Does transurethral resection of a clinically benign prostate gland increase the risk of developing clinical prostate cancer? A 10-year follow-up study

Risk of prostate cancer and death after benign transurethral resection of the prostate-A 20-year population-based analysis

BACKGROUND

The oncological risks after benign histology on a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) remain largely unknown. Here, the risk of prostate cancer incidence and mortality following a benign histological assessment of TURP is investigated in a population-based setting.

METHODS

Between 1995 and 2016, 64,059 men in Denmark underwent TURP without prior biopsy of the prostate; 42,558 of these men had benign histology. The risks of prostate cancer, prostate cancer with a Gleason score ≥ 3 + 4, and prostate cancer-specific death were assessed with competing risks. Specific risks for pre-TURP prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels at 10 and 15 years were visualized by locally estimated scatterplot smoothing.

RESULTS

The median age at TURP was 72 years (interquartile range [IQR], 65-78 years), and the median follow-up was 15 years (IQR, 10-19 years). The 10-year risks of any prostate cancer and prostate cancer with a Gleason score ≥ 3 + 4 and the 15-year risk of prostate cancer death showed clear visual relations with increasing PSA. The 15-year cumulative incidence of prostate cancer-specific death after benign TURP was 1.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3%-1.6%) for all men and 0.8% (95% CI, 0.6%-1.1%) for men with PSA levels <10 ng/ml. The primary limitation was exclusion due to missing PSA data.

CONCLUSIONS

Men with low PSA levels and a benign TURP can be reassured about their cancer risk and do not need to be monitored differently than any other men. Patients with high PSA levels can be considered for further follow-up with prostate magnetic resonance imaging. These findings add to the literature suggesting that normal histology from the prostate entails a low risk of death from the disease.

LAY SUMMARY

There is little knowledge about the oncological risks after the surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. This study shows a very low risk of adverse oncological outcomes in men with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels below 10 ng/ml at the time of transurethral resection of the prostate. Patients with higher PSA levels may need more extensive follow-up.

Prostate resected weight and postoperative prostate cancer incidence after transurethral resection of the prostate: A population-based study

To analyze whether different volumes of tissue resected during transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) would associate with the subsequent development of prostate cancer.This population-based retrospective cohort study recruited 49,206 patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) undergoing TURP between 2005 and 2012. Patients were recruited from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients were separated into three groups, based on different volumes of tissue resected during TURP (5-15 g, 15-50 g, >50 g).Of the 49,206 patients, 633 patients were diagnosed with new onset of prostate cancer following TURP. Older age was a risk factor contributing to the onset of prostate cancer (P = .0196) and different volumes of tissue resected were significantly related to the incidence of postoperative prostate cancer (P = .0399). The group of patients with a smaller volume of prostate resected had a higher risk of prostate cancer with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.221 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.035, 1.440; P = .0179). However, the risk in the group of patients with a larger volume of prostrate resected was not significantly different, with an HR of 1.277 (95% CI: 0.981, 1662; P = .0690). The incidence of prostate cancer in Taiwanese males over 30 years of age has previously been reported to be 0.0560%; the mean incidence was 0.2282% in our present study.This study shows that BPH patients who had a smaller volume of tissue resected during TURP show a higher incidence of prostate cancer postoperatively. Currently, no clear mechanism is shown to demonstrate the relationship between resected prostate weight and the incidence of tumors. Patients with a larger prostate volume might have lower urinary tract symptoms earlier and then seek professional help. It is possible that surgical procedures might remove the potentially carcinogenic prostate tissue and thus reduce the risk of an aggressive tumor developing in the future.

Risk of Prostate Cancer after Trans Urethral Resection of BPH: A Cohort and Nested Case-Control Study

Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests that inflammation plays a role in both prostate cancer (PCa) and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). This study evaluates the risk of PC after transurethral resection (TURP) for BPH and estimates the PCa risk related to presence of inflammation in the resected material. The Pathology Department at the University Hospital of Umeå (Umeå, Sweden) identified BPH cases (n = 7,901) that underwent TURP between 1982 and 1997. Using these pathological specimens, we compared the incidence of PCa in the cohort to the population and calculated the standardized incidence and mortality ratios (SIR and SMR). Inflammation, the androgen receptor (AR), and p53 were evaluated in a nested case-control study of 201 cases and controls. Inflammation was graded severe or mild-moderate. In the follow-up period after TURP, cases developed prostate cancer and the controls did not. After TURP, SIR for prostate cancer increased [1.26, CI 95% (1.17–1.35) ], whereas SMR decreased [0.59, CI 95% (0.47–0.73) ]. Presence of inflammation at the time of TURP did not differ between cases and controls nor were there differences in p53 or AR staining. The data suggest a small increased risk of PCa after TURP and decreased PCa mortality. Inflammation at the time of TURP is not associated with PCa risk in this material. The increased PCa risk may be attributed to increased surveillance and PSA screening.

