1
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Atwal A, Snowsill T, Cabrera Dandy M, Krum T, Newton C, Evans DG, Crosbie EJ, Ryan NAJ. The prevalence of mismatch repair deficiency in ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:1626-1639. [PMID: 35792468 PMCID: PMC9539584 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the least survivable gynecological malignancy and presents late. Five‐year survival for OC is around 45% increasing the need for innovative treatments. Checkpoint inhibitors have shown significant clinical efficacy in mismatch repair deficient (MMRd) cancers and could be a powerful treatment in OC. However, their application in OC is limited due to the lack of data on the prevalence of MMRd. The aim of our study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature and meta‐analysis to provide an accurate estimate of the prevalence of MMRd in OC. We followed PRISMA guidelines throughout. Studies were identified by electronic searches of Medline, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL and Web of Science followed by citation searching. Studies not written in English were excluded. All studies were reviewed by at least two independent reviewers. Proportions of test positivity were calculated by random and fixed‐effects meta‐analysis models. I2 score was used to assess heterogeneity across studies. In total 54 studies were included with 17 532 analyzed for MMRd. The overall proportions of MMRd by immunohistochemistry and microsatellite instability analysis were 6.7% and 10.4%, respectively. MMRd was reported in all histotypes of epithelial OC but was most common in endometrioid OC. We estimate that on average 46.7% (95% CI: 28.8‐65.4) of ovarian carcinomas showing MMRd by IHC had a germline path_MMR variant identified. OC in those with Lynch syndrome seems to present at an earlier age and stage. Studies however were generally of low quality and there was a high degree of heterogeneity. A significant minority (up to 16%) of OC displays MMRd and, therefore, could be amenable to checkpoint inhibition therapy. However, the current literature base is of limited quality and therefore high‐quality prospective studies exploring MMRd in OC with the use of multimodal testing are required. In addition, trials researching efficacy of checkpoint inhibition in MMRd OC are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Atwal
- Clinical Medical School University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - Tristan Snowsill
- Health Economics Group University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter
| | - Marcus Cabrera Dandy
- The Lancashire Women's and Newborn Centre, Burnley General Hospital East Lancashire UK
| | - Thomas Krum
- Clinical Medical School University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - Claire Newton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology St Michaels Hospital Bristol UK
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Emma J Crosbie
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital Manchester UK
| | - Neil AJ Ryan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology St Michaels Hospital Bristol UK
- The Academic Women's Health Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol Bristol UK
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2
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Stefanou DT, Souliotis VL, Zakopoulou R, Liontos M, Bamias A. DNA Damage Repair: Predictor of Platinum Efficacy in Ovarian Cancer? Biomedicines 2021; 10:82. [PMID: 35052761 PMCID: PMC8773153 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the seventh most common type of cancer in women worldwide. Treatment for OC usually involves a combination of surgery and chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel. Platinum-based agents exert their cytotoxic action through development of DNA damage, including the formation of intra- and inter-strand cross-links, as well as single-nucleotide damage of guanine. Although these agents are highly efficient, intrinsic and acquired resistance during treatment are relatively common and remain a major challenge for platinum-based therapy. There is strong evidence to show that the functionality of various DNA repair pathways significantly impacts tumor response to treatment. Various DNA repair molecular components were found deregulated in ovarian cancer, including molecules involved in homologous recombination repair (HRR), nucleotide excision repair (NER), mismatch repair (MMR), non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), and base excision repair (BER), which can be possibly exploited as novel therapeutic targets and sensitive/effective biomarkers. This review attempts to summarize published data on this subject and thus help in the design of new mechanistic studies to better understand the involvement of the DNA repair in the platinum drugs resistance, as well as to suggest new therapeutic perspectives and potential targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra T. Stefanou
- First Department of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece;
| | - Vassilis L. Souliotis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece;
| | - Roubini Zakopoulou
- 2nd Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Michalis Liontos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - Aristotelis Bamias
- 2nd Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece;
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3
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Horn LC, Höhn AK, Burghaus S, Schäfer SD, Ulrich UA, Schmidt D. [S2k guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis-Recommendations for pathology]. DER PATHOLOGE 2021; 43:117-125. [PMID: 34596734 PMCID: PMC8888474 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-021-00978-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Die vorliegende Übersicht fasst die relevanten Aspekte der S2k-Leitlinie Endometriose zusammen. Die Empfehlungen umfassen die Aufarbeitung und Befunderhebung bei Biopsien und Resektaten, die bei der klinischen Diagnose einer Endometriose entnommen wurden. Die Leitlinie berücksichtigt neben praktischen Aspekten der Pathologie ebenso die klinischen Notwendigkeiten an die Histopathologie für eine optimale Diagnostik und Therapie der Patientinnen. Basierend auf der in der pathologischen Literatur gebräuchlichsten Definition der Endometriose des Corpus uteri (Adenomyosis uteri) wurde diese in der Leitlinie definiert als der Nachweis des Endometrioseherdes im Myometrium in einem Abstand zur endomyometranen Grenze von einem mittelgroßen Gesichtsfeld (100fache Vergrößerung), was metrisch rund 2,5 mm entspricht. Bei Darmresektaten soll zum Status der Resektionsränder Stellung genommen werden. Ebenso definiert werden Anforderungen im Kontext endometrioseassoziierter Karzinome (z. B. Hormonrezeptorbestimmungen, immunhistochemische Untersuchung auf Ausfall der DNA-Mismatch-Reparaturproteine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Christian Horn
- Abteilung Mamma‑, Gynäko- & Perinatalpathologie, Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, Liebigstraße 26, 04103, Leipzig, Deutschland.
