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Ziranu P, Pretta A, Aimola V, Cau F, Mariani S, D’Agata AP, Codipietro C, Rizzo D, Dell’Utri V, Sanna G, Moledda G, Cadoni A, Lai E, Puzzoni M, Pusceddu V, Castagnola M, Scartozzi M, Faa G. CD44: A New Prognostic Marker in Colorectal Cancer? Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1569. [PMID: 38672650 PMCID: PMC11048923 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) is a non-kinase cell surface glycoprotein. It is overexpressed in several cell types, including cancer stem cells (CSCs). Cells overexpressing CD44 exhibit several CSC traits, such as self-renewal, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) capability, and resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. The role of CD44 in maintaining stemness and the CSC function in tumor progression is accomplished by binding to its main ligand, hyaluronan (HA). The HA-CD44 complex activates several signaling pathways that lead to cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and invasion. The CD44 gene regularly undergoes alternative splicing, resulting in the standard (CD44s) and variant (CD44v) isoforms. The different functional roles of CD44s and specific CD44v isoforms still need to be fully understood. The clinicopathological impact of CD44 and its isoforms in promoting tumorigenesis suggests that CD44 could be a molecular target for cancer therapy. Furthermore, the recent association observed between CD44 and KRAS-dependent carcinomas and the potential correlations between CD44 and tumor mutational burden (TMB) and microsatellite instability (MSI) open new research scenarios for developing new strategies in cancer treatment. This review summarises current research regarding the different CD44 isoform structures, their roles, and functions in supporting tumorigenesis and discusses its therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pina Ziranu
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4500 Bivio per Sestu, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.); (C.C.); (D.R.); (V.D.); (G.S.); (G.M.); (A.C.); (E.L.); (M.P.); (V.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Andrea Pretta
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4500 Bivio per Sestu, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.); (C.C.); (D.R.); (V.D.); (G.S.); (G.M.); (A.C.); (E.L.); (M.P.); (V.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Valentina Aimola
- Division of Pathology, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, AOU Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (V.A.); (F.C.)
| | - Flaviana Cau
- Division of Pathology, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, AOU Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (V.A.); (F.C.)
| | - Stefano Mariani
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4500 Bivio per Sestu, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.); (C.C.); (D.R.); (V.D.); (G.S.); (G.M.); (A.C.); (E.L.); (M.P.); (V.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Alessandra Pia D’Agata
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4500 Bivio per Sestu, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.); (C.C.); (D.R.); (V.D.); (G.S.); (G.M.); (A.C.); (E.L.); (M.P.); (V.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Claudia Codipietro
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4500 Bivio per Sestu, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.); (C.C.); (D.R.); (V.D.); (G.S.); (G.M.); (A.C.); (E.L.); (M.P.); (V.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Daiana Rizzo
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4500 Bivio per Sestu, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.); (C.C.); (D.R.); (V.D.); (G.S.); (G.M.); (A.C.); (E.L.); (M.P.); (V.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Veronica Dell’Utri
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4500 Bivio per Sestu, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.); (C.C.); (D.R.); (V.D.); (G.S.); (G.M.); (A.C.); (E.L.); (M.P.); (V.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Giorgia Sanna
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4500 Bivio per Sestu, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.); (C.C.); (D.R.); (V.D.); (G.S.); (G.M.); (A.C.); (E.L.); (M.P.); (V.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Giusy Moledda
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4500 Bivio per Sestu, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.); (C.C.); (D.R.); (V.D.); (G.S.); (G.M.); (A.C.); (E.L.); (M.P.); (V.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Andrea Cadoni
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4500 Bivio per Sestu, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.); (C.C.); (D.R.); (V.D.); (G.S.); (G.M.); (A.C.); (E.L.); (M.P.); (V.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Eleonora Lai
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4500 Bivio per Sestu, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.); (C.C.); (D.R.); (V.D.); (G.S.); (G.M.); (A.C.); (E.L.); (M.P.); (V.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Marco Puzzoni
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4500 Bivio per Sestu, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.); (C.C.); (D.R.); (V.D.); (G.S.); (G.M.); (A.C.); (E.L.); (M.P.); (V.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Valeria Pusceddu
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4500 Bivio per Sestu, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.); (C.C.); (D.R.); (V.D.); (G.S.); (G.M.); (A.C.); (E.L.); (M.P.); (V.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00013 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mario Scartozzi
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4500 Bivio per Sestu, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.D.); (C.C.); (D.R.); (V.D.); (G.S.); (G.M.); (A.C.); (E.L.); (M.P.); (V.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Gavino Faa
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, AOU Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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Savli TB, Pasaoglu HE, Savli TC, Muhammedoglu A, Tokocin M, Öztürk Ç. Expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, CD44, and E-cadherin in the microenvironment of breast carcinomas. REVISTA DA ASSOCIACAO MEDICA BRASILEIRA (1992) 2023; 69:e20230371. [PMID: 37466609 PMCID: PMC10351999 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20230371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, E-cadherin, and CD44 in the area of tumor budding was investigated in breast carcinomas in our study. METHODS Tumor budding was counted at the invasive margins in 179 breast carcinomas. To understand the microenvironment of tumor budding, we examined the expression status of the immune checkpoint molecules such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, E-cadherin, and CD44. RESULTS Tumors were separated into low (≤5) and high tumor budding groups (>5) based on the median budding number. Lymphovascular, perineural invasion, and the number of metastatic lymph nodes were significantly higher in high-grade budding tumors (p=0.001, p<0.001, and p=0.019, respectively). Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were significantly higher in tumors without tumor buddings (p<0.001). When the number of budding increases by one unit, overall survival decreases by 1.07 times (p=0.013). Also, it increases the risk of progression by 1.06 times (p=0.048). In high tumor budding groups, the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 staining percentage of lymphocytes was significantly higher (p=0.026). With each increase in the number of buds, an increase in the percentage of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 staining was seen in lymphocytes in the microenvironment of TB (p=0.034). CONCLUSION Tumor budding could predict poor prognosis in breast carcinomas, and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 immunotherapies may be beneficial in patients with high tumor budding tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Bolme Savli
- Gaziantep Cengiz Gokcek Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Department of Pathology - Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Husniye Esra Pasaoglu
- Istanbul Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Department of Pathology - Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Taha Cumhan Savli
- Medipol Mega University Hospital, Department of Pathology - Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Muhammedoglu
- Istanbul Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Department of Pathology - Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Tokocin
- Istanbul Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Department of General Surgery - Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Öztürk
- Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Training and Research Hospital, Pathology Department - Rize, Turkey
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Markowski AR, Ustymowicz K, Markowska AJ, Romańczyk W, Guzińska-Ustymowicz K. E-Cadherin Expression Varies Depending on the Location within the Primary Tumor and Is Higher in Colorectal Cancer with Lymphoid Follicles. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3260. [PMID: 37370870 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable indicators of cancer advancement have actively been sought recently. The detection of colorectal cancer progression markers is essential in improving diagnostic and therapeutic protocols. The aim of the study was to investigate the profile of E-cadherin expression in colorectal cancer tissue depending on the TNM staging and its correlation with several clinical and histopathological features. The study included 55 colorectal cancer patients admitted to the surgical ward for elective surgery. Tissue samples were obtained from resected specimens. Different distributions of E-cadherin expression within tumors were observed; the highest percentage of positive E-cadherin expression was found in the invasive front and in the tumor center. Additionally, the different cellular distribution of E-cadherin expression was noticed; weak membranous E-cadherin expression was the highest in the invasive front and in the budding sites, but a strong membranous pattern was most frequent in the tumor center. Various distributions of E-cadherin expression depending on cancer progression were also found; E-cadherin expression in node-positive patients was lower in the tumor center and in the tumor invasive front, whereas, in patients with distant metastases, the expression of E-Cadherin was lower in the budding sites. In patients with higher TNM stages, E-cadherin expression was lower within the tumor (in the budding sites, tumor center, and invasive front). In tumors with lymphoid follicles, E-cadherin expression was higher in all localizations within the primary tumor. E-cadherin expression in the tumor center was also lower in tumors with some higher tumor budding parameters (areas of poorly differentiated components and poorly differentiated clusters). E-cadherin expression was found to be lower at the tumor center in younger individuals, at the budding sites in men, and at the surrounding lymph nodes in rectal tumors. Low E-cadherin expression appears to be a reliable indicator of higher cancer staging and progression. When assessing the advancement of cancer, apart from the TNM classification, it is beneficial to also consider the expression of E-cadherin. High tumor budding, the poverty of lymphoid follicles, and low E-cadherin expression analyzed simultaneously may contribute to a reliable assessment of colorectal cancer staging. These three histopathological features complement each other, and their investigation, together with conventional tumor staging and grading, may be very helpful in predicting the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients and qualifying them for the best treatment. The role of E-cadherin in the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer, as a part of a personalized medicine strategy, still requires comprehensive, prospective clinical evaluations to precisely target the optimal therapies for the right patients at the right time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Markowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Polish Red Cross Memorial Municipal Hospital, 79 Henryka Sienkiewicza Street, 15-003 Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Anna J Markowska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Polish Red Cross Memorial Municipal Hospital, 79 Henryka Sienkiewicza Street, 15-003 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Romańczyk
