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Śniegocka M, Podgórska E, Płonka PM, Elas M, Romanowska-Dixon B, Szczygieł M, Żmijewski MA, Cichorek M, Markiewicz A, Brożyna AA, Słominski AT, Urbańska K. Transplantable Melanomas in Hamsters and Gerbils as Models for Human Melanoma. Sensitization in Melanoma Radiotherapy-From Animal Models to Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1048. [PMID: 29614755 PMCID: PMC5979283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of the present review is to investigate the role of melanin in the radioprotection of melanoma and attempts to sensitize tumors to radiation by inhibiting melanogenesis. Early studies showed radical scavenging, oxygen consumption and adsorption as mechanisms of melanin radioprotection. Experimental models of melanoma in hamsters and in gerbils are described as well as their use in biochemical and radiobiological studies, including a spontaneously metastasizing ocular model. Some results from in vitro studies on the inhibition of melanogenesis are presented as well as radio-chelation therapy in experimental and clinical settings. In contrast to cutaneous melanoma, uveal melanoma is very successfully treated with radiation, both using photon and proton beams. We point out that the presence or lack of melanin pigmentation should be considered, when choosing therapeutic options, and that both the experimental and clinical data suggest that melanin could be a target for radiosensitizing melanoma cells to increase efficacy of radiotherapy against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Śniegocka
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 31-007 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ewa Podgórska
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 31-007 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Przemysław M Płonka
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 31-007 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Martyna Elas
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 31-007 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Bożena Romanowska-Dixon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, Medical College of Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 31-007 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Szczygieł
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 31-007 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Michał A Żmijewski
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Mirosława Cichorek
- Department of Embryology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Anna Markiewicz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, Medical College of Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 31-007 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Oncology Centre-Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Andrzej T Słominski
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Krystyna Urbańska
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 31-007 Kraków, Poland.
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Fernandez AA, Paniker L, Garcia R, Mitchell DL. Recent advances in sunlight-induced carcinogenesis using the Xiphophorus melanoma model. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 155:64-70. [PMID: 21457786 PMCID: PMC3164944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Unlike breast and prostate cancers, the nature and sequence of critical genetic and epigenetic events involved in the initiation and progression of melanoma are not well understood. A contributing factor to this dilemma, especially given our current understanding of the importance of UV light in melanoma etiology, is the lack of quality UV-inducible melanoma animal models. In this study we elaborate on the capability of UV light to induce cutaneous malignant melanomas (CMM) in Xiphophorus fishes, which were previously found to develop melanomas after acute neonatal UVB irradiation. In two separate tumorigenesis experiments, we exposed adult Xiphophorus hybrids to either acute UVB irradiations (5 consecutive daily treatments) or chronic solar irradiations (continuous UVA/UVB treatment for 9 months). Acute adult UVB irradiation resulted in the significant induction of melanomas, and moreover, this induction rate is equivalent to that of animals exposed to acute neonatal UVB irradiation. This study represents the first evidence that acute adult UVB irradiation, in the absence of any early life exposures, induces CMM. Similar to the findings conducted on other divergent melanoma models, including HGF/SF transgenic mice and Monodelphis domestica, prolonged chronic solar UV was not a factor in melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- André A Fernandez
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Carcinogenesis, 1808 Park Road 1C, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.