| | - Anne Kathrin Höhn
- Abteilung Mamma‑, Gynäko- & Perinatalpathologie, Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, Liebigstraße 26, 04103, Leipzig, Deutschland
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4
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Zhou L, Yao L, Dai L, Zhu H, Ye X, Wang S, Cheng H, Ma R, Liu H, Cui H, Chang X. Ovarian endometrioid carcinoma and clear cell carcinoma: A 21-year retrospective study. J Ovarian Res 2021; 14:63. [PMID: 33941230 PMCID: PMC8094516 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-021-00804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to identify the clinical characteristics of Chinese patients with ovarian endometrioid carcinoma (EC) and clear cell carcinoma (CCC) and to assess the impact of concurrent endometriosis on this group. Methods The present study reviewed the medical records of patients who received initial treatment and a postoperative pathological diagnosis of EC or CCC at our center in China between 1998 and 2018. Results Of 211 patients, 73 had pure EC, and 91 had pure CCC, and the remaining 47 had mixed cancer. The proportion of EC and CCC remained stable over past 21 years. The proportion of EC declined with aging and the age of EC onset to incline to the young. And the age of CCC onset had two peaks, namely, 36 and 77 years. After review by the pathologist, the number of endometriosis cases found in the pathological section of the analysis increased to 114, accounting for 54% of patients. As the stage progressed, the appearance of endometriosis became increasingly scarce in pathological sections(p = 0.001). Compared with CCC, EC had a higher frequency of concurrent endometrial cancer (independent endometrial lesions) and estrogen and progesterone receptor expression(p = 0.000). And more patients were in premenopausal state in EC group(p = 0.040). In the pure group, multivariate analysis showed that correlation existed between relevance to endometriosis and worse outcomes(p = 0.041). In patients with mixed cancer, mixed endometrioid histology was associated with better survival than other subtypes, even with stage III or poorly differentiated tumors(p = 0.001). Conclusions CCC and EC which are common in ovarian cancer patients who have associated with endometriosis have distinct clinicopathological characteristics. Attention should be paid to ovarian cancer patients with a history of endometriosis and those with concurrent endometriosis in pathological sections. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13048-021-00804-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, South Avenue, Xi Zhi Men, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.,Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liqing Yao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fuding Hospital, Fuding, Fujian Province, China
| | - Lin Dai
- Department of Pathology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Honglan Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, South Avenue, Xi Zhi Men, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.,Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, South Avenue, Xi Zhi Men, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.,Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, South Avenue, Xi Zhi Men, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.,Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, South Avenue, Xi Zhi Men, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.,Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiqiong Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, South Avenue, Xi Zhi Men, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.,Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huiping Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, South Avenue, Xi Zhi Men, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.,Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, South Avenue, Xi Zhi Men, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.,Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, South Avenue, Xi Zhi Men, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China. .,Center of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
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5
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Gbolahan O, Hashemi-Sadraei N, O'Neil B. Prolonged Response to Anti-PD-1 Antibody Therapy in Chemotherapy-Refractory Cholangiocarcinoma With High Tumor Mutational Burden. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2020; 17:644-648. [PMID: 31200359 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2019.7304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Management of advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is challenging and overall survival is poor. Progress in the development of new therapeutic options for metastatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has been slow; hence, to date, there are no approved second-line agents in this setting. Although the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors has significantly improved overall survival in a variety of malignancies, there has not been a clinically important impact in CCA. This report presents a 66-year-old patient with chemotherapy-refractory iCCA who experienced a prolonged response to immunotherapy. Tumor genome profiling revealed a high tumor mutation burden of 17 mutations per megabase in the absence of microsatellite instability. He was started on immunotherapy with nivolumab and has experienced an ongoing response for 16 months without clinical symptoms and only minimal radiologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olumide Gbolahan
- University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Bert O'Neil
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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6