- Department of General Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, 13 Jerzego Waszyngtona Street, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Guzińska-Ustymowicz
- Department of General Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, 13 Jerzego Waszyngtona Street, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
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Zheng S, Luo J, Xie S, Lu S, Liu Q, Xiao H, Luo W, Huang Y, Liu K. Tumor budding of cervical squamous cell carcinoma: epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like cancer stem cells? PeerJ 2022; 10:e13745. [PMID: 35860042 PMCID: PMC9291004 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the origin of cancers. Scientists have identified CSCs in various tumors and have suggested the existence of a variety of states of CSCs. The existence of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like CSCs has been confirmed in vitro, but they have not been identified in vivo. Tumor budding was defined as single cell or clusters of ≤ 5 cells at the invasive front of cancers. Such tumor budding is hypothesized to be closely related to EMT and linked to CSCs, especially to those migrating at the invasive front. Therefore, tumor budding has been proposed to represent EMT-like stem cells. However, this hypothesis has not yet been proven. Thus, we studied the expression of EMT markers, certain CSC markers of tumor budding, and the tumor center of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CxSCC). We performed tissue chip analyses of 95 primary CxSCCs from patients. Expression of EMT and CSC markers (E-cadherin, β-catenin, vimentin, Ki67, CD44, SOX2 , and ALDH1A1) in a set of tumor samples on tissue chips (87 cases of tumor budding/the main tumor body) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. We found that the cell-membranous expression of β-catenin was stronger in the main tumor body than in tumor buds. Compared with the main tumor body, tumor buds had reduced proliferative activity as measured by Ki67. Moreover, vimentin expression was high and E-cadherin expression was low in tumor buds. Expression of EMT-related markers suggested that tumor buds were correlated with EMT. We noted that CxSCC tumor buds had a CD44negative/low/SOX2high/ALDH1A1high staining pattern, indicating that tumor buds of CxSCC present CSC-like immunophenotypic features. Taken together, our data indicate that tumor buds in CxSCC may represent EMT-like CSCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqiu Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Pelvic Radiotherapy, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shoucheng Xie
- Department of Pathology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shanming Lu
- Department of Pathology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Department of Pathology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huanqin Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjuan Luo
- Department of Pathology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanfang Huang
- Department of Pathology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Pathology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
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Hassn Mesrati M, Syafruddin SE, Mohtar MA, Syahir A. CD44: A Multifunctional Mediator of Cancer Progression. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1850. [PMID: 34944493 PMCID: PMC8699317 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44, a non-kinase cell surface transmembrane glycoprotein, has been widely implicated as a cancer stem cell (CSC) marker in several cancers. Cells overexpressing CD44 possess several CSC traits, such as self-renewal and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) capability, as well as a resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. The CD44 gene regularly undergoes alternative splicing, resulting in the standard (CD44s) and variant (CD44v) isoforms. The interaction of such isoforms with ligands, particularly hyaluronic acid (HA), osteopontin (OPN) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), drive numerous cancer-associated signalling. However, there are contradictory results regarding whether high or low CD44 expression is associated with worsening clinicopathological features, such as a higher tumour histological grade, advanced tumour stage and poorer survival rates. Nonetheless, high CD44 expression significantly contributes to enhanced tumourigenic mechanisms, such as cell proliferation, metastasis, invasion, migration and stemness; hence, CD44 is an important clinical target. This review summarises current research regarding the different CD44 isoform structures and their roles and functions in supporting tumourigenesis and discusses CD44 expression regulation, CD44-signalling pathways and interactions involved in cancer development. The clinical significance and prognostic value of CD44 and the potential of CD44 as a therapeutic target in cancer are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Hassn Mesrati
- Nanobiotechnology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Saiful Effendi Syafruddin
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (S.E.S.); (M.A.M.)
| | - M. Aiman Mohtar
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (S.E.S.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Amir Syahir
- Nanobiotechnology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia;
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
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Stemness, Inflammation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Colorectal Carcinoma: The Intricate Network. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312891. [PMID: 34884696 PMCID: PMC8658015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In global cancer statistics, colorectal carcinoma (CRC) ranks third by incidence and second by mortality, causing 10.0% of new cancer cases and 9.4% of oncological deaths worldwide. Despite the development of screening programs and preventive measures, there are still high numbers of advanced cases. Multiple problems compromise the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, one of these being cancer stem cells—a minor fraction of pluripotent, self-renewing malignant cells capable of maintaining steady, low proliferation and exhibiting an intriguing arsenal of treatment resistance mechanisms. Currently, there is an increasing body of evidence for intricate associations between inflammation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells. In this review, we focus on inflammation and its role in CRC stemness development through epithelial–mesenchymal transition.
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Gan T, Schaberg KB, He D, Mansour A, Kapoor H, Wang C, Evers BM, Bocklage TJ. Association Between Obesity and Histological Tumor Budding in Patients With Nonmetastatic Colon Cancer. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e213897. [PMID: 33792733 PMCID: PMC8017472 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.3897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Obesity is associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) and a more aggressive disease course. Tumor budding (TB) is an important prognostic factor for CRC, but its association with obesity is unknown. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of TB with obesity and other prognostic factors in colon cancer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study involved a histological review of colon cancer specimens obtained during 7 years (January 2008 to December 2015) at the University of Kentucky Medical Center; data analysis was conducted from February 2020 to January 2021. Specimens came from 200 patients with stage I to III colon cancer; patients with stage 0, stage IV, or incomplete data were excluded. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES TB was defined as 1 to 4 malignant cells at the invasive edge of the tumor, independently assessed by 2 academic pathologists. The primary outcome was the association of TB with obesity (defined as body mass index [BMI] of 30 or greater). Secondary outcomes include the association of TB with clinical features (ie, age, race, sex, TNM stage, tumor location) and pathological features (ie, poorly differentiated tumor clusters [PDCs], Klintrup-Mäkinen inflammatory score, desmoplasia, infiltrative tumor border, tumor necrosis, and tumor-to-stroma ratio). RESULTS A total of 200 specimens were reviewed. The median (interquartile range) age of patients was 62 (55-72) years, 102 (51.0%) were women, and the mean (SD) BMI was 28.5 (8.4). A total of 57 specimens (28.5%) were from stage I tumors; 74 (37.0%), stage II; and 69 (34.5%), stage III. Of these, 97 (48.5%) had low-grade (<5 buds), 36 (18.0%) had intermediate-grade (5-9 buds), and 67 (33.5%) had high-grade (≥10 buds) TB. Multivariable analysis adjusting for clinical and histological factors demonstrated that higher TB grade was associated with obesity (odds ratio [OR], 4.25; 95% CI, 1.95-9.26), higher PDC grade (grade 2 vs 1: OR, 9.14; 95% CI, 3.49-23.93; grade 3 vs 1: OR, 5.10; 95% CI, 2.30-11.27), increased infiltrative tumor border (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.04), cecal location (OR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.09-5.97), and higher stage (eg, stage III vs stage I for high-grade or intermediate-grade vs low-grade TB: OR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.00-8.49). Additionally, patients with a higher TB grade had worse overall survival (intermediate vs low TB: hazard ratio, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.11-4.35; log-rank P = .02; high vs low TB: hazard ratio, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.45-4.90; log-rank P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cohort study, a novel association between high TB grade and obesity was found. The association could reflect a systemic condition (ie, obesity) locally influencing aggressive growth (ie, high TB) in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Gan
- Department of Surgery, The University of Kentucky, Lexington
- The Markey Cancer Center, The University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Kurt B. Schaberg
- The Markey Cancer Center, The University of Kentucky, Lexington
- Department of Pathology, The University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Daheng He
- The Markey Cancer Center, The University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Akila Mansour
- Department of Pathology, The University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Harit Kapoor
- Department of Radiology, The University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Chi Wang
- The Markey Cancer Center, The University of Kentucky, Lexington
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - B. Mark Evers
- Department of Surgery, The University of Kentucky, Lexington
- The Markey Cancer Center, The University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Therese J. Bocklage
- The Markey Cancer Center, The University of Kentucky, Lexington
- Department of Pathology, The University of Kentucky, Lexington
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Rex DK, Shaukat A, Wallace MB. Optimal Management of Malignant Polyps, From Endoscopic Assessment and Resection to Decisions About Surgery. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17:1428-1437. [PMID: 30268567 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is defined clinically as invasion of dysplastic cells into the submucosa. Lesions with submucosal invasion but without invasion into the muscularis propria are generally called malignant polyps. A stepwise approach produces optimal management of malignant polyps (including polypoid and flat/depressed lesions). The first step is to avoid endoscopic resection of non-pedunculated lesions with endoscopic features that predict deep submucosal invasion. Lesions without such features are candidates for endoscopic resection. The second step is to assess candidates for endoscopic resection for features that predict an increased risk of superficial submucosal invasion. Such lesions should be considered for en bloc endoscopic excision if feasible. The third step is giving patients with endoscopically resected malignant polyps good advice regarding whether to undergo adjuvant therapy, usually surgery. We review the endoscopic and histologic criteria that guide clinicians through these steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas K Rex
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
| | - Aasma Shaukat
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michael B Wallace
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida
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Şirin AH, Sökmen S, Ünlü SM, Ellidokuz H, Sarioğlu S. The prognostic value of tumor budding in patients who had surgery for rectal cancer with and without neoadjuvant therapy. Tech Coloproctol 2019; 23:333-342. [PMID: 30900039 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-019-01959-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of tumor budding (TB) in rectal cancer patients. TB in the specimens of patients who received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy was specifically analyzed. METHODS This study was conducted on rectal cancer patients treated at Dokuz Eylul University Hospital, Turkey, between January 2000 and June 2010. Prospectively recorded clinicopathological data and the oncological outcomes of patients who received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) (n = 117) and also patients who did not receive it (n = 113) were analyzed. TB was defined as an isolated single cancer cell or a cluster of cells composed of less than 5 cells of a "budding focus". Budding intensity was scored as follows: none (0), mild (1-5 buds), moderate (6-10 buds), and severe (> 10 buds). Two tumor budding intesity groups were created, TB-1 (none, few) and TB-2 (moderate, severe) for statistical analysis. RESULTS The median follow-up time was 40.12 ± 27.5 months. The 5-year overall and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 66% and 62%, respectively. Multivariate analysis of overall survival in all patients showed that TB intensity (HR 2.64; 95% CI 1.46-4.77) and radial margin status (HR 2.16; 95% CI 1.18-3.96) were independent predictors of decreased overall survival. In patients who received CRT, TB (HR 4.87; 95% CI 2.10-11.28) and distant metastasis (HR 4.31; 95% CI 1.81-10.22) were predictive of survival while in patients who did not receive CRT, TB (HR 4.28; 95% CI 1.60-11.49), distant metastasis (HR 2.33; 95% CI 1.19-4.60), radial margin status (HR 2.53; 95% CI 1.09-5.91), and venous invasion (HR 4.48; 95% CI 2.14-9.39) were significantly independent predictors of survival. In multivariate analysis of all patients decreased DFS was correlated with lymph node involvement (HR 2.78; 95% CI 1.60-4.87), venous invasion (HR 1.76; 95% CI 1.00-3.09), and with radial margin status (HR 2.31; 95% CI 1.27-4.22). In multivariate analysis in the CRT group, decreased DFS was significantly associated with lymph node involvement (HR 4.39; 95% CI 1.70-11.33) and radial margin status (HR 2.56; 95% CI 1.12-5.90) while only lymph node involvement (HR 2.33; 95% CI 1.16-4.66) was a significant predictor of decreased DFS in patients who did not receive CRT. CONCLUSIONS TB has prognostic value as important as lymph node involvement and radial margin status and it may be a helpful prognostic indicator even after CRT. TB should be included in the TNM classification and may be used in planning adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Şirin
- Department of Surgery, Develi State Hospital, 38400, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - S Sökmen
- Department of Surgery, Develi State Hospital, 38400, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - S M Ünlü
- Department of Surgery, Develi State Hospital, 38400, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - H Ellidokuz
- Department of Surgery, Develi State Hospital, 38400, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - S Sarioğlu
- Department of Surgery, Develi State Hospital, 38400, Kayseri, Turkey
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Okuyama K, Fukushima H, Naruse T, Yanamoto S, Tsuchihashi H, Umeda M. CD44 Variant 6 Expression and Tumor Budding in the Medullary Invasion Front of Mandibular Gingival Squamous Cell Carcinoma Are Predictive Factors for Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis. Pathol Oncol Res 2018; 25:603-609. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-0529-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Tumour budding in rectal cancer. A comprehensive review. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2018; 22:61-74. [PMID: 30150882 PMCID: PMC6103233 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2018.77043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique and fundamental characteristic of malignant neoplastic cells is their ability to invade other tissues and metastasise. The first step in this process is the dissociation of some of these cells from the tumour invasion front, named tumour budding (TB). This phenomenon has become increasingly relevant in recent years due to its association with adverse clinicopathological characteristics and with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. TB has been studied by mixing colon with rectal tumours, but it is clinically important to differentiate these types of tumours. A review in two databases without language restriction was performed from 1950 to 2017 about TB with an emphasis on rectal cancer. We present various aspects of TB, from its terminology and evaluation to its molecular aspects, through its clinical associations. TB is associated with adverse clinicopathological features, like lymphovascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, and decreased survival. More studies of the clinicopathological, molecular, and epidemiological characteristics of TB in rectal cancer are needed.
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12
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Yamadera M, Shinto E, Tsuda H, Kajiwara Y, Naito Y, Hase K, Yamamoto J, Ueno H. Sialyl Lewis x expression at the invasive front as a predictive marker of liver recurrence in stage II colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:221-228. [PMID: 29391881 PMCID: PMC5769389 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialyl Lewisx (SLX) is a carbohydrate ligand for endothelial selectin that participates in cell adhesion, proliferation and scattering. It plays an important role in cancer cell adhesion to vascular endothelial cells, leading to hematogenous metastasis. The prognostic significance of SLX expression level at the invasive front in patients with stage II colorectal cancer (CRC) was examined. A total of 209 patients with stage II CRC curatively resected between 1997 and 2000 were enrolled. The preoperative serum SLX levels measured by radioimmunoassay and SLX immunoexpression levels at the invasive front, and at the non-invasive frontal region determined by tissue microarray were analyzed. SLX expression at the invasive front was positively associated with tumor invasion depth (P=0.007) and tumor budding grade (P=0.038). Disease-free survival curves differed between the high and low SLX-expression groups (5-year survival rates, 77.0 and 89.7%, respectively; P=0.036). Liver cancer recurrence was more frequent in the high-expression group than in the low-expression group (15.9 and 2.4%; P=0.002). Multivariate analysis revealed that its expression (hazard ratio, 5.26; P=0.015) and venous invasion (hazard ratio, 4.14; P=0.040) were independent predictive markers of liver cancer recurrence. Neither the preoperative serum SLX level nor SLX expression at the non-invasive frontal region showed any association with histopathological features or disease-free survival. SLX expression level at the invasive front is a promising marker for identifying patients with stage II CRC with a high risk of liver cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yamadera
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Eiji Shinto
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuda
- Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kajiwara
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Naito
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine University Hospital, Mizonokuchi, Kanagawa 213-8507, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hase
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Junji Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Hideki Ueno
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
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13
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Use of a combination of CEA and tumor budding to identify high-risk patients with stage II colon cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2017; 32:e267-e273. [PMID: 28478638 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-risk patients with stage II colon cancer may benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy, but identifying this patient population can be difficult. We assessed the prognosis value for predicting tumor progression in patients with stage II colon cancer, of a panel of 2 biomarkers for colon cancer: tumor budding and preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). METHODS Consecutive patients (N = 134) with stage II colon cancer who underwent curative surgery from 2000 to 2007 were included. Multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the association of CEA and tumor budding grade with 5-year disease-free survival (DFS). The prognostic accuracy of CEA, tumor budding grade and the combination of both (CEA-budding panel) was determined. RESULTS The study found that both CEA and tumor budding grade were associated with 5-year DFS. The prognostic accuracy for disease progression was higher for the CEA-budding panel (82.1%) than either CEA (70.9%) or tumor budding grade (72.4%) alone. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that the combination of CEA levels and tumor budding grade has greater prognostic value for identifying patients with stage II colon cancer who are at high-risk for disease progression, than either marker alone.
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14
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Yang R, Liu X, Thakolwiboon S, Zhu J, Pei X, An M, Tan Z, Lubman DM. Protein Markers Associated with an ALDH Sub-Population in Colorectal Cancer. JOURNAL OF PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2016; 9:238-247. [PMID: 28503055 PMCID: PMC5423664 DOI: 10.4172/jpb.1000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
ALDH has been shown to be a marker that denotes a sub-population of cancer stem cells in colorectal and other cancers. This sub-population of cells shows an increased risk for tumor initiation, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation resulting in recurrence and death. It is thus essential to identify the important signaling pathways related to ALDH1+ CSCs in colon cancer. The essential issue becomes to isolate pure sub-populations of cells from heterogeneous tissues for further analysis. To achieve this goal, tissues from colorectal cancer Stage III patients were immuno-stained with ALDH1 antibody. Target ALDH1+ and ALDH1- cells from the same tissue were micro-dissected using Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM). Captured cells were lysed and analyzed using LC-MS/MS where around 20,000 cells were available for analysis. This analysis resulted in 134 proteins which were differentially expressed between ALDH1+ and ALDH1- cells in three patient sample pairs. Based on these differentially expressed proteins an IPA pathway analysis was performed that showed two key pathways in cell to cell signaling and organismal injury and abnormalities. The IPA analysis revealed β-catenin, NFκB (p65) and TGFβ1 as important cancer-related proteins in these pathways. A TMA validation using immunofluorescence staining of tissue micro-arrays including 170 cases was used to verify that these key proteins were highly overexpressed in ALDH1+ cells in colon cancer tissues compared to ALDH1- cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Experimental Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Smathorn Thakolwiboon
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Jianhui Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Xiucong Pei
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Liaoning 110034, China
| | - Mingrui An
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Zhijing Tan
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - David M Lubman
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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15
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Bartel MJ, Brahmbhatt BS, Wallace MB. Management of colorectal T1 carcinoma treated by endoscopic resection from the Western perspective. Dig Endosc 2016; 28:330-41. [PMID: 26718885 DOI: 10.1111/den.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Detection of early colorectal cancer is expected to rise in light of national colorectal cancer screening programs. This The present review article delineates current endoscopic risk assessments, differentiating invasive from non-invasive neoplasia, for high likelihood of lymph node metastasis in early colorectal cancer, also termed high-risk early colorectal cancer, and endoscopic and surgical resection methods from a Western hemisphere perspective.