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Kondo H, Kimoto H, Shibuya H, Shirai W, Matsuo K, Sato T. Spontaneous Uterine Leiomyosarcoma in a Golden Hamster (Mesocrietus auratus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 54:27-9. [PMID: 17359451 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2007.00912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Uterine leiomyosarcoma occurring spontaneously in a domestic golden hamster was examined histologically and immunohistochemically. The histological findings for this tumour were similar to those for leiomyosarcomas described in other species. Immunohistochemical examination demonstrated the positivity of neoplastic cells with alpha-smooth muscle actin and desmin. From the results mentioned above, the tumour of this case was revealed to be of smooth muscle origin. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a uterine leiomyosarcoma in domestic golden hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kondo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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4
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Mognetti B, Di Carlo F, Berta GN. Animal models in oral cancer research. Oral Oncol 2006; 42:448-60. [PMID: 16266822 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biologically and clinically relevant animal models are essential in investigation of the progression of diseases and the elaboration of diagnostic or therapeutic protocols. The several rodent models used for in vivo evaluation for oral cancer employ chemical, transplantation and genetic (knockout and transgenic) induction methods. These models are described together with their advantages and disadvantages. Their optimization and application in future research may improve the early detection and treatment of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mognetti
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biological and Clinical Science, University of Turin, Ospedale San Luigi, Orbassano (TO), Italy
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5
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Liao DJ, Dickson RB. Roles of androgens in the development, growth, and carcinogenesis of the mammary gland. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 80:175-89. [PMID: 11897502 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(01)00185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Androgens influence the development and growth of the mammary gland in women. Treatment of animals and cultured cells with androgens has either inhibitory or stimulatory effects on the proliferation of mammary epithelia and cancer cells; the mechanisms for these dual functions are still not very clear and are discussed in this review. Epidemiological data suggest that, similar to increased estrogens, elevated androgens in serum may be associated with the development of breast cancer. Experiments in rodents have also shown that simultaneous treatment of androgen and estrogen synergizes for mammary gland carcinogenesis. Similar synergistic effects of both hormones have been observed for carcinogenesis of the uterine myometrium of female animals and for carcinogenesis of the prostate and deferens of males. There are also clinical and experimental indications for a possible association of elevated levels of both androgens and estrogens with the development of ovarian and endometrial cancers. A hypothesis is thus proposed that concomitant elevation in both androgens and estrogens may confer a greater risk for tumorigenesis of the mammary gland, and probably other female reproductive tissues than an elevation of each hormone alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhong J Liao
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center Research Building, W416, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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Pieroli DA, Navarro MFL, Consolaro A. Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Potential of Bleaching Agents in a DMBA Induction-model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.3353/omp.5.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Ebert R, Wiseman RW, Barrett JC, Reiss E, Rollich G, Schiffmann D. Characterization of the Syrian hamster c-Ha-ras gene and intron-D-exon transcript. Mol Carcinog 1992; 5:254-8. [PMID: 1497801 DOI: 10.1002/mc.2940050404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The coding sequences as well as 5'- and 3'-flanking sequences of the Syrian hamster c-Ha-ras gene were deduced from cDNA clones derived from embryo fibroblast cell lines. Sequences of introns B, C, and D were obtained from genomic DNA after amplification by the polymerase chain reaction. Sequence comparisons with rat, mouse, and human c-Ha-ras genes revealed a high degree of homology. One of 12 cDNA clones contained intron-D-exon (IDX) sequences due to alternative splicing that would encode a p19 Ha-ras gene product. Conservation between species suggests a functional role for the IDX, possibly as a negative control of p21 Ha-ras expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ebert
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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8
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Boyd NM, Reade PC. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis with particular reference to the oral mucosa. JOURNAL OF ORAL PATHOLOGY 1988; 17:193-201. [PMID: 3144582 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1988.tb01524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Three types of stimulus, chemical, physical and viral, are known to be carcinogenic to susceptible animals. This review considers these stimuli and their possible mechanisms in general terms and their possible relevance to the induction of oral mucosal carcinoma in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Boyd
- Department of Dental Medicine and Surgery, University of Melbourne, Australia
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9
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Ritter JK, Franklin MR. Induction of hepatic oxidative and conjugative drug metabolism in the hamster by N-substituted imidazoles. Toxicol Lett 1987; 36:51-9. [PMID: 3564069 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(87)90040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Three antimycotic N-substituted imidazoles, clotrimazole, tioconazole and miconazole, were able to induce hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and monooxygenase reactions in both male and female hamsters to an extent similar to that seen with phenobarbital treatment. Imidazole treatment did not alter the cytochrome P-450 concentration, and ketoconazole treatment decreased it. Cytosolic sulfo- and glutathione transferases were not significantly altered by any imidazole. Induction of microsomal morphine glucuronosyltransferase activity by each compound generally paralleled the effect on cytochrome P-450 in females but induction was not evident in males. Clotrimazole treatment, in contrast to phenobarbital treatment, also caused a large induction of l-naphthol glucuronosyltransferase in females. The potential for antimycotic imidazoles to alter the hepatotoxicity of compounds will require consideration of the inductive changes in both Phase I and Phase II drug metabolizing enzymes in addition to their known inhibitory effects on Phase I oxidations. The inductive effects differ for each imidazole, and in the hamster model, depend upon the sex of the animal.