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Yin M, Baslan T, Walker RL, Zhu YJ, Freeland A, Matsukawa T, Sridharan S, Nussenzweig A, Pruitt SC, Lowe SW, Meltzer PS, Aplan PD. A unique mutator phenotype reveals complementary oncogenic lesions leading to acute leukemia. JCI Insight 2019; 4:131434. [PMID: 31622281 PMCID: PMC6962024 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice homozygous for a hypomorphic allele of DNA replication factor minichromosome maintenance protein 2 (designated Mcm2cre/cre) develop precursor T cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (pre-T LBL) with 4-32 small interstitial deletions per tumor. Mice that express a NUP98-HOXD13 (NHD13) transgene develop multiple types of leukemia, including myeloid and T and B lymphocyte. All Mcm2cre/cre NHD13+ mice develop pre-T LBL, and 26% develop an unrelated, concurrent B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). Copy number alteration (CNA) analysis demonstrated that pre-T LBLs were characterized by homozygous deletions of Pten and Tcf3 and partial deletions of Notch1 leading to Notch1 activation. In contrast, BCP-ALLs were characterized by recurrent deletions involving Pax5 and Ptpn1 and copy number gain of Abl1 and Nup214 resulting in a Nup214-Abl1 fusion. We present a model in which Mcm2 deficiency leads to replicative stress, DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and resultant CNAs due to errors in DNA DSB repair. CNAs that involve critical oncogenic pathways are then selected in vivo as malignant lymphoblasts because of a fitness advantage. Some CNAs, such as those involving Abl1 and Notch1, represent attractive targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianmian Yin
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Timour Baslan
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert L Walker
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuelin J Zhu
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy Freeland
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Toshihiro Matsukawa
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sriram Sridharan
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - André Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven C Pruitt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul S Meltzer
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter D Aplan
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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7
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Abstract
This review is an appraisal of the current state of knowledge of 2 enigmatic histotypes of ovarian carcinoma: endometrioid and clear cell carcinoma. Both show an association endometriosis and the hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch) syndrome, and both typically present at an early stage. Pathologic and immunohistochemical features that distinguish these tumors from high-grade serous carcinomas, each other, and other potential mimics are discussed, as are staging, grading, and molecular pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwole Fadare
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Vinita Parkash
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, 20 York Street, EP2-607, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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8
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Zhao P, Li L, Jiang X, Li Q. Mismatch repair deficiency/microsatellite instability-high as a predictor for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy efficacy. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:54. [PMID: 31151482 PMCID: PMC6544911 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0738-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies have led to substantial changes in cancer treatment and have been a persistently popular topic in cancer research because they tremendously improve the efficacy of treatment and survival of individuals with various cancer types. However, only a small proportion of patients are sensitive to immunotherapy, and specific biomarkers are urgently needed to separate responders from nonresponders. Mismatch repair pathways play a vital role in identifying and repairing mismatched bases during DNA replication and genetic recombination in normal and cancer cells. Defects in DNA mismatch repair proteins and subsequent microsatellite instability-high lead to the accumulation of mutation loads in cancer-related genes and the generation of neoantigens, which stimulate the anti-tumor immune response of the host. Mismatch repair deficiency/microsatellite instability-high represents a good prognosis in early colorectal cancer settings without adjuvant treatment and a poor prognosis in patients with metastasis. Several clinical trials have demonstrated that mismatch repair deficiency or microsatellite instability-high is significantly associated with long-term immunotherapy-related responses and better prognosis in colorectal and noncolorectal malignancies treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. To date, the anti-programmed cell death-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab has been approved for mismatch repair deficiency/microsatellite instability-high refractory or metastatic solid tumors, and nivolumab has been approved for colorectal cancer patients with mismatch repair deficiency/microsatellite instability-high. This is the first time in the history of cancer therapy that the same biomarker has been used to guide immune therapy regardless of tumor type. This review summarizes the features of mismatch repair deficiency/microsatellite instability-high, its relationship with programmed death-ligand 1/programmed cell death-1, and the recent advances in predicting immunotherapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Xiaoyue Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050 China
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9
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Cohen SA, Pritchard CC, Jarvik GP. Lynch Syndrome: From Screening to Diagnosis to Treatment in the Era of Modern Molecular Oncology. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2019; 20:293-307. [PMID: 30848956 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-083118-015406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lynch syndrome is a hereditary cancer predisposition syndrome caused by germline alterations in the mismatch repair genes and is the most common etiology of hereditary colorectal cancer. While Lynch syndrome was initially defined by the clinical Amsterdam criteria, these criteria lack the sensitivity needed for clinical utility. This review covers the evolution of screening for Lynch syndrome from the use of tumor microsatellite instability and/or somatic alterations in mismatch repair protein expression by immunohistochemistry to the newest methods using next-generation sequencing. Additionally, it discusses the clinical implications of the diagnosis of Lynch syndrome as it affects cancer therapeutics and the role of screening in noncolorectal Lynch-associated cancers. As molecular oncology continues to evolve, it is crucial to remain current on the increasing complexity of Lynch syndrome diagnostics and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A Cohen
- Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; .,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Colin C Pritchard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Gail P Jarvik
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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10
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Herreros-Villanueva M, Chen CC, Tsai EM, Er TK. Endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer: What have we learned so far? Clin Chim Acta 2019; 493:63-72. [PMID: 30776361 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is defined as the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue outside of the uterine cavity, most commonly in the ovaries and peritoneum. It is a complex disease that is influenced by multiple factors. It is also a common gynecological disorder and affects approximately 10-15% of all women of reproductive age. Recent molecular and pathological studies indicate that endometriosis may serve as a precursor of ovarian cancer (endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer, EAOC), particularly endometrioid and clear cell ovarian cancers. Although histological and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that endometriosis has a malignant potential, the molecular mechanism that underlies the malignant transformation of endometriosis is still controversial, and the precise mechanism of carcinogenesis must be fully elucidated. Currently, the development and improvement of a new sequencing technology, next-generation sequencing (NGS), has been increasingly relevant in cancer genomics research. Recently, NGS has also been utilized in clinical oncology to advance the personalized treatment of cancer. In addition, the sensitivity, speed, and cost make NGS a highly attractive platform compared to other sequencing modalities. For this reason, NGS may lead to the identification of driver mutations and underlying pathways associated with EAOC. Here, we present an overview of the molecular pathways that have led to the current opinions on the relationship between endometriosis and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Herreros-Villanueva
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Donostia/Instituto Biodonostia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Chih-Chieh Chen
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Rapid Screening Research Center for Toxicology and Biomedicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Eing-Mei Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Kiong Er
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Deparment of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Deparment of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Deparment of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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11
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Salazar C, Campbell IG, Gorringe KL. When Is "Type I" Ovarian Cancer Not "Type I"? Indications of an Out-Dated Dichotomy. Front Oncol 2018; 8:654. [PMID: 30627526 PMCID: PMC6309131 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The dualistic classification of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) into “type I” and “type II” is widely applied in the research setting; it is used as a convenient way of conceptualizing different mechanisms of tumorigenesis. However, this classification conflicts with recent molecular insights of the etiology of EOC. Molecular and cell of origin studies indicate that while type II tumors could be classed together, type I tumors are not homogenous, even within the histological types, and can have poor clinical outcomes. Type II high grade serous carcinoma and type I low grade serous carcinomas best fit the description of the dualistic model, with different precursors, and distinct molecular profiles. However, endometriosis-associated cancers should be considered a separate group, without assuming an indolent course or type I genetic profiles. Furthermore, the very clear differences between mucinous ovarian carcinomas and other type I tumors, including an uncertain origin, and heterogeneous mutational spectrum and clinical behavior, indicate a non-type I classification for this entity. The impression that only type II carcinomas are aggressive, have poor prognosis, and carry TP53 mutations is an unhelpful misinterpretation of the dualistic classification. In this review, we revisit the history of EOC classification, and discuss the misunderstanding of the dualistic model by comparing the clinical and molecular heterogeneity of EOC types. We also emphasize that all EOC research, both basic and clinical, should consider the subtypes as different diseases beyond the type I/type II model, and base novel therapies on the molecular characteristics of each tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Salazar
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian G Campbell
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kylie L Gorringe
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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12
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Ovarian carcinomas: at least five different diseases with distinct histological features and molecular genetics. Hum Pathol 2018; 80:11-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Matias-Guiu X, Stewart CJR. Endometriosis-associated ovarian neoplasia. Pathology 2017; 50:190-204. [PMID: 29241974 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the most relevant pathological and molecular features of ovarian tumours that are associated with endometriosis. Endometriosis is a common condition, affecting 5-15% of all women, and it has been estimated that 0.5-1% of cases are complicated by neoplasia. The most common malignant tumours in this setting are endometrioid adenocarcinoma and clear cell adenocarcinoma, each accounting for approximately 10% of ovarian carcinomas in Western countries. A minority of cases are associated with Lynch syndrome. These carcinomas are often confined to the ovaries at presentation in which case they have relatively favourable outcomes. However, high-stage tumours, particularly clear cell carcinomas, generally have a poor prognosis and this partly reflects relative resistance to current treatment. Histological diagnosis is straightforward in the majority of cases but some variants, for example endometrioid carcinomas with sex cord-like appearances or oxyphil cells, may create diagnostic difficulty. Similarly, clear cell carcinomas can show a range of architectural and cytological patterns