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16
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Xu H, Tian Y, Yuan X, Wu H, Liu Q, Pestell RG, Wu K. The role of CD44 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer development. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:3783-92. [PMID: 26719706 PMCID: PMC4689260 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s95470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44, a multi-structural and multifunctional transmembrane glycoprotein, was initially identified as a receptor for hyaluronan that participates in both physiological and pathological processes. CD44 is found to be closely linked to the development of various solid tumors. Molecular studies have revealed that high CD44 expression was correlated with the phenotypes of cancer stem cells and epithelial–mesenchymal transition, thereby contributing to tumor invasion, metastasis, recurrence, and chemoresistance. Correspondingly, blockade of CD44 has been demonstrated to be capable of attenuating the malignant phenotype, slowing cancer progression, and reversing therapy resistance. Clinical analyses showed that high CD44 expression is associated with poor survival of various cancer patients, indicating that CD44 can be a potential prognostic marker. In this review, we summarize recent research progress of CD44 on tumor biology and the clinical significance of CD44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Xu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Tian
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Richard G Pestell
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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17
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Way TD, Huang JT, Chou CH, Huang CH, Yang MH, Ho CT. Emodin represses TWIST1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells by inhibiting the β-catenin and Akt pathways. Eur J Cancer 2013; 50:366-78. [PMID: 24157255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide. In recent studies, a crucial link has been discovered between the acquisition of metastatic traits and tumour-initiating abilities in cancer cells during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Herein, we demonstrated that the ectopic expression of TWIST1, the EMT regulator, in HNSCC FaDu cells triggered EMT and resulted in the acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype. Moreover, FaDu-pFLAG-TWIST1 cancer cell populations that were induced to EMT displayed an increased proportion of cells with the CD44 marker, which is associated with tumour initiation. Interestingly, we found that emodin treatment reduced the tumour-initiating abilities and inhibited cell migration and invasion in FaDu-pFLAG-TWIST1 cells. Emodin directly inhibited TWIST1 expression, upregulated E-cadherin mRNA and protein expression, and downregulated vimentin mRNA and protein expression. Moreover, we found that emodin inhibited TWIST1 binding to the E-cadherin promoter and repressed E-cadherin transcription activity. We also found that emodin inhibited TWIST1-induced EMT by inhibiting the β-catenin and Akt pathways. More interestingly, emodin significantly inhibited TWIST1-induced invasion in vivo. Therefore, emodin might be applicable to anticancer therapy and could be a potential new therapeutic drug for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzong-Der Way
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Jhen-Ting Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Chou
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hung Huang
- Taiwan Advance Biopharm, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate School of Biotechnology, Hung-Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Muh-Hwa Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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18
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Williams JG, Pullan RD, Hill J, Horgan PG, Salmo E, Buchanan GN, Rasheed S, McGee SG, Haboubi N. Management of the malignant colorectal polyp: ACPGBI position statement. Colorectal Dis 2013; 15 Suppl 2:1-38. [PMID: 23848492 DOI: 10.1111/codi.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J G Williams
- Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK.
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Transforming growth factor-Beta and urokinase-type plasminogen activator: dangerous partners in tumorigenesis-implications in skin cancer. ISRN DERMATOLOGY 2013; 2013:597927. [PMID: 23984088 PMCID: PMC3732602 DOI: 10.1155/2013/597927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic factor, with several different roles in health and disease. TGF-β has been postulated as a dual factor in tumor progression, since it represses epithelial tumor development in early stages, whereas it stimulates tumor progression in advanced stages. During tumorigenesis, cancer cells acquire the capacity to migrate and invade surrounding tissues and to metastasize different organs. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system, comprising uPA, the uPA cell surface receptor, and plasminogen-plasmin, is involved in the proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix and regulates key cellular events by activating intracellular signal pathways, which together allow cancer cells to survive, thus, enhancing cell malignance during tumor progression. Due to their importance, uPA and its receptor are tightly transcriptionally regulated in normal development, but are deregulated in cancer, when their activity and expression are related to further development of cancer. TGF-β regulates uPA expression in cancer cells, while uPA, by plasminogen activation, may activate the secreted latent TGF-β, thus, producing a pernicious cycle which contributes to the enhancement of tumor progression. Here we review the specific roles and the interplay between TGF-β and uPA system in cancer cells and their implication in skin cancer.
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20
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Deng Z, Niu G, Cai L, Wei R, Zhao X. The prognostic significance of CD44V6, CDH11, and β-catenin expression in patients with osteosarcoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:496193. [PMID: 23971040 PMCID: PMC3732612 DOI: 10.1155/2013/496193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the expression of and the relationship between CD44V6, CDH11, and β-catenin. The expression of these cell adhesion molecules was detected in 90 osteosarcoma and 20 osteochondroma specimens using immunohistochemistry. Associations between these parameters and clinicopathological data were also examined. The expression rates of CD44V6, CDH11, and β-catenin were 25.0% (5/20), 70.0% (14/20), and 20.0% (4/20) in osteochondroma specimens, respectively. Compared to osteochondromas, the proportions of expression of CD44V6 and β-catenin in osteosarcoma specimens increased to 65.6% (59/90) and 60.0% (54/90), respectively. However, the expression rate of CDH11 in osteosarcomas was reduced to 40.0% (36/90). The expression of these markers was significantly associated with metastasis and overall survival (P < 0.05). Survival analysis revealed that patients with increased expression of CD44V6 and β-catenin as well as decreased expression of CDH11 were correlated with a shorter survival time. Multivariate analysis indicated that clinical stage, metastasis status, and the expression of CD44V6, CDH11, and β-catenin were found to be associated with overall survival. Further, the expression of β -catenin and that of CD44V6 were positively correlated with each other. Thus, our results indicated abnormal expression of CD44V6, CDH11, and β-catenin in osteosarcomas and osteochondromas, which may provide important indicators for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouming Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Guangfeng Niu
- Department of Spine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Renxiong Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
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Umemura K, Takagi S, Shimada T, Masuda T, Shiga H, Takahashi S, Takahashi S, Kinouchi Y, Shibuya D, Shimosegawa T. Prognostic and Diagnostic Significance of Tumor Budding Associated with β-Catenin Expression in Submucosal Invasive Colorectal Carcinoma. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2013; 229:53-9. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.229.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Umemura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Sho Takagi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Hisashi Shiga
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Seiichi Takahashi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshitaka Kinouchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Tooru Shimosegawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
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Wang X, Wang Q, Lin H, Li S, Sun L, Yang Y. HSP72 and gp96 in gastroenterological cancers. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 417:73-9. [PMID: 23266770 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) and glycoprotein 96 (gp96) are highly expressed in cancer tissues. Recent studies indicate the possible roles of HSP72 and gp96 in the development and progression of gastrointestinal carcinomas but detailed mechanisms are still ambiguous. Human esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer and liver cancer are common gastrointestinal malignant carcinomas in the world. The studies indicated that there existed a significant correlation between the expression of HSP72, gp96 and the development and progression of digestive carcinomas. HSP72 and gp96 expression were significantly associated with the presence of tumor infiltration, lymph node and remote metastasis. Interestingly, studies have found that HSP72 chaperoned alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), HBx in hepatocellular carcinoma, and CD44 in colonic carcinomas. The further researches demonstrated that HSP72-AFP or gp96-AFP recombined vaccine could elicit specific anti-tumor immunity. The high-level expression of HSP72 and gp96 may be not only used as diagnostic or prognostic markers for gastrointestinal carcinomas but also as better immunotherapeutic vaccines in the cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, PR China.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION In patients with metastatic colorectal cancers, multimodal management and the use of biological agents such as monoclonal antibodies have had major positive effects on survival. The ability to predict which patients may be at 'high risk' of distant metastasis could have major implications on patient management. Histomorphological, immunohistochemical or molecular biomarkers are currently being investigated in order to test their potential value as predictors of metastasis. AREAS COVERED Here, the author reviews the clinical and functional data supporting the investigation of three novel promising biomarkers for the prediction of metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer: tumor budding, Raf1 kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) and metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1 (MACC1). EXPERT OPINION The lifespan of most potential biomarkers is short as evidenced by the rare cases that have successfully made their way into daily practice such as KRAS or microsatellite instability (MSI) status. Although the three biomarkers reviewed herein have the potential to become important predictive biomarkers of metastasis, they have similar hurdles to overcome before they can be implemented into clinical management: standardization and validation in prospective patient cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inti Zlobec
- University of Bern, Institute of Pathology L414, Translational Research Unit (TRU), Bern, Switzerland.
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Cubiella J, Arias MD, Penin MC, Quintas P, Couto I, Cobian C, Bujanda L, Fernández-Seara J. Immunohistochemical alterations in invasive adenocarcinoma in endoscopically resected adenoma and factors associated with risk of residual or recurrent disease. Colorectal Dis 2012; 14:e587-94. [PMID: 22533506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2012.03051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM We determined the pattern of immunohistochemical expression in invasive adenocarcinoma in endoscopically resected adenoma, its relationship with the risk of residual or recurrent disease and the related factors. METHOD We included individuals with malignant polyps resected endoscopically in the period 1999-2009. Clinical and endoscopic data were collected. All histological specimens were re-analysed. CD44, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), vascular endothelial growth factor-β (VEGF-β), β-catenin, laminin and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression were determined by immunohistochemistry. A multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine variables independently associated with the risk of residual or recurrent disease. RESULTS One-hundred and fifty-one malignant polyps (114 pedunculated; mean size ± SD=22.61 ± 10.86 mm) were resected endoscopically. Resection was fragmented and incomplete in 26.5% and 8.6% of patients, respectively. Surgical resection was performed on 71 (47%) patients. After a median follow-up of 44 months, residual (n=12) or recurrent (n=6) disease was detected in 17 patients. Conventional histology showed that 32.1% met high-risk histological criteria. Immunohistochemical expression was positive for CD44, MMP-9, VEGF-β, β-catenin, laminin and COX-2 in 63.3%, 25.3%, 45%, 38.8%, 79% and 34.5% of specimens, respectively, with no differences between both groups. Variables associated with residual or recurrent disease in the univariate analysis were: nonpedunculated morphology (P=0.07); fragmented (P<0.001) or incomplete resection (P<0.001); margin infiltration (P=0.04); and histological high-risk lesion (P=0.003). Finally, incomplete resection (OR=12.16, 95% CI=3.15-46.98; P<0.001) and histological high risk (OR=4.73, 95% CI=1.33-16.74; P=0.002) were independently associated with the risk of residual or recurrent disease. CONCLUSION Immunohistochemistry could not predict residual or recurrent disease. Only incomplete excision and histological high risk did so. The factors independently associated were histological high-risk lesion and incomplete resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cubiella
- Department of Gastroenterology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Ourense, Spain.
