1
|
Giarnieri E, Scardapane S. Towards Artificial Intelligence Applications in Next Generation Cytopathology. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2225. [PMID: 37626721 PMCID: PMC10452064 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 20 years we have seen an increase in techniques in the field of computational pathology and machine learning, improving our ability to analyze and interpret imaging. Neural networks, in particular, have been used for more than thirty years, starting with the computer assisted smear test using early generation models. Today, advanced machine learning, working on large image data sets, has been shown to perform classification, detection, and segmentation with remarkable accuracy and generalization in several domains. Deep learning algorithms, as a branch of machine learning, are thus attracting attention in digital pathology and cytopathology, providing feasible solutions for accurate and efficient cytological diagnoses, ranging from efficient cell counts to automatic classification of anomalous cells and queries over large clinical databases. The integration of machine learning with related next-generation technologies powered by AI, such as augmented/virtual reality, metaverse, and computational linguistic models are a focus of interest in health care digitalization, to support education, diagnosis, and therapy. In this work we will consider how all these innovations can help cytopathology to go beyond the microscope and to undergo a hyper-digitalized transformation. We also discuss specific challenges to their applications in the field, notably, the requirement for large-scale cytopathology datasets, the necessity of new protocols for sharing information, and the need for further technological training for pathologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Giarnieri
- Cytopathology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Scardapane
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00196 Rome, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yuan H, Jiang A, Fang H, Chen Y, Guo Z. Optical properties of natural small molecules and their applications in imaging and nanomedicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:113917. [PMID: 34384827 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural small molecules derived from plants have fascinated scientists for centuries due to their practical applications in various fields, especially in nanomedicine. Some of the natural molecules were found to show intrinsic optical features such as fluorescence emission and photosensitization, which could be beneficial to provide spatial temporal information and help tracking the drugs in biological systems. Much efforts have been devoted to the investigation of optical properties and practical applications of natural molecules. In this review, optical properties of natural small molecules and their applications in fluorescence imaging, and theranostics will be summarized. First, we will introduce natural small molecules with different fluorescence emission, ranging from blue to near infrared emission. Second, imaging applications in biological samples will be covered. Third, we will discuss the applications of theranostic nanomedicines or drug delivering systems containing fluorescent natural molecules acting as imaging agents or photosensitizers. Finally, future perspectives in this field will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hongbao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yuncong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McIntire PJ. Mankind and the machine: A relationship of symbiosis or conflict? Cancer Cytopathol 2019; 127:622-624. [PMID: 31412166 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J McIntire
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hipp JD, Johann DJ, Chen Y, Madabhushi A, Monaco J, Cheng J, Rodriguez-Canales J, Stumpe MC, Riedlinger G, Rosenberg AZ, Hanson JC, Kunju LP, Emmert-Buck MR, Balis UJ, Tangrea MA. Computer-Aided Laser Dissection: A Microdissection Workflow Leveraging Image Analysis Tools. J Pathol Inform 2018; 9:45. [PMID: 30622835 PMCID: PMC6298131 DOI: 10.4103/jpi.jpi_60_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The development and application of new molecular diagnostic assays based on next-generation sequencing and proteomics require improved methodologies for procurement of target cells from histological sections. Laser microdissection can successfully isolate distinct cells from tissue specimens based on visual selection for many research and clinical applications. However, this can be a daunting task when a large number of cells are required for molecular analysis or when a sizeable number of specimens need to be evaluated. Materials and Methods To improve the efficiency of the cellular identification process, we describe a microdissection workflow that leverages recently developed and open source image analysis algorithms referred to as computer-aided laser dissection (CALD). CALD permits a computer algorithm to identify the cells of interest and drive the dissection process. Results We describe several "use cases" that demonstrate the integration of image analytic tools probabilistic pairwise Markov model, ImageJ, spatially invariant vector quantization (SIVQ), and eSeg onto the ThermoFisher Scientific ArcturusXT and Leica LMD7000 microdissection platforms. Conclusions The CALD methodology demonstrates the integration of image analysis tools with the microdissection workflow and shows the potential impact to clinical and life science applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Hipp