that overlap with other tumours, both primary and metastatic, involving the ovaries. Endometriosis-associated borderline tumours are less common, and they often show mixed patterns of differentiation (seromucinous tumours). Atypical endometriosis may represent an intermediate step in neoplastic progression and some of these lesions demonstrate immunohistological and molecular alterations similar to those observed in endometriosis-related tumours. ARID1A mutations are relatively common in all of these tumours, but each has additional characteristic molecular alterations which are likely to be of increasing clinical relevance as targeted therapies are developed. Less is known of the pathogenesis of rarer endometriosis-associated ovarian tumours including endometrioid stromal sarcoma, mesodermal (Müllerian) adenosarcoma, and carcinosarcoma. This article also briefly reviews the issue of synchronous endometrioid carcinomas of the endometrium and the ovary, including the most recent developments on pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Department of Pathology, Hospital U Arnau de Vilanova and Hospital U de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, and CIBERONC, Spain
| | - Colin J R Stewart
- Department of Histopathology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, and School for Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
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Prat J. Pathology of borderline and invasive cancers. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2016; 41:15-30. [PMID: 28277307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian tumors are heterogeneous neoplasms primarily classified according to cell type. They are further subdivided into benign, borderline, and malignant (carcinomas), and this subdivision is very important as it correlates with behavior. Borderline ovarian tumors show epithelial proliferation higher than that seen in their benign counterparts and variable nuclear atypia; however, in contrast to carcinomas, there is no destructive stromal invasion, and their prognosis is much better. Ovarian carcinomas are the most common ovarian cancers and the most lethal gynecological malignancies. On the basis of histopathology and molecular genetics, they are divided into five types (high-grade serous (70%), endometrioid (10%), clear cell (10%), mucinous (3%), and low-grade serous carcinomas (<5%)), which are morphologically diverse and account for over 95% of cases. These tumors are essentially distinct diseases, as indicated by differences in epidemiological and genetic risk factors, precursor lesions, patterns of spread, molecular alterations, response to chemotherapy, and prognosis. For a successful specific treatment, reproducible histopathological diagnosis of the tumor cell type is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Prat
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Er TK, Su YF, Wu CC, Chen CC, Wang J, Hsieh TH, Herreros-Villanueva M, Chen WT, Chen YT, Liu TC, Chen HS, Tsai EM. Targeted next-generation sequencing for molecular diagnosis of endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:835-47. [PMID: 26920370 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent molecular and pathological studies suggest that endometriosis may serve as a precursor of ovarian cancer (endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer, EAOC), especially of the endometrioid and clear cell subtypes. Accordingly, this study had two cardinal aims: first, to obtain mutation profiles of EAOC from Taiwanese patients; and second, to determine whether somatic mutations present in EAOC can be detected in preneoplastic lesions. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues were obtained from ten endometriosis patients with malignant transformation. Macrodissection was performed to separate four different types of cells from FFPE sections in six patients. The four types of samples included normal endometrium, ectopic endometriotic lesion, atypical endometriosis, and carcinoma. Ultra-deep (>1000×) targeted sequencing was performed on 409 cancer-related genes to identify pathogenic mutations associated with EAOC. The most frequently mutated genes were PIK3CA (6/10) and ARID1A (5/10). Other recurrently mutated genes included ETS1, MLH1, PRKDC (3/10 each), and AMER1, ARID2, BCL11A, CREBBP, ERBB2, EXT1, FANCD2, MSH6, NF1, NOTCH1, NUMA1, PDE4DIP, PPP2R1A, RNF213, and SYNE1 (2/10 each). Importantly, in five of the six patients, identical somatic mutations were detected in atypical endometriosis and tumor lesions. In two patients, genetic alterations were also detected in ectopic endometriotic lesions, indicating the presence of genetic alterations in preneoplastic lesion. Genetic analysis in preneoplastic lesions may help to identify high-risk patients at early stage of malignant transformation and also shed new light on fundamental aspects of the molecular pathogenesis of EAOC. KEY MESSAGES Molecular characterization of endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer genes by targeted NGS. Candidate genes predictive of malignant transformation were identified. Chromatin remodeling, PI3K-AKT-mTOR, Notch signaling, and Wnt/β-catenin pathway may promote cell malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze-Kiong Er
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fa Su
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Wu
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Chen
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tsung-Hua Hsieh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Marta Herreros-Villanueva
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Donostia/Instituto Biodonostia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Wan-Tzu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chih Liu
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Eing-Mei Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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16