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Harada KI, Miyake H, Kusuda Y, Fujisawa M. Expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in renal cell carcinoma: impact on prognostic outcomes in patients undergoing radical nephrectomy. BJU Int 2012; 110:E1131-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2012.11297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Glasgow SC, Bleier JIS, Burgart LJ, Finne CO, Lowry AC. Meta-analysis of histopathological features of primary colorectal cancers that predict lymph node metastases. J Gastrointest Surg 2012; 16:1019-28. [PMID: 22258880 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-012-1827-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment decisions for colorectal cancer vary based on lymph node status. While some histopathological features of the primary tumor correlate with lymph node spread, the relative influences of these risk factors are not well quantified. OBJECTIVE This study aims to systematically review published studies relating histopathological features of primary colorectal cancer to the presence of lymph node metastases and to determine how reliable certain factors might be at predicting nodal metastasis when only the primary lesion is available for study. DATA SOURCES Inclusive literature search using EMBASE and Ovid MEDLINE databases plus manual reference checks of all articles correlating lymphatic spread with colorectal cancer (any T stage) from 1984 to mid-2008 was performed. STUDY SELECTION This search generated two levels of screening utilized on 602 citations, yielding 123 articles for full review. Data reported from 76 articles were chosen. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The relative influence of each histopathological feature on the likelihood of lymphatic metastases was determined. Fixed-effects meta-analysis was performed, and results were reported as Mantel-Haenszel odds ratios (OR). RESULTS Of 42 histopathological features analyzed, only 40.4% were reported in >2 articles. The positive predictive values for the top quartile of most frequently reported risk factors were 25.5-86.4%. Among the commonly reported histopathological findings, lymphatic invasion (OR, 8.62) significantly outperformed tumor depth (T2 vs. T1; OR, 2.62) and overall differentiation (OR, 2.38) in predicting nodal spread. For the rectal cancer subset, risk factors differed from the overall colorectal group in predictive ability; poor differentiation at the invasive front (OR, 6.08) and tumor budding (OR, 5.82) were the most predictive. LIMITATIONS This literature search is limited by the small number of studies examining only rectal cancers and the potential changes in histological and/or surgical techniques over the study period. CONCLUSIONS No single histopathological feature of colorectal cancer reliably predicted lymph node metastases. Several risk factors that correlate highly with nodal disease are not routine components of standard pathology reports. Until further research establishes histopathological or molecular patterns for predicting lymph node spread, caution should be exercised when basing treatment decisions solely on these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Glasgow
- Department of Surgery, San Antonio Military Medical Center, 3551 Roger Brooke Drive, Ft. Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234-6200, USA.
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Koyuncuoglu M, Okyay E, Saatli B, Olgan S, Akin M, Saygili U. Tumor budding and E-Cadherin expression in endometrial carcinoma: Are they prognostic factors in endometrial cancer? Gynecol Oncol 2012; 125:208-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.12.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Zlobec I, Lugli A. Epithelial mesenchymal transition and tumor budding in aggressive colorectal cancer: tumor budding as oncotarget. Oncotarget 2011; 1:651-61. [PMID: 21317460 PMCID: PMC3248128 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is proposed as a critical mechanism for the acquisition of malignant phenotypes by epithelial cells. In colorectal cancer, tumor cells having undergone EMT are histologically represented by the presence of tumor buds defined as single cells or small clusters of de-differentiated tumor cells at the invasive front. Tumor budding is not a static, histological feature rather it represents a snap-shot of a dynamic process undertaken by an aggressive tumor with the potential to disseminate and metastasize. Strong, consistent evidence shows that tumor budding is a predictor of lymph node metastasis, distant metastatic disease, local recurrence, worse overall and disease-free survival time and an independent prognostic factor. Moreover, the International Union against Cancer (UICC) recognizes tumor budding as a highly relevant, additional prognostic parameter. The aim of this review is to summarize the evidence supporting the implementation of tumor budding into diagnostic pathology and patient management and additionally to illustrate its worthiness as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inti Zlobec
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Schoenbeinstrasse 40, Basel, Switzerland
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Li J, Zhou BP. Activation of β-catenin and Akt pathways by Twist are critical for the maintenance of EMT associated cancer stem cell-like characters. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:49. [PMID: 21284870 PMCID: PMC3040162 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) not only confers tumor cells with a distinct advantage for metastatic dissemination, but also it provides those cells with cancer stem cell-like characters for proliferation and drug resistance. However, the molecular mechanism for maintenance of these stem cell-like traits remains unclear. METHODS In this study, we induced EMT in breast cancer MCF7 and cervical cancer Hela cells with expression of Twist, a key transcriptional factor of EMT. The morphological changes associated with EMT were analyzed by immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting. The stem cell-like traits associated with EMT were determined by tumorsphere-formation and expression of ALDH1 and CD44 in these cells. The activation of β-catenin and Akt pathways was examined by Western blotting and luciferase assays. RESULTS We found that expression of Twist induced a morphological change associated with EMT. We also found that the cancer stem cell-like traits, such as tumorsphere formation, expression of ALDH1 and CD44, were significantly elevated in Twist-overexpressing cells. Interestingly, we showed that β-catenin and Akt pathways were activated in these Twist-overexpressing cells. Activation of β-catenin correlated with the expression of CD44. Knockdown of β-catenin expression and inhibition of the Akt pathway greatly suppressed the expression of CD44. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that activation of β-catenin and Akt pathways are required for the sustention of EMT-associated stem cell-like traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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Karamitopoulou E, Lugli A, Panayiotides I, Karakitsos P, Peros G, Rallis G, Patsouris ES, Terracciano L, Zlobec I. Systematic assessment of protein phenotypes characterizing high-grade tumour budding in mismatch repair-proficient colorectal cancer. Histopathology 2010; 57:233-43. [PMID: 20716165 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A tumour bud is defined as a single tumour cell or tumour cell cluster of up to five cells at the invasive tumour front. Significant differences in survival have been detected in colorectal cancer patients with low- compared to high-grade budding. The aim of this study was to identify potential multi-marker phenotypes characterizing low- and high-grade budding in mismatch repair (MMR)-proficient colorectal cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS Established and promising prognostic proteins such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), pERK, RHAMM, RKIP, beta-catenin, E-cadherin, pAKT, p16, p21, Ki67, Bcl-2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (APAF-1), MUC1, EphB2, matrix metalloproteinase 7, pSMAD2, CDX2, laminin5gamma2 and MST1 were analysed on 208 MMR-proficient colorectal cancers with complete clinicopathological data. The most accurate markers for predicting high-grade budding (more than six tumour buds) were EphB2 (P < 0.001), Bcl-2 (P < 0.001), RKIP (P < 0.001), E-cadherin (P = 0.004), laminin5gamma2 (P = 0.004) and APAF-1 (P = 0.005). On multivariable analysis, only loss of Bcl-2 (P < 0.001) and EphB2 (P < 0.001) were independent predictors of high-grade budding. Bcl-2-/EphB2- tumours were more frequently poorly differentiated (P < 0.001), of advanced pT stage (P = 0.002), lymph node positive (P = 0.023), presented vascular (P = 0.053) and lymphatic invasion (P = 0.005) and had a negative impact on patient survival (P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS The multi-marker phenotype EphB2-/Bcl-2- is an independent predictor of high-grade budding and implies increased aggressive behaviour in MMR-proficient colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Karamitopoulou
- Second Department of Pathology, University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Rimini 1, Haidari, Athens, Greece.
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Hostettler L, Zlobec I, Terracciano L, Lugli A. ABCG5-positivity in tumor buds is an indicator of poor prognosis in node-negative colorectal cancer patients. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:732-9. [PMID: 20135722 PMCID: PMC2817062 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i6.732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyze the expression of 8 putative cancer stem cell (CSC) markers within colorectal cancer tumor buds and to determine their prognostic impact in patients with this disease.
METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was performed on 101 colorectal cancer resections for CK22 (to identify tumor buds) as well as CD133, CD166, CD24, CD44s, CD90, EpCAM, ALDH1, and ABCG5, and their expression within tumor buds was evaluated.
RESULTS: CD90, CD44s, and CD133 expression in tumor buds was found in less than 5% of all cases. ALDH1, CD24, CD166 were expressed in 16.5%, 16.2%, and 34% cases, respectively, while ABCG5 and EpCAM expression was more frequent and found in 35% and 69% of cases, respectively. Of the 8 markers studied, EpCAM and ABCG5 positivity in tumor buds were significantly associated with poor prognosis (P = 0.023, P = 0.038, respectively) in multivariable analysis with pT and pN classification [P = 0.048; hazard ratio (HR): 2.64; 95% CI: 1.0-6.9, for EpCAM and P = 0.029; HR: 2.22; 95% CI: 1.0-4.5, for ABCG5]. Poor survival time was particularly striking for lymph node-negative patients with ABCG5-positive buds (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION: Expression of putative stem cell markers EpCAM and ABCG5 within the tumor buds of colorectal cancer are frequently noted and are associated with poor prognosis.