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Google Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Donald J Johann
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anant Madabhushi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Computational Imaging and Personalized Diagnostics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Jerome Cheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jaime Rodriguez-Canales
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Medimmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Greg Riedlinger
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Division of Translational Pathology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Avi Z Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Hanson
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lakshmi P Kunju
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael R Emmert-Buck
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Avoneaux Medical Institute, LLC, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ulysses J Balis
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael A Tangrea
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Alvin and Lois Lapidus Cancer Institute, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, LifeBridge Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Duval R, Duplais C. Fluorescent natural products as probes and tracers in biology. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:161-193. [DOI: 10.1039/c6np00111d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence is a remarkable property of many natural products in addition to their medicinal and biological value. Herein, we provide a review of these peculiar secondary metabolites to stimulate prospecting of them as original fluorescent tracers, endowed with unique photophysical properties and with applications in most fields of biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Duval
- IRD
- UMR 216 IRD MERIT (Mère et Enfant face aux Infections Tropicales)
- Université Paris-Descartes
- 75006 Paris
- France
| | - Christophe Duplais
- CNRS
- UMR 8172 EcoFoG (Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane)
- AgroParisTech
- Cirad
- INRA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hipp JD, Cheng JY, Toner M, Tompkins RG, Balis UJ. Spatially Invariant Vector Quantization: A pattern matching algorithm for multiple classes of image subject matter including pathology. J Pathol Inform 2011; 2:13. [PMID: 21383936 PMCID: PMC3049270 DOI: 10.4103/2153-3539.77175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Historically, effective clinical utilization of image analysis and pattern recognition algorithms in pathology has been hampered by two critical limitations: 1) the availability of digital whole slide imagery data sets and 2) a relative domain knowledge deficit in terms of application of such algorithms, on the part of practicing pathologists. With the advent of the recent and rapid adoption of whole slide imaging solutions, the former limitation has been largely resolved. However, with the expectation that it is unlikely for the general cohort of contemporary pathologists to gain advanced image analysis skills in the short term, the latter problem remains, thus underscoring the need for a class of algorithm that has the concurrent properties of image domain (or organ system) independence and extreme ease of use, without the need for specialized training or expertise. Results: In this report, we present a novel, general case pattern recognition algorithm, Spatially Invariant Vector Quantization (SIVQ), that overcomes the aforementioned knowledge deficit. Fundamentally based on conventional Vector Quantization (VQ) pattern recognition approaches, SIVQ gains its superior performance and essentially zero-training workflow model from its use of ring vectors, which exhibit continuous symmetry, as opposed to square or rectangular vectors, which do not. By use of the stochastic matching properties inherent in continuous symmetry, a single ring vector can exhibit as much as a millionfold improvement in matching possibilities, as opposed to conventional VQ vectors. SIVQ was utilized to demonstrate rapid and highly precise pattern recognition capability in a broad range of gross and microscopic use-case settings. Conclusion: With the performance of SIVQ observed thus far, we find evidence that indeed there exist classes of image analysis/pattern recognition algorithms suitable for deployment in settings where pathologists alone can effectively incorporate their use into clinical workflow, as a turnkey solution. We anticipate that SIVQ, and other related class-independent pattern recognition algorithms, will become part of the overall armamentarium of digital image analysis approaches that are immediately available to practicing pathologists, without the need for the immediate availability of an image analysis expert.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Hipp
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, M4233A Medical Science I, 1301 Catherine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0602 USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ramzy I, Herbert A. Cytopathology. Diagn Cytopathol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3154-0.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