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Zhang S, Huo X, Li Z, Li X, Tang W, Li C, Guo M, Du X, Chen Z. Microsatellite instability detected in tumor-related genes in C57BL/6J mice with thymic lymphoma induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Mutat Res 2015; 782:7-16. [PMID: 26498208 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) has been observed within tumors and found to be closely associated with the degree of malignancy and prognosis in tumors. However, whether MSI in tumor-related genes can be induced by a chemical and whether a connection exists between MSI and tumors remain unclear. In the present study, we detected MSI in the tissues of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) treated mice by targeting to 5, 29, 30 microsatellite loci in 3 mismatch repair (MMR) genes, 1 DNA repair gene, and 5 tumor suppressor (TS) genes, respectively. Among 26 mice survived in the MNU-group, 18 (69%) mice presented thymic lymphomas. Moreover, 61% (11/18) of the tumors metastasized to the other organs, including the liver, spleen, and kidney. We examined 104 tissues from MNU-treated mice using the 64 loci, and found 8 MSI events involved 4 loci in 4 tissues types. The MSI incidence in MMR, DNA repair, and TS genes was 67% (2/3), 0% (0/1) and 40% (2/5), respectively. MSI occurrence in tumor and non-tumor tissues was 5.6% (1/18) and 0% (0/8) and that in metastasis and non-metastasis tissues was 7.1% (1/14) and 9.4% (6/64), showing no significant difference. MSI loci in intronic regions of Atm, Msh6 and p21 and MSI in the 3'UTR of Pms2 were detected in MNU-treated mice. Specifically, we found a loss of heterozygosity in intron of Atm (ATM-8) in one metastasis mouse. Four similar events occurred in p21 gene intron (P21-1) of another non-metastasis mouse. Another MSI was a heterozygous mutation existed in an Msh6 allele (MSH6-2) in metastasis mouse. We also found a homozygous 2-bp insertion in the 3'UTR of Pms2 in two non-metastasis mice. These results imply that MNU can induce MSI in MMR and TS genes in C57BL/6J mice. MSI frequency does not seem to be associated with tumorigenesis or metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyue Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xueyun Huo
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhenkun Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wang Tang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Changlong Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Meng Guo
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Zhenwen Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China.
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Kato N, Kurotaki H, Uchigasaki S, Fukase M, Kurose A. Ovarian clear cell carcinoma with plasma cell-rich inflammatory stroma: a clear cell carcinoma subgroup with distinct clinicopathological features. Histopathology 2015. [PMID: 26211695 DOI: 10.1111/his.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Ovarian clear cell carcinoma has a unique stroma. Although a hyalinized or mucoid stroma is more common, the stroma sometimes shows a dense inflammatory infiltrate, simulating a dysgerminoma. The aim of this study was to analyse the character and significance of the inflammatory stroma. METHODS AND RESULTS Twelve of 60 (20%) clear cell carcinomas showed an inflammatory stroma. The inflammatory stroma and hyalinized/mucoid stroma were mutually exclusive. Inflammatory cells were predominantly composed of CD138-positive plasma cells. As compared with the non-inflammatory cases, the epithelial component frequently showed a solid growth pattern and immunoreactivity for cyclooxygenase-2, one of the critical proinflammatory enzymes (P < 0.005). These findings were repeated after heterotransplantation of three clear cell carcinoma cell lines into athymic nude mice. In particular, xenografts of one cell line (JHOC-5) were infiltrated by mature plasma cells, indicating that plasma cell differentiation was stimulated by JHOC-5 cells, independently of T lymphocytes. Clinicopathologically, the frequency of International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics stage III was higher in the cases with an inflammatory stroma than in those without it (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Clear cell carcinomas with an inflammatory stroma constitute a distinct clinicopathological subgroup. It is strongly suggested that tumour cells themselves are responsible for inducing inflammation and stimulating plasma cell differentiation in a paracrine manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Kato
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hidekachi Kurotaki
- Department of Pathology, Aomori Prefectural Central Hospital, Aomori, Japan
| | - Shinya Uchigasaki
- Department of Pathology, Tsuruoka Municipal Shonai Hospital, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fukase
- Department of Pathology, Tsuruoka Municipal Shonai Hospital, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Akira Kurose
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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18
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Richman S. Deficient mismatch repair: Read all about it (Review). Int J Oncol 2015; 47:1189-202. [PMID: 26315971 PMCID: PMC4583524 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins, result in a phenotype called microsatellite instability (MSI), occurring in up to 15% of sporadic colorectal cancers. Approximately one quarter of colon cancers with deficient MMR (dMMR) develop as a result of an inherited predisposition syndrome, Lynch syndrome (formerly known as HNPCC). It is essential to identify patients who potentially have Lynch syndrome, as not only they, but also family members, may require screening and monitoring. Diagnostic criteria have been developed, based primarily on Western populations, and several methodologies are available to identify dMMR tumours, including immunohistochemistry and microsatellite testing. These criteria have provided evidence supporting the introduction of reflex testing. Yet, it is becoming increasingly clear that tests have a limited sensitivity and specificity and may yet be superseded by next generation sequencing. In this review, the limitations of diagnostic criteria are discussed, and current and emerging screening technologies explained. There is now useful evidence supporting the prognostic and predictive value of dMMR status in colorectal tumours, but much less is known about their value in extracolonic tumours, that may also feature in Lynch syndrome. This review assesses current literature relating to dMMR in endometrial, ovarian, gastric and melanoma cancers, which it would seem, may benefit from large-scale clinical trials in order to further close the gap in knowledge between colorectal and extracolonic tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Richman
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
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19