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10
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Tanaka T, Rivenson A. Mastocytoma induced by cigarette smoke particulates: "cigarette tar". Arch Dermatol Res 1986; 279:130-5. [PMID: 3105473 DOI: 10.1007/bf00417534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous mastocytomas were observed in female CD-1 mice following long-term application of three types of cigarette smoke condensate suspensions ("tars") from different cigarettes or of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and tetradecanoylphorbol-acetate (TPA) or tars. These mastocytomas were always accompanied by diffuse dermal mast cell infiltration (DDMI). These results indicate that mastocytomas were induced by agents present in the cigarette smoke condensate of DMBA plus TPA.
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Elliott CR, Prasad JS, Husby AD, Ellingson RJ, Holtzman JL, Crankshaw DL. Effects of chronic ethanol consumption on male Syrian hamster hepatic, microsomal mixed-function oxidases. Alcohol 1985; 2:17-22. [PMID: 4015832 DOI: 10.1016/0741-8329(85)90007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption significantly increases the risk of drug interactions. We have described its effects on hamster microsomal monooxygenases. Male Syrian hamsters (85 g) were given 10% ethanol in water and food ad lib for up to 6 weeks. Microsomal electron transport components and metabolism of ethylmorphine, benzphetamine, aniline, and acetaminophen were measured. At 4 weeks, SDS-PAGE of ethanol microsomes showed an induced band with an Mr of 53,900 daltons and there was a 2-3 fold stimulation of aniline and acetaminophen metabolism. Cytochrome P-450 increase was not significant. For the six week period, Caloric intake (3 weeks, p less than 0.001), liquid consumption (3 weeks, p less than 0.05) and body weights (6 weeks, p less than 0.05) of ethanol animals were significantly greater than controls; kidney weights were significantly less (p less than 0.05). Ethanol consumption increased from 20% of the daily caloric intake (week 1) to 31% (week 6). Induction of specific substrate metabolism without apparent deleterious physiological changes establishes hamsters fed 10% ethanol in drinking water as a biochemical model for the study of chronic alcohol consumption and specific drug interactions.
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Rao AR. Modifying influences of betel quid ingredients on B(a)P-induced carcinogenesis in the buccal pouch of hamster. Int J Cancer 1984; 33:581-6. [PMID: 6327538 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910330506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the incidence of tumors in hamster buccal pouches following short-term (10 days) and long-term (6 months) topical exposures to graded doses of benzo(a)pyrene, B(a)P (25 micrograms, 50 micrograms and 100 micrograms per pouch either daily for 10 days or thrice weekly for 6 months) alone or in combination with extract of tobacco (1 mg/pouch, twice daily), betel nut (1 mg/pouch, twice daily) or betel leaf (5 mg/pouch, twice daily). Given alone, the three doses of B(a)P respectively yielded, 6 months after the last treatment, 4%, 8.7% and 16.7% tumors in the short-term study, and 20%, 35% and 61% tumors in the long-term study. Short-term treatments with individual ingredients of betel quid did not produce any tumors while long-term treatments produced tumors only with tobacco (17.6%) and betel nut (10.5%). When B(a)P, and betel quid ingredients were painted concomitantly for 10 days, there was, depending upon the dose of B(a)P, complete or partial suppression of tumor production. But when B(a)P-plus-tobacco or B(a)P-plus-betel nut treatments were given for 6 months, there was a considerable increase in tumor incidence. Betel leaf extract, in both short-term and long-term studies, expressed its inhibitory influence on B(a)P-induced tumorigenesis.