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Iwatsuki M, Mimori K, Yokobori T, Ishi H, Beppu T, Nakamori S, Baba H, Mori M. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer development and its clinical significance. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:293-9. [PMID: 19961486 PMCID: PMC11159985 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 579] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a critical role in embryonic development. EMT is also involved in cancer progression and metastasis and it is probable that a common molecular mechanism is shared by these processes. Cancer cells undergoing EMT can acquire invasive properties and enter the surrounding stroma, resulting in the creation of a favorable microenvironment for cancer progression and metastasis. Furthermore, the acquisition of EMT features has been associated with chemoresistance which could give rise to recurrence and metastasis after standard chemotherapeutic treatment. Thus, EMT could be closely involved in carcinogenesis, invasion, metastasis, recurrence, and chemoresistance. Research into EMT and its role in cancer pathogenesis has progressed rapidly and it is now hypothesized that novel concepts such as cancer stem cells and microRNA could be involved in EMT. However, the involvement of EMT varies greatly among cancer types, and much remains to be learned. In this review, we present recent findings regarding the involvement of EMT in cancer progression and metastasis and provide a perspective from clinical and translational viewpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Iwatsuki
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Beppu, Japan
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Epithelial–mesenchymal transition in cancer metastasis: Mechanisms, markers and strategies to overcome drug resistance in the clinic. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2009; 1796:75-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Oku Y, Shimoji T, Takifuji K, Hotta T, Yokoyama S, Matsuda K, Higashiguchi T, Tominaga T, Nasu T, Tamura K, Matsuura M, Miyata S, Kato Y, Yamaue H, Miki Y. Identification of the molecular mechanisms for dedifferentiation at the invasion front of colorectal cancer by a gene expression analysis. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 14:7215-22. [PMID: 19010838 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to identify gene expression signatures that accompany dedifferentiation at the cancer invasion front in colorectal cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Two types of colorectal cancer were selected. Both types were well-differentiated adenocarcinomas at the superficial lesion. One type showed a dedifferentiated phenotype at the invasion front (type A, 13 samples); the other showed almost no dedifferentiated cancer cells at the invasion front (type B, 12 samples). Laser microdissection was combined with a cDNA microarray analysis to investigate the superficial lesions and the invasion front in colorectal cancers. RESULTS Eighty-three genes were differentially expressed between types A and B in the superficial lesions, and the samples of superficial lesions were divided correctly into two clusters by these genes. Interestingly, the samples of the invasion front were also divided into the two same clusters by these genes. The text mining method selected 10 genes involved in potential mechanisms causing dedifferentiation of cancer cells at the invasion front. The potential mechanisms include the networks of transforming growth factor-beta, Wnt, and Hedgehog signals. The expression levels of 10 genes were calculated by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and 8 genes were confirmed to be significantly differentially expressed between two types (P < 0.05). The gene expression profiles of 8 genes divided 12 test cases into two clusters with one misclassification. CONCLUSIONS The molecular mechanisms constructed with 8 genes from three networks of transforming growth factor-beta, Wnt, and Hedgehog signals were found to correlate with dedifferentiation at the invasion front of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Oku
- Genome Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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Jang TJ. Expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin is Altered at Tumor Budding Sites, Whose Number is Associated with the Progression of Colorectal Carcinoma. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2009.43.6.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jung Jang
- Department of Pathology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Kyongju, Korea
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Kanazawa H, Mitomi H, Nishiyama Y, Kishimoto I, Fukui N, Nakamura T, Watanabe M. Tumour budding at invasive margins and outcome in colorectal cancer. Colorectal Dis 2008; 10:41-7. [PMID: 18078460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2007.01240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumour budding, defined as small clusters of undifferentiated cancer cells at invasive margins, has been shown to reflect biologic aggressiveness of colorectal cancers. We therefore examined the prognostic significance of tumour budding in patients with colorectal carcinoma, particularly focusing on comparisons with other clinicopathological findings. METHOD Tumour budding was investigated in surgically resected specimens from 159 patients with colorectal carcinoma. With haematoxylin and eosin stained slides containing the entire invasive margin, the degree of tumour budding was classified into three grades: mild, <1/3 of the entire invasive margin; moderate, 1/3-2/3; marked, >2/3. RESULTS Mild tumour budding was found in 54 (34%) cases, moderate in 59 (37%) cases and marked in 46 (29%) cases. The degree of budding was linked with poor tumour differentiation, lymph node metastasis and advanced TNM stage (P < 0.001). In univariate analysis, patients with marked tumour budding [5-year cancer-related survival (CRS)/recurrence-free survival (RFS), 39%/53%] had significantly worse survival [CRS, hazard ratio (HR), 4.561; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.265-9.184; P < 0.001; RFS, HR, 3.240; 95% CI, 1.430-7.342; P = 0.005] than those with mild (5-year CRS/RFS, 80%/82%) or moderate (63%/66%) budding. In the Cox regression model, marked tumour budding (HR, 3.137; 95% CI, 1.517-6.487; P = 0.002) and advanced tumour stage (stage III, HR, 3.226; 95% CI, 1.475-7.053; P = 0.003; stage IV, HR, 24.443; 95% CI, 10.843-55.100; P < 0.001) proved to be an independent predictor of short CRS. CONCLUSION Tumour budding is a practical and significant histological index for identification of high malignant potential and poor outcome in patients with colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kanazawa
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Choi HJ, Park KJ, Shin JS, Roh MS, Kwon HC, Lee HS. Tumor budding as a prognostic marker in stage-III rectal carcinoma. Int J Colorectal Dis 2007; 22:863-8. [PMID: 17216219 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-006-0249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Tumor budding along the invasive margin is known to be associated with biological behavior in colorectal carcinoma. The aims of this study were to explore if the semiquantitative assessment of tumor budding in rectal cancers correlates with oncological behavior and to appraise if the tumor budding is valid as a pathological parameter in distinguishing tumors with higher malignancy potential from those with lower one for prognostic stratification. MATERIALS AND METHODS Surgical specimens from 244 patients with well- or moderately differentiated rectal carcinoma were retrieved to assess the intensity of tumor budding at the invasive margin. Intensities were divided semiquantitatively into four groups based on quartiles, and the 5-year disease-free survivals (DFS) were analyzed to search for a cutoff point of prognostic stratification. RESULTS The cutoff of the intensity considered to be the best indicator for dividing patients into subgroups with different DFS was between quartiles 3 and 4, but this survival difference in subgroups in either side of the cutoff was significant only in stage-III disease [5-year DFS, 62.1 vs 35.1%; p = 0.0023; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.1824-0.6919]. Based on multivariate analysis, the intensity of budding proved to be an independent variable associated with DFS (hazard ratio, 2.005; p = 0.0086; 95% CI, 1.021-3.934). When scores were given to grade of budding (lower, 0; higher, 1) and N stage (N1, 0; N2, 1) in stage III, a better prognostic stratification in terms of the 5-year DFS was obtained than the American Joint Committee on Cancer nodal staging only (0 vs 1 vs 2, 66.5 vs 42.6 vs 29.2%; p = 0.0101). CONCLUSIONS Quantitative assessment of tumor budding is a reliable biological prognostic variable to identify higher malignancy potential. Scoring system using tumor budding and N stage showed better prognostic stratification in stage-III rectal carcinoma. A prospective evaluation would confirm the clinical significance of tumor budding for prognostic stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jo Choi
- Department of Surgery, Dong-A University College of Medicine, 3-1 Dongdaeshin-Dong, Seo-Gu, Pusan, South Korea.