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Groen RS, Gershenson DM, Fader AN. Updates and emerging therapies for rare epithelial ovarian cancers: one size no longer fits all. Gynecol Oncol 2015; 136:373-83. [PMID: 25481800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian carcinoma consists of not one, but several, entities. A number of subtypes exist, including high-grade and low-grade serous carcinomas, clear cell, endometrioid carcinoma and mucinous carcinoma. Historically, women with epithelial ovarian cancer have been treated similarly and "lumped" in the same cooperative group treatment trials, irrespective of their tumor subtype. Recently, however, differences in epidemiology, tumor biology, tumor marker expression and treatment responses have been elucidated among the histologic subtypes, with a clear distinction emerging between the Type I, lower grade tumors and Type 2, higher grade epithelial malignancies. A mounting body of research demonstrates that a "one-size-fits-all" treatment approach to epithelial ovarian tumors is no longer relevant, especially for the Type I subtypes. Indeed, with the exception of high-grade serous carcinoma, most other epithelial subtypes exhibit some degree of chemotherapy resistance, rendering treatment problematic, especially in the setting of advanced disease. This review summarizes the genetic, molecular, and clinical differences of the more rare, but clinically important, Type I epithelial ovarian tumors. Additionally, a critical appraisal of both historical and contemporary treatment approaches and the rationale for targeted therapies are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinou S Groen
- The Kelly Gynecologic Oncology Service, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Amanda Nickles Fader
- The Kelly Gynecologic Oncology Service, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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20
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V. S, Bhagat R, C.S. P, V.R. P, Krishnamoorthy L. Microsatellite instability, promoter methylation and protein expression of the DNA mismatch repair genes in epithelial ovarian cancer. Genomics 2014; 104:257-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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21
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Nakamura K, Banno K, Yanokura M, Iida M, Adachi M, Masuda K, Ueki A, Kobayashi Y, Nomura H, Hirasawa A, Tominaga E, Aoki D. Features of ovarian cancer in Lynch syndrome (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 2014; 2:909-916. [PMID: 25279173 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2014.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lynch syndrome is a hereditary ovarian cancer with a prevalence of 0.9-2.7%. Lynch syndrome accounts for 10-15% of hereditary ovarian cancers, while hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome accounts for 65-75% of these cancers. The lifetime risk for ovarian cancer in families with Lynch syndrome is ~8%, which is lower than colorectal and endometrial cancers, and ovarian cancer is not listed in the Amsterdam Criteria II. More than half of sporadic ovarian cancers are diagnosed in stage III or IV, but ≥80% of ovarian cancers in Lynch syndrome are diagnosed in stage I or II. Ovarian cancers in Lynch syndrome mostly have non-serous histology and different properties from those of sporadic ovarian cancers. A screening method for ovarian cancers in Lynch syndrome has yet to be established and clinical studies of prophylactic administration of oral contraceptives are not available. However, molecular profiles at the genetic level indicate that ovarian cancer in Lynch syndrome has a more favorable prognosis than sporadic ovarian cancer. Inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of the rapamycin pathway and anti-epidermal growth factor antibodies may have efficacy for the disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review focusing on ovarian cancer in Lynch syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kouji Banno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Megumi Yanokura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Miho Iida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masataka Adachi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenta Masuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Arisa Ueki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nomura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Tominaga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Vierkoetter KR, Ayabe AR, VanDrunen M, Ahn HJ, Shimizu DM, Terada KY. Lynch Syndrome in patients with clear cell and endometrioid cancers of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 135:81-4. [PMID: 25093288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.07.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with Lynch Syndrome are at an increased risk for a variety of malignancies, including ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancers associated with Lynch Syndrome are predominantly clear cell or endometrioid in histology. Lynch Syndrome is characterized by germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. The current study aims to assess the prevalence of loss of MMR expression in patients with endometrioid and clear cell ovarian carcinoma. METHODS A retrospective review identified 90 patients with endometrioid and/or clear cell carcinomas. Slides made from tumor tissue microarray blocks were evaluated using immunohistochemical stains with antibodies against MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6. Statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS Seven of the 90 cases (7.8%) had loss of MMR expression. The mean age of patients with loss of MMR expression (47 years) was significantly younger than those with retained MMR expression (p=0.014). Loss of MMR expression was present in 20% of patients under the age of 53 with clear cell or endometrioid cancers. Genetic studies found that 3 of the 5 patients with loss of MMR expression carried mutations consistent with Lynch Syndrome; acquired hypermethylation of MLH1 was noted in one patient. Six of 7 patients (86%) whose tumors lacked MMR expression had synchronous or metachronous primary malignancies, a significantly greater prevalence than those with retained MMR expression (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Patients under the age of 53 with clear cell or endometrioid ovarian carcinomas are at a clinically significant risk for loss of MMR expression and Lynch Syndrome; routine screening with immunohistochemical staining should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koah R Vierkoetter
- Department of Pathology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA.