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Farnoush A, Mackenzie IC. Sequential histological changes and mast cell response in skin during chemically-induced carcinogenesis. JOURNAL OF ORAL PATHOLOGY 1983; 12:300-6. [PMID: 6411883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1983.tb00340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Skin tumors experimentally induced by dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) are associated with dense subepithelial accumulations of mast cells. To investigate the sequential changes of the mast cell population during carcinogenesis, and to provide a model with which to examine mast cell proliferation, the back skin of 48 Swiss Webster mice was painted with 0.5% DMBA in benzene twice weekly for 12 weeks. Control and DMBA-treated tissues were processed for histological examination. The observed pattern of tissue changes fell into four phases: a) inflammation and necrosis followed by epithelial regeneration and hyperplasia, b) development of localized regions of acanthosis, c) loss of normal organization with downgrowth of epithelial cells and formation of keratin pearls, d) appearance of well-defined nodules resembling verrucous carcinoma. Subepithelial mast cells varied greatly in number during the above sequence of changes. Dense foci of cells were seen, particularly beneath the regions of hyperplastic epithelium. Mast cells may play a role in abnormal epithelial proliferation and, further, DMBA treatment may provide a suitable model with which to examine the origin and kinetics of mast cells.
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Abstract
Early attempts to induce malignant oral tumours were largely unsuccessful, as the oral mucosa is considerably more resistant to the actions of chemical carcinogens than skin. The first consistent success came when strong carcinogens were applied to the hamster cheek pouch. This model remains the most popular for studies of intra-oral carcinogenesis and is discussed at length. The advantages and disadvantages are critically reviewed. The models of intra-oral carcinogenesis in extra-pouch sites in the hamster, mouse, rat and nonhuman primates are considered. The possible reasons for the relative resistance of oral mucosa to chemical carcinogens are discussed, particularly in relation to portals of entry and saliva. Finally, the relative merits of the more popular models of intra-oral carcinogenesis are briefly discussed.
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Abstract
The immunosuppressive effects of topically applied 9, 10 dimethyl 1, 2 benzanthracene (DMBA) were investigated in the Syrian Golden hamster. Tri-weekly doses of DMBA were administered, with some hamsters receiving both DMBA and X-radiation. DMBA and DMBA-plus-radiation groups demonstrated decreased immune responsiveness relative to their control counterparts. Potential immunosuppressive effects of carcinogen and carcinoma are discussed.
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Yuspa SH, Hennings H, Saffiotti U. Cutaneous chemical carcinogenesis: past, present, and future. J Invest Dermatol 1976; 67:199-208. [PMID: 819592 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12513040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Skin tumors chemically induced in mice have provided an important experimental model for studying carcinogenesis and for bioassaying carcinogenic agents. The information obtained from this model suggests that the events leading to tumor formation can be divided into at least two stages, initiation and promotion. A single small dose of carinogen produces initiation which appears to be irreversible. These initiating agents may have to be metabolically activated and can interact with cellular macromolecules. The extent to which they bind to DNA correlates well with their carcinogenicity. Increased DNA replication at the time of or during the first day after these agents have been applied appears to enhance carcinogenesis. Unlike initiation, promotion appears to be reversible and the promoting agents must be applied repeatedly before tumors are formed. Promoters interact with membranes, stimulate and alter genetic expression, and increase the rate of cell proliferation. The knowledge gained from these studies in mouse skin has immeasurably helped the entire field of chemical carcinogenesis. But efforts to determine the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the carcinogenic process, particularly in the skin, have been hampered by the difficulties of working on whole animals and by the special problems associated with the biologic and biochemical methods required for this target organ. Such problems, however, can be solved by the use of cell cultures of mouse epidermis which can metabolize and bind carcinogens just as is done in vivo. The fact that epidermal cells in vitro proliferate synchronously should facilitate the study of the relation between the cell cycle and carcinogenesis. These cells repair chemically induced DNA damage by at least two mechanisms, excision repair and base-specific repair. When epidermal cells in vitro are exposed to promoting agents, a proliferative response analogous to that in vivo is elicited, apparently mediated through control of polyamine metabolism. Neoplastic transformation has been induced in these cultures by known skin carcinogens.
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Abstract
A description is given of three cases of ganglioneuromas, which originated from ganglia of the sympathetic chain of hamsters. Other reports of such tumors in this species are reviewed and the literature relative to hamster ganglioneuromas presented. In addition, the possible genesis of origin from adult ganglion cells upon the action of carcinogenic stimuli is discussed.
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Little JB, Grossman BN, McGandy RB, O'Toole WF. Influence of genetic strain on the induction of lung cancer in hamsters by alpha radiation. Eur J Cancer 1973; 9:825-8. [PMID: 4804308 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2964(73)90022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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