8
|
Hohlweg-Majert B, Deppe H, Metzger MC, Schumm S, Hoefler H, Kesting MR, Hölzle F, Wolff KD. Sensitivity and Specificity of Oral Brush Biopsy. Cancer Invest 2009; 27:293-7. [DOI: 10.1080/07357900802266515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
9
|
Bertalanffy FD. EVALUATION OF THE ACRIDINE-ORANGE FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPE METHOD FOR CYTODIAGNOSIS OF CANCER*. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb30504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
10
|
|
11
|
MELLORS RC, SILVER R. A micro-fluorometric scanner for the differential detection of cells; application of exfoliative cytology. Science 2004; 114:356-60. [PMID: 14883859 DOI: 10.1126/science.114.2962.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
12
|
|
13
|
Tatsumi N, Pierre RV. Automated image processing. Past, present, and future of blood cell morphology identification. Clin Lab Med 2002; 22:299-315, viii. [PMID: 11933580 DOI: 10.1016/s0272-2712(03)00076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Automated image processing analysis for leukocyte differential counting started 30 years ago principally as a mimic of the traditional microscopic method. Several types of systems were used in the 1970s and 1980s. In the late 1990s, two new image processing systems were developed with new technology for cell image analysis. They possess an intelligent neural network software and can be connected to an Ethernet for telehematologic diagnosis and consultation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Tatsumi
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wagnières GA, Star WM, Wilson BC. In vivo fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging for oncological applications. Photochem Photobiol 1998. [PMID: 9825692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb02521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G A Wagnières
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
UMIKER W, PICKLE L, WAITE B. Fluorescence microscopy in exfoliative cytology: an evaluation of its application to cancer screening. Br J Cancer 1998; 13:398-402. [PMID: 13840349 PMCID: PMC2074091 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1959.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
17
|
|
18
|
TOLLES WE, HORVATH WJ, BOSTROM RC. A study of the quantitative characteristics of exfoliated cells from the female genital tract. I. Measurement methods and results. Cancer 1998; 14:437-54. [PMID: 13777248 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(199005/06)14:3<437::aid-cncr2820140302>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
19
|
El láser y la hematoporfirina en el diagnóstico del carcinoma broncogénico. Arch Bronconeumol 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-2896(15)31523-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
20
|
Gluckman JL, Zitsch RP. Photodynamic therapy in the management of head and neck cancer. Cancer Treat Res 1990; 52:95-113. [PMID: 1976378 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1499-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
21
|
Abstract
The lack of a tumor-localization aid for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and the known cytotoxic effect of light-activated intracellular hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) prompted the initiation of a trial of HpD photodynamic therapy in patients with focal and diffuse bladder cancer. An argon-ion, pumped-dye laser was used as a source of red light. In 15 patients with focal disease and circumscribed treatment, 3-month follow-up cystoscopic examination showed disappearance of the lesions, but the subsequent recurrence rate seemed high. Therefore, whole-bladder HpD photodynamic therapy was administered to 14 patients with diffuse resistant carcinoma in situ. Three of these patients had focal recurrent disease. The only adverse effects of therapy were cutaneous photosensitivity and bladder irritability. HpD seems to be a good tumor-localizing aid for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, and HpD photodynamic therapy effectively destroys this type of carcinoma.
Collapse
|
22
|
Gluckman JL. Photodynamic therapy for early squamous cell cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract. THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF SURGERY 1986; 56:853-7. [PMID: 3466585 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1986.tb01838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality that results in selective destruction of malignant cells by combining a photosensitizing agent (hematoporphyrin derivative), which is taken up by the cells, and a laser light. This therapeutic modality has been effectively used in managing cancers of the skin, bronchi and bladder. In the head and neck area, however, its use has been confined to the palliation of advanced lesions which have proved refractory to conventional therapy. While this is unquestionably a valid role, its true value, therapeutically, may be in the management of early cancers arising in the upper aerodigestive tract. At the University of Cincinnati, PDT has been used on a variety of such early cancers where, for a variety of reasons, conventional therapy was not possible. A preliminary experience with this modality in managing lesions of the larynx, oral cavity and oropharynx has demonstrated that this is a viable alternative.