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Gosens MJEM, van Kempen LCL, van de Velde CJH, van Krieken JHJM, Nagtegaal ID. Loss of membranous Ep-CAM in budding colorectal carcinoma cells. Mod Pathol 2007; 20:221-32. [PMID: 17361206 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumor budding is a histological feature that reflects loss of adhesion of tumor cells and is associated with locoregional metastasis of colorectal carcinoma. Although nuclear localization of beta-catenin is associated with tumor budding, the molecular mechanism remains largely elusive. In this study, we hypothesize that the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM) is involved in tumor budding. In order to address this question, we performed immunohistochemistry on Ep-CAM using three different antibodies (monoclonal antibodies Ber-ep4 and 311-1K1 and a polyclonal antibody) and a double staining on beta-catenin and Ep-CAM. In addition, Ep-CAM mRNA was monitored with mRNA in situ hybridization. Subsequently, we determined the effect of Ep-CAM staining patterns on tumor spread in rectal cancer. In contrast to the tumor mass, budding cells of colorectal carcinoma displayed lack of membranous but highly increased cytoplasmic Ep-CAM staining and nuclear translocation of beta-catenin. mRNA in situ hybridization suggested no differences in Ep-CAM expression between the invasive front and the tumor mass. Importantly, reduced Ep-CAM staining at the invasive margin of rectal tumor specimens (n=133) correlated significantly with tumor budding, tumor grade and an increased risk of local recurrence (P=0.001, P=0.04 and P=0.03, respectively). These data demonstrate abnormal processing of Ep-CAM at the invasive margin of colorectal carcinomas. Our observations indicate that loss of membranous Ep-CAM is associated with nuclear beta-catenin localization and suggest that this contributes to reduced cell-cell adhesions, increased migratory potential and tumor budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen J E M Gosens
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Kaneko I, Tanaka S, Oka S, Kawamura T, Hiyama T, Ito M, Yoshihara M, Shimamoto F, Chayama K. Lymphatic vessel density at the site of deepest penetration as a predictor of lymph node metastasis in submucosal colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50:13-21. [PMID: 17115337 DOI: 10.1007/s10350-006-0745-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lymph node metastasis is an important factor that influences curability after endoscopic treatment of submucosal colorectal cancer. This study was designed to determine the usefulness of identification of lymphatic vessels by immunohistochemistry in predicting lymph node metastasis of submucosal colorectal cancer. METHODS Lymphatic involvement was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and podoplanin immunostaining on samples resected from 268 patients with submucosal colorectal cancer. Lymphatic vessel density was estimated by two investigators by average count of three fields (x200) in the area of greatest number of podoplanin-positive capillaries at the site of deepest submucosal penetration. Relations with other clinicopathologic parameters also were investigated. RESULTS Lesions with high lymphatic vessel density (> or =9 vessels per field) showed a significantly greater incidence of lymph node metastasis than did those with low lymphatic vessel density (<9 vessels per field; 23.3 vs. 8.4 percent). By multivariate analysis, lymphatic vessel density was determined to be an independent risk factor for lymph node metastasis of submucosal colorectal cancer (P = 0.0044). Lymphatic vessel density also correlated with tumor budding and the degree of inflammation at the invasive front. CONCLUSIONS Identification of lymphatic vessels by podoplanin immunostaining provides objective and accurate evaluation of lymphatic involvement. Lymphatic vessel density at the site of deepest penetration is a useful predictor of lymph node metastasis of submucosal colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Kaneko
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima, Japan
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Kazama S, Watanabe T, Ajioka Y, Kanazawa T, Nagawa H. Tumour budding at the deepest invasive margin correlates with lymph node metastasis in submucosal colorectal cancer detected by anticytokeratin antibody CAM5.2. Br J Cancer 2006; 94:293-8. [PMID: 16404429 PMCID: PMC2361114 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, tumour budding at the invasive margin has been reported as a new risk factor for lymph node metastasis in advanced colorectal cancers, but it is sometimes difficult to detect tumour budding in submucosal colorectal cancer by haematoxylin and eosin staining. We immunohistochemically examined tumour budding at the deepest invasive margin of 56 surgically resected submucosal colorectal carcinomas using anticytokeratin antibody CAM5.2, furthermore checked by AE1/AE3, and determined the relation between tumour budding and clinicopathological factors. Moreover, we used the monoclonal antibody D2-40 for immunohistochemistry to detect lymphatic involvement. Tumour budding was detected in 42 cases (75.0%), and the budding-positive group showed a significantly higher rate of lymph node metastasis (including isolated tumour cells) (16/42 vs 0/14; P=0.004) than the budding-negative group. The sensitivity and negative predictive value of tumour budding alone for lymph node metastasis were superior to those of lymphatic invasion alone. Furthermore, the specificity and positive predictive value of the combination of either lymphatic invasion or tumour budding were superior to those of lymphatic invasion alone. Tumour budding detected immunohistochemically by using CAM5.2 is a newly found risk factor for lymph node metastasis and may help to avoid oversurgery in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kazama
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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Voutilainen KA, Anttila MA, Sillanpää SM, Ropponen KM, Saarikoski SV, Juhola MT, Kosma VM. Prognostic significance of E-cadherin-catenin complex in epithelial ovarian cancer. J Clin Pathol 2006; 59:460-7. [PMID: 16461565 PMCID: PMC1860287 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.029876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the prognostic role of E-cadherin and beta- and gamma-catenins, and their relation to CD44 in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. METHODS The expression of E-cadherin and beta- and gamma-catenins was analysed immunohistochemically in 305 primary epithelial ovarian cancers and 44 metastases, and related to CD44 expression, clinicopathological factors, and the patients' survival. RESULTS Reduced cell surface expression of E-cadherin, beta-catenin, and gamma-catenin was particularly frequent in serous and endometrioid histological types. Reduced cell surface expression of E-cadherin and beta-catenin was also associated with poor differentiation. Nuclear positivity of beta-catenin was associated with high CD44 expression, endometrioid histology, and local stage of the tumour, whereas nuclear gamma-catenin expression was associated with serous histology and poor differentiation. In the univariate analysis, preserved cell surface beta-catenin expression in the whole study material and nuclear expression of beta- and gamma-catenins in the subgroup of endometrioid ovarian cancers were predictors of better 10 year disease related survival. Preserved cell surface expression of E-cadherin and beta-catenin predicted favourable recurrence-free survival. These statistical significances were not retained in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS The correlation between nuclear beta-catenin and CD44 indicates that beta-catenin may regulate the transcription of CD44 in epithelial ovarian cancer. E-cadherin-catenin complex members are associated with the prognosis of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer, but these univariate associations were not strong enough to compete for significance with the traditional clinicopathological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Voutilainen
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
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Tse GMK, Tan PH, Ma TKF, Gilks CB, Poon CSP, Law BKB. CD44s is useful in the differentiation of benign and malignant papillary lesions of the breast. J Clin Pathol 2006; 58:1185-8. [PMID: 16254109 PMCID: PMC1770758 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.026906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS CD44s, the standard form of CD44, has been shown to be downregulated during malignant transformation of breast cancers. It has also been reported recently to be a useful marker in differentiating between benign and malignant papillary lesions of the breast, with high expression in the former. CD44s expression in benign and malignant papillary lesions was evaluated. METHODS CD44s expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 101 benign papillomas and 59 papillary carcinomas (seven invasive papillary carcinomas, 41 papillary ductal carcinomas in situ, and 11 ductal carcinomas involving papillomas). RESULTS Patients' age and tumour size were significantly different between the papilloma and papillary carcinoma groups (p < 0.0001). CD44s showed positive staining in 45 papillomas (45%) and five papillary carcinomas (8%), and the difference was significant (p < 0.0001). The myoepithelial cells, when present, were also positive for CD44s in both groups, with no observable differences. Using CD44s positive staining to differentiate between benign and malignant papillary lesions gives a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 45%, 92%, and 62%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS CD44s may be useful as an adjunct in the evaluation of morphologically problematic cases of papillary lesion of the breast.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Female
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Papilloma, Intraductal/diagnosis
- Papilloma, Intraductal/pathology
- Sensitivity and Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- G M K Tse
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT Hong Kong, SAR.
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44
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Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between the expression levels of nm23 mRNA, CD44s, and CD44v6, and oncogenesis, development and metastasis of human gastric adenocarcinoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma, intraductal carcinoma of breast, and lung cancer.
METHODS: Using tissue microarray by immu-histochemical (IHC) staining and in situ hybri-dization (ISH), we examined the expression levels of nm23 mRNA, CD44s, and CD44v6 in 62 specimens of human gastric adenocarcinoma and 62 specimens of colorectal adenocarcinoma; the expression of CD44s and CD44v6 in 120 specimens of intraductal carcinoma of breast and 20 specimens of normal breast tissue; the expression of nm23 mRNA in 72 specimens of human lung cancer and 23 specimens of normal tissue adjacent to cancer.
RESULTS: The expression of nm23 mRNA in the tissues of gastric and colorectal adenocarcinoma was not significantly different from that in the normal tissues adjacent to cancer (P>0.05), and was not associated with the invasion of tumor and the pathology grade of adenocarcinoma (P>0.05). However, the expression of nm23 mRNA was correlated negatively to the lymph node metastasis of gastric and colorectal adenocarcinoma (r = -0.49, P<0.01; r = -4.93, P<0.01). The expression of CD44s in the tissues of gastric and colorectal adenocarcinoma was significantly different from that in the normal tissues adjacent to cancer (P<0.05; P<0.01). CD44v6 was expressed in the tissues of gastric and colorectal adenocarcinoma only, the expression of CD44v6 was significantly associated with the lymph node metastasis, invasion and pathological grade of the tumor (r = 0.47, P<0.01; r = 5.04, P<0.01). CD44s and CD44v6 were expressed in intraductal carcinoma of breast, the expression of CD44s and CD44v6 was significantly associated with lymph node metastases and invasion (P<0.01). However, neither of them was expressed in the normal breast tissue. In addition, the expression of CD44v6 was closely related to the degree of cell differentiation of intraductal carcinoma of breast (χ2 = 5.68, P<0.05). The expressional level of nm23 mRNA was closely related to the degree of cell differentiation (P<0.05) and lymph node metastasis (P<0.01), but the expression of nm23 gene was not related to sex, age, and type of histological classification (P>0.05).
