology have been reasonably well demonstrated for this vaccine. At the present time, studies are focused on increasing the immunogenicity and efficacy of the birth control vaccine, and examining its clinical applications in various HCG-producing cancers. The present article will focus on the current status of the anti-sperm, anti-ZP, anti-LHRH/GnRH and anti-HCG vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Naz
- Reproductive Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA.
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Kalos M, Askaa J, Hylander BL, Repasky EA, Cai F, Vedvick T, Reed SG, Wright GL, Fanger GR. Prostein expression is highly restricted to normal and malignant prostate tissues. Prostate 2004; 60:246-56. [PMID: 15176054 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostein is a recently described molecule expressed at the mRNA level in a prostate-specific manner. A murine monoclonal antibody was developed, characterized, and used to evaluate the expression of prostein protein in prostatic, other normal tissue and tumor samples. METHODS The murine anti-prostein monoclonal antibody 10E3-G4-D3 was generated using recombinant prostein. ELISA, FACS, and Western analyzes were used to characterize 10E3-G4-D3. Immunohistochemistry was used to characterize the expression of prostein in tissues. RESULTS 10E3-G4-D3 specifically recognizes a linear intracellular epitope of prostein. IHC analysis demonstrates that prostein is expressed in the vast majority of normal and malignant prostatic tissues, regardless of grade and metastatic status. No protein expression is detected in a panel of approximately 4,700 normal and malignant tissue samples representing the great majority of essential tissues and tumors. CONCLUSIONS Prostein is exquisitely specific for prostate tissues, indicating a potential clinical utility of 10E3-G4-D3 as a diagnostic biomarker, and support the use of prostein as a novel target for development of prostein-specific antibody and T-cell based therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the need for new prostate-specific diagnostic and therapeutic targets, very few unique prostate (cancer) specific antigens have been characterized. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) technology is a powerful tool to identify specific antigenic markers, which could be potential targets for cancer diagnostics or therapy. METHODS Splenocytes from mice immunized with prostate cancer (PCa) homogenates of different origin were fused using standard techniques. Employing a differential high-throughput screening method followed by immediate screening in immunohistochemistry (IHC) a large number of hybridomas were screened for prostate (cancer) specificity. RESULTS From 25 successful fusions approximately 300 clones were identified excreting PCa-reactive antibodies. Subsequent immunohistochemical fine-specificity analysis reduced this number to 26. Eventually, after extensive fine-specificity analysis, the number of mAbs appearing to define prostate-specific antigenic structures that might serve as new diagnostic or therapeutic targets was reduced to three. CONCLUSIONS Using mAb technology combined with a high throughput screening method we have developed three mAbs (1.8, 2.26, and 3.10) directed against prostate associated antigens that might identify potential new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Lampe
- Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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