Lower urinary tract symptoms and risk of prostate cancer in Japanese men

Our aim was to investigate whether or not men with lower urinary tract symptoms are at increased risk of prostate cancer. A total of 3511 men aged 50-79 years who underwent mass screening for prostate cancer between 2002 and 2004 for the first time, and completed the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire at the time of the prostate specific antigen (PSA) test, were enrolled in the present study. All men with PSA values greater than 4.0 ng/mL were advised and encouraged to undergo transrectal systematic sextant biopsy. The number of cancers subsequently detected was compared between men with IPSS scores of 0-7 and 8-35. Of the 3511 men, 219 (6.2%) had PSA values greater than 4 ng/mL, 178 (5.1%) underwent biopsy, and 51 (1.5%) were found to have prostate cancer. Although the PSA positivity rate for men with IPSS scores of 8-35 was significantly higher than that in the 0-7 group, there were no significant intergroup differences in the cancer detection rates for biopsied men and for total screened subjects. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that prostate volume was the dominant predictor for the detection of prostate cancer, followed by PSA level, but the IPSS made no significant contribution. No significant difference was noted in the IPSS scores between men with cancer and the others of the same age group. Symptomatic Japanese men are not at higher risk of prostate cancer despite their higher PSA values compared with asymptomatic men of the same age group.

Calculated fast-growing benign prostatic hyperplasia--a risk factor for developing clinical prostate cancer

OBJECTIVE

Whether there is an association between the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and clinical prostate cancer is controversial. The present report tests the hypothesis of an association between BPH growth and the development of clinical prostate cancer by examining stage, grade and PSA-level in men with recently discovered clinical prostate cancer with slow or fast-growing BPH. If the hypothesis is true, men with fast-growing BPH would have a more advanced clinical prostate cancer.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Two hundred and twenty patients in whom a clinical prostate cancer was diagnosed were consecutively included. The prevalence of atherosclerotic disease, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or treated hypertension was provided by the respective patient's medical history. Tallness, body weight, waist measurement, hip measurement and blood pressure were determined. The body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. Blood samples were drawn to determine triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, uric acid, ALAT and the fasting plasma insulin level. The prostate gland volume was measured using transrectal ultrasound. The annual BPH growth rate was calculated, assuming that the total prostate gland volume was 20 mL at the patient age of forty. The prostate cancer diagnosis was established using the technique of transrectal ultrasound-guided automatic needle biopsy of the prostate.

RESULTS

Men with clinical prostate cancer, PSA <50 ng/mL, and with fast-growing BPH had a higher systolic (p = 0.009) and diastolic (p = 0.020) blood pressure, were taller (p < 0.001) and more obese, as determined by body weight (p < 0.001), BMI (p = 0.005), waist measurement (p < 0.001) and hip measurement (p = 0.003). They also had a higher fasting plasma insulin level (p = 0.014) and a lower HDL-cholesterol level (p = 0.067) than men with slow-growing BPH. Moreover, men with clinical prostate cancer, PSA <50 ng/mL, and fast-growing BPH had more pronounced clinical prostate cancer, as measured by grade (p = 0.029) and PSA-level (p = 0.016), than men with slow-growing BPH. In the total material, including men with clinical prostate cancer, PSA >/=50 ng/mL, men with fast-growing BPH also had a higher prevalence of NIDDM (p = 0.039) and a borderline statistical significance for higher stage (p = 0.09) than men with slow-growing BPH. The BPH growth rate was significantly associated with the clinical prostate cancer grade (p = 0.018) and PSA-level (p = 0.002) but not with the clinical cancer stage in a multivariate statistical analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

This report confirms findings in previous studies that fast-growing BPH is a risk factor for NIDDM, hypertension, tallness, obesity, dyslipidaemia and hyperinsulinaemia. The present report extends this list of risk factors to include atherosclerotic disease manifestations, hyperuricaemia and higher ALAT levels. The study suggests that fast-growing BPH is a risk factor for developing clinical prostate cancer and, thus, supports the hypothesis of an association between the development of BPH and clinical prostate cancer. The study generates the hypothesis that clinical prostate cancer is a component of the metabolic syndrome and that insulin is a promoter of clinical prostate cancer.