CONCLUSION: Patients with overexpression of CD44s and CD44v6 and low expression of nm23 mRNA have a higher lymph node metastatic rate and invasion. In addition, overexpression of CD44v6 is closely related to the degree of cell differentiation. Detection of the three genes is able to provide a reliable index to evaluate the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jun Liu
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Park KJ, Choi HJ, Roh MS, Kwon HC, Kim C. Intensity of tumor budding and its prognostic implications in invasive colon carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 2005; 48:1597-602. [PMID: 15937624 DOI: 10.1007/s10350-005-0060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the intensity of tumor budding in colon carcinoma quantitatively and to determine its correlation with malignancy potential. METHODS The intensities of tumor budding at the invasive front of surgical specimens from 174 patients with well-differentiated or moderately differentiated colon carcinoma were investigated. Differences in intensity among clinicopathologic parameters were compared, and recurrences and survivals were analyzed in accordance with degree of the intensity. RESULTS Tumor budding was identified in 155 patients (89 percent) and the mean intensity (+/- standard deviation) of budding was, on the whole, 6.6 +/- 5.6. Intensity was significantly higher in tumors with lymphatic and vascular invasion than in those without (9.1 +/- 6.6 vs. 4.8 +/- 3.9 and 9.8 +/- 6.1 vs. 5.4 +/- 4.9; P < 0.0001, respectively). It became significantly higher with increasing T and N stage (P = 0.0013 and < 0.0001, respectively). Both the Cox model and the linear logistic regression indicated that higher intensity was significantly associated with higher risk of postoperative recurrence (P = 0.017 and 0.0001, respectively). When patients were stratified into four groups based on the quartiles of the distribution of intensity, the group of higher quartiles showed significantly less favorable outcome in terms of both five-year disease-free (P = 0.0039) and overall survival (P = 0.0263). The cutoff of the intensity considered to be the best indicator for separating patients with regard to survival was third quartiles (intensity, 9). Based on multivariate analysis, the intensity of budding proved to be a significant covariate associated with disease-free survival (hazard ratio, 2.061; P = 0.0066). CONCLUSIONS The intensity of tumor budding at the invasive margin is suggested to be a significant pathologic index, indicating higher malignancy potential and the intensity greater than nine may be considered an adverse prognostic indicator in patients with colon carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Jae Park
- Department of Surgery, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Pusan, South Korea
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Ha SS, Choi HJ, Park KJ, Kim JM, Kim SH, Roh YH, Kwon HC, Roh MS. Intensity of tumor budding as an index for the malignant potential in invasive rectal carcinoma. Cancer Res Treat 2005; 37:177-82. [PMID: 19956500 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2005.37.3.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess the intensity of tumor budding in rectal carcinoma and to determine how it correlates with the malignant potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS Intensities of the tumor budding at the invasive front of the surgical specimens from 90 patients (male, 51) with well- or moderately-differentiated rectal carcinoma were investigated. Differences in the budding intensity among pathologic variables were compared, and recurrences and survivals were analyzed in accordance with degree of the budding intensity. The patients ranged in age from 33 to 75 years (mean, 55.4) with the median follow-up being 43 months (range, 12 approximately 108). RESULTS Tumor budding was identified in 89 patients (98.9%) with a mean intensity of 7.5+/-5.3. The budding intensity was significantly higher in tumors with lymphatic invasion (p=0.0081), blood vessel invasion (p<0.0001), and perineural invasion (p=0.0013) than in those tumor without these findings. It became significantly higher with the increase in nodal stage (p<0.0001). The intensity of tumor budding in patients with relapse (29 patients) was significantly higher than that in patients without relapse (6.2+/-5.0 vs. 10.2+/-4.9; p=0.0005), but this difference in the intensity was observed only for the node-positive patients (8.0+/-3.4 vs. 11.9+/-5.1; p=0.0064). When the patients were stratified into two groups on either side of the mean of the intensity, the higher intensity group showed a significantly less favorable disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) (p=0.0026 and 0.0205, respectively). Based on the multivariate analysis, the nodal stage and the intensity of budding proved to be the independent variables associated with DFS (p=0.023 and 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSION Tumor budding at the invasive margin is a reliable pathologic index that indicates a higher malignant potential and a less favorable prognosis for patients with advanced rectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Sik Ha
- Department of Surgery, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
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Ueno H, Price AB, Wilkinson KH, Jass JR, Mochizuki H, Talbot IC. A new prognostic staging system for rectal cancer. Ann Surg 2004; 240:832-9. [PMID: 15492565 PMCID: PMC1356489 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000143243.81014.f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the appropriateness of tumor "budding," a quantifiable histologic variable, as 1 parameter in the construction of a new prognostic grading system for rectal cancer. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Patient division according to an accurate prognostic prediction could enhance the effectiveness of postoperative adjuvant therapy and follow-up. PATIENTS AND METHODS Tumor budding was defined as an isolated cancer cell or a cluster composed of fewer than 5 cells in the invasive frontal region, and was divided into 2 grades based on its number within a microscopic field of x250. We analyzed 2 discrete cohorts comprising 638 and 476 patients undergoing potentially curative surgery. RESULTS In the first cohort, high-grade budding (10 or more foci in a field) was observed in 30% of patients and was significantly associated with a lower 5-year survival rate (41%) than low-grade budding (84%). Similarly, in the second cohort, the 5-year survival rate was 43% in high-grade budding patients and 83% in low-grade budding patients. In both cohorts, multivariate analyses verified budding to be an independent prognosticator, together with nodal involvement and extramural spread. These 3 variables were given weighted scores, and the score range was divided to provide 5 prognostic groups (97%; 86%; 61%; 39%; 17% 5-year survival). The model was tested on the second cohort, and similar prognostic results were obtained. CONCLUSIONS We propose that because of its relevance to prognosis and its reproducibility, budding is an excellent parameter for use in a grading system to provide a confident prediction of clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ueno
- Department of Surgery I, National Defense Medical College, Japan.
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Vizoso FJ, Fernández JC, Corte MD, Bongera M, Gava R, Allende MT, García-Muñiz JL, García-Morán M. Expression and clinical significance of CD44V5 and CD44V6 in resectable colorectal cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2004; 130:679-86. [PMID: 15300427 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-004-0596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2003] [Accepted: 05/26/2004] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to evaluate the prognostic significance of CD44v5 and CD44v6 in resectable colorectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Membranous CD44v5 and CD44v6 levels were measured by an immunoenzymatic assay in tumors and surrounding mucosal samples obtained from 105 patients with resectable colorectal carcinomas. RESULTS There were no significant differences of CD44v5 levels between tumors [median: 3.2 (range: 0.9-83.5) ng/mg protein) and surrounding mucosal samples (3 (3-146.2) ng/mg protein]. However, tumor samples showed significantly higher CD44v6 levels [19.5 (2.2-562.9) ng/mg protein] than mucosal samples [5 (5-230) ng/mg protein] (P=0.0001). Patients with higher CD44v5 or CD44v6 content in tumor samples had a considerably shorter relapse-free survival (P<0.05, for both). Patients with a higher CD44v6 content also had a shorter relapse-free and overall survival in the multivariate analysis (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest a role of CD44v5 and CD44v6 in colorectal cancer progression. Membranous CD44v levels in primary tumors, measured by immunoenzymatic assay, may contribute to a more precise prognostic estimation in patients with resectable colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Vizoso
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro s/n, 33920, Gijón, Asturias, Spain,
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Qin LX, Tang ZY. Recent progress in predictive biomarkers for metastatic recurrence of human hepatocellular carcinoma: a review of the literature. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2004; 130:497-513. [PMID: 15205947 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-004-0572-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2003] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular markers (biomarkers) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis and recurrence could provide additional information to that gained from traditional histopathological features. A large number of biomarkers have been shown to have potential predictive significance. One important aspect of this is to detect the transcripts of tumor-associated antigens (such as AFP, MAGEs, and CK19), which are proposed as predictive markers of HCC cells disseminated into the circulation and for metastatic recurrence. Another important aspect is to analyze the molecular markers for cellular malignancy phenotype, including DNA ploidy, cellular proliferation index, cell cycle regulators, oncogenes, and tumor suppressors (especially p53 gene), as well as telomerase activity. Molecular factors involved in the process of HCC invasion and metastasis, including adhesion molecules (E-cadherin, catenins, ICAM-1, laminin-5, CD44 variants, osteopontin), proteinases responsible for the degradation of extracellular matrix (MMPs, uPA system), as well as angiogenesis regulators (such as VEGF, intratumor MVD), have also been shown to be potential predictors for HCC metastatic recurrence and clinical outcomes. One important new trend is to widely delineate biomarkers with genomic and proteomic expression with reference to predicting metastatic recurrence, molecular diagnosis, and classification, which has been drawing more attention recently. Body fluid (particularly blood and urine) testing for biomarkers is easily accessible and more useful in clinical patients. The prognostic significance of circulating DNA in plasma or serum and its genetic alterations is another important direction. More attention should be paid to these areas in the future. As understanding of tumor biology deepens, more and more new biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity for HCC metastatic recurrence could be found and routinely used in clinical assays. However, the combination of the pathological features and some of the biomarkers mentioned above seems to be more practical up to now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun-Xiu Qin
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, 200032 Shanghai, P.R. China
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Nozoe T, Kohnoe S, Ezaki T, Kabashima A, Maehara Y. Significance of immunohistochemical over-expression of CD44v6 as an indicator of malignant potential in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2004; 130:334-8. [PMID: 14872339 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-004-0542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2003] [Accepted: 01/02/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the current study was to find out a clinicopathologic significance of CD44v6 over-expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), which has not been elucidated fully. METHODS Immunohistochemical expression of CD44v6 was examined for 81 ESCCs. Correlation of CD44 over-expression with the clinicopathologic features were investigated. RESULTS Thirty-eight ESCCs (46.9%) had over-expression of CD44v6. The proportions of the incidence of lymph node metastasis (P=0.039), lymphatic permeation (P=0.003), and blood vessel invasion (P=0.037) in ESCCs with over-expression of CD44v6 were significantly higher than those in ESCCs without over-expression of CD44v6. The stage of the tumor in ESCCs with over-expression of CD44v6 was significantly more advanced (P=0.045). Survival rates of patients with ESCC with over-expression of CD44v6 were significantly worse (P=0.0005). Moreover, CD44v6 over-expression (P=0.048) as well as blood vessel invasion (P=0.014) and stage of the tumor ( P=0.010) were factors independently associated with the unfavorable prognosis of the patients with ESCC. CONCLUSIONS Over-expression of CD44v6 can be an indicator of the malignant potential of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nozoe
- Department of Surgery, National Fukuoka Higashi Hospital, 1-1-1, Chidori, Koga, 811-3195, Japan.
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