Collapse
|
23
|
Stockert JC. Cytological effects of berberine sulphate onChironomus salivary gland nuclei. Chromosoma 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01259441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
24
|
Benson RC. Endoscopic Management of Bladder Cancer with Hematoporphyrin Derivative Phototherapy. Urol Clin North Am 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0094-0143(21)00770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
25
|
King EG, Doiron D, Man G, Profio AE, Huth G. Hematoporphyrin derivative as a tumor marker in the detection and localization of pulmonary malignancy. Recent Results Cancer Res 1982; 82:90-6. [PMID: 7111845 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-81768-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
26
|
Automated Cytology Using a Quantitative Staining Method Combined with a TV-based Image Analysis Computer. Cancer Control 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-024385-6.50038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
27
|
Roth D, Manjon M, London M. Lasting changes in acriflavine-binding induced in mammalian cells by exogenous DNA. Exp Cell Res 1968; 53:101-7. [PMID: 4177733 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(68)90356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
28
|
Dawson IM, Heanley CP, Heber-Percy AC, Tylko JK. Cesar: cervical smear analyser and reader. A new approach to evaluating cells in cytological preparations. J Clin Pathol 1967; 20:724-30. [PMID: 5602983 PMCID: PMC473561 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.20.5.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cesar presents an automated multiparameter approach to pattern recognition in the rapid detection of malignant cells from cervical and other cancers. Cells are cybernetically classified. They are collected into a container into which a nuclear stain may be incorporated and laid as a track on 35 mm. film using a disposable mapping pen device. The film track (Cytotrack) may be scanned using conventional optics and provision may be made for electronic sensing devices measuring a number of parameters, some of which are not normally used in conventional microscopy.
Collapse
|
29
|
Roth D, London M, Manjon M. Binding specificity and affinity of acriflavine for nucleic acids. STAIN TECHNOLOGY 1967; 42:125-32. [PMID: 6033653 DOI: 10.3109/10520296709114994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
30
|
Kasten FH. Cytochemical studies with acridine orange and the influence of dye contaminants in the staining of nucleic acids. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1967; 21:141-202. [PMID: 5338238 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60814-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
31
|
|
32
|
Husain OA, Cameron CB. Carcinoma of the Cervix. Proc R Soc Med 1966. [DOI: 10.1177/003591576605901021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O A Husain
- Group Laboratory, St Stephen's Hospital, Chelsea, London
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Davies DF. A review of detection methods for the early diagnosis of lung cancer. JOURNAL OF CHRONIC DISEASES 1966; 19:819-45. [PMID: 5338509 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(66)90002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
34
|
Sordat B. [Use of nuclear fluorochromes in the determination of cells labelled with fluorescent antibodies]. Exp Cell Res 1965; 40:193-5. [PMID: 5320249 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(65)90314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
35
|
|
36
|
RIVA HL, TURNER TR. Further experience with fluorescence microscopy in exfoliative cytology. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1963; 85:713-23. [PMID: 13974115 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(16)35534-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
37
|
CARTER JJ. Nuclear morphology and mitotic activity in the human endometrium observed in squash preparations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1963; 85:397-407. [PMID: 14018960 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(16)35449-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
38
|
|
39
|
KAPLAN L, MASIN F, MASIN M, CARLETON R. Acridine orange fluorochrome in the study of normal and malignant epithelium of the uterine cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1960; 80:1063-73. [PMID: 13751301 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(60)90068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
40
|
|
41
|
SANDRITTER W, CRAMER H, MONDORF W. Zur Krebsdiagnostik an vaginalen Zellausstrichen mittels cytophotometrischer Messungen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1960; 192:293-303. [PMID: 14441449 DOI: 10.1007/bf01211291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
42
|
GOLDMAN M. Antigenic analysis of Entamoeba histolytica by means of fluorescent antibody. I. Instrumentation for microfluorimetry of stained amebae. Exp Parasitol 1960; 9:25-36. [PMID: 13850705 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(60)90006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
43
|
KLIMEK M, HNILICA L. The influence of deoxyribonucleic acid on ultraviolet and visible light absoption of berberine. Arch Biochem Biophys 1959; 81:105-10. [PMID: 13637970 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(59)90179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
44
|
|
45
|
Yamashita K. Fluorescence Microscopical Studies on Various Exudate Cells in the Inflammatory Focus. Pathol Int 1958. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1958.tb00259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
46
|
MASIN F, MASIN M, VON BERTALANFFY L. Use of acridine-orange fluorescence technique in exfoliative cytology. Science 1956; 124:1024-5. [PMID: 13380416 DOI: 10.1126/science.124.3230.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
47
|
|
48
|
MELLORS RC. Quantitative cytology and cytopathology: nucleic acids and proteins in the mitotic cycle of normal and neoplastic cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1956; 63:1177-201. [PMID: 13314466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1956.tb32129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
49
|
|
50
|
|