Mortality and prostate cancer risk in 19,598 men after surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia

OBJECTIVES

To examine postoperative mortality and prostate cancer risk after the first prostatectomy for benign prostatic hypertrophy over a 17-year period in a population-based cohort of men in Western Australia, using improved methods to adjust for comorbidity.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The relative survival from death and prostate cancer incidence was calculated against the background population rates. The outcomes of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and open prostatectomy (OP) were compared adjusting for calendar year, age, admission type and comorbidity using Cox regression. Fractional polynomials were used to take account of nonlinearity in confounder effects.

RESULTS

At 10 years, the relative survival was 116.5% in TURP patients and 123.5% after OP. Adjusting only for confounding by age, calendar year and admission type, TURP had a higher mortality rate than OP (rate ratio, RR, 1. 20; 95% confidence interval 1.08-1.34). The RR fell to 1.10 (0.99-1. 23) after adjustment for comorbidity and to 1.07 (0.95-1.19) when accounting for nonlinearity. The relative survival from the incidence of prostate cancer at 10 years was 103.7% after TURP and 104.5% after OP. The RR adjusted for age and calendar year was 1.44 (0.94-2.21) for incidence and 1.37 (0.81-2.29) for prostate cancer mortality.

CONCLUSION

There is at most a small and clinically unimportant excess mortality risk from TURP; any difference could be due to a protective effect of OP on the long-term risk of prostate cancer and a lower rate of repeat prostatectomy.

Incidence and clinical significance of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in TURP specimens

OBJECTIVES

To determine the incidence and clinical significance of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) in specimens obtained from transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).

METHODS

All TURP specimens accessioned to the general surgical pathology service of the Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) from March 1984 through December 1987 that did not contain adenocarcinoma of the prostate were reviewed for the presence of high-grade PIN (PIN 2 and PIN 3). These cases were supplemented with cases from the consultation files of the JHH, the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, and the University of Michigan Hospitals. In total, 85 cases of high-grade PIN in TURP specimens were identified.

RESULTS

The mean age of the patients at the time of TURP was 70 years and the median age was 71 years (range 50 to 89). Sixty-three patients (74%) were 65 years of age or older, 45 patients (53%) were at least 70 years of age, and 14 patients (16%) were 60 years of age or younger. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate was discovered in 9 (22%) of 41 patients with follow-up information. Based on material from JHH, the incidence of high-grade PIN was 2.3% in all TURP specimens and 3.2% in those without invasive carcinoma.

CONCLUSIONS

High-grade PIN on TURP is relatively uncommon and is diagnosed in an elderly population. Patients with high-grade PIN on TURP appear to be at increased risk of developing prostatic carcinoma, although not to the same degree as patients with high-grade PIN on needle biopsy.

Proliferative response of human prostate tumour xenografts to surgical trauma and the transurethral resection of the prostate controversy

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) as an excisional procedure involving multiple incisions into the prostate does not differentiate between palpably benign prostate tissue and microscopic foci of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. The impact of TURP on the progression of such 'latent' or 'incidental' tumours unique to the prostate gland has been a focal point of a continuing controversy. In studies designed to develop preclinical evidence that would lend support to, or detract from, either side of the TURP controversy, surgical trauma-induced stimulation of in situ tumour growth was extended to include human prostate tumour tissue PC-3, DU-145 and H-1579, albeit as xenografts in athymic nude males. A significant proliferative response of prostate tumours implanted directly in, adjacent to, or distant from, a freshly induced surgical wound, could be inhibited by a somatostatin analogue (Lanreotide) applied topically to the surgical site. This preclinical model supports TURP as a risk factor for biopsy or therapeutic surgical intervention procedures in benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), a risk factor that increases with the stage of disease in undetected cancers. It also suggests a potential clinical benefit that might be derived by applying Lanreotide directly to the surgically traumatised genitourinary area by simple irrigation of the urethra and bladder during or shortly post TURP.