| | - Asia R Ayabe
- Department of Pathology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Maya VanDrunen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Hyeong Jun Ahn
- Biostatistics Core, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - David M Shimizu
- Department of Pathology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Keith Y Terada
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Recent concepts of ovarian carcinogenesis: type I and type II. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:934261. [PMID: 24868556 PMCID: PMC4017729 DOI: 10.1155/2014/934261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type I ovarian tumors, where precursor lesions in the ovary have clearly been described, include endometrioid, clear cell, mucinous, low grade serous, and transitional cell carcinomas, while type II tumors, where such lesions have not been described clearly and tumors may develop de novo from the tubal and/or ovarian surface epithelium, comprise high grade serous carcinomas, undifferentiated carcinomas, and carcinosarcomas. The carcinogenesis of endometrioid and clear cell carcinoma (CCC) arising from endometriotic cysts is significantly influenced by the free iron concentration, which is associated with cancer development through the induction of persistent oxidative stress. A subset of mucinous carcinomas develop in association with ovarian teratomas; however, the majority of these tumors do not harbor any teratomatous component. Other theories of their origin include mucinous metaplasia of surface epithelial inclusions, endometriosis, and Brenner tumors. Low grade serous carcinomas are thought to evolve in a stepwise fashion from benign serous cystadenoma to a serous borderline tumor (SBT). With regard to high grade serous carcinoma, the serous tubal intraepithelial carcinomas (STICs) of the junction of the fallopian tube epithelium with the mesothelium of the tubal serosa, termed the “tubal peritoneal junction” (TPJ), undergo malignant transformation due to their location, and metastasize to the nearby ovary and surrounding pelvic peritoneum. Other theories of their origin include the ovarian hilum cells.
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Lee JH, Cragun D, Thompson Z, Coppola D, Nicosia SV, Akbari M, Zhang S, McLaughlin J, Narod S, Schildkraut J, Sellers TA, Pal T. Association between IHC and MSI testing to identify mismatch repair-deficient patients with ovarian cancer. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2014; 18:229-35. [PMID: 24592941 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2013.0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In epithelial ovarian cancer, concordance between results of microsatellite instability (MSI) and immunohistochemical (IHC) testing has not been demonstrated. This study evaluated the association of MSI-high (MSI-H) status with loss of expression (LoE) of mismatch repair (MMR) proteins on IHC and assessed for potential factors affecting the strength of the association. METHODS Tumor specimens from three population-based studies of epithelial ovarian cancer were stained for MMR proteins through manual or automated methods, and results were interpreted by one of two pathologists. Tumor and germline DNA was extracted and MSI testing performed. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to predict loss of IHC expression based on MSI status after adjusting for staining method and reading pathologist. RESULTS Of 834 cases, 564 (67.6%) were concordant; 41 were classified as MSI-H with LoE and 523 as microsatellite stable (MSS) with no LoE. Of the 270 discordant cases, 83 were MSI-H with no LoE and 187 were MSS with LoE. Both IHC staining method and reading pathologist were strongly associated with discordant results. CONCLUSIONS Lack of concordance in the current study may be related to inconsistencies in IHC testing methods and interpretation. Results support the need for validation studies before routine screening of ovarian tumors is implemented in clinical practice for the purpose of identifying Lynch syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Lee
- 1 Department of Biostatistics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa, Florida
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Xiao X, Melton DW, Gourley C. Mismatch repair deficiency in ovarian cancer — Molecular characteristics and clinical implications. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 132:506-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Wang J, Yu L, Cai J, Jia J, Gao Y, Liang M, Wang Z. The role of EZH2 and DNA methylation in hMLH1 silencing in epithelial ovarian cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 433:470-6. [PMID: 23523787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is overexpressed in various malignancies and associated with poor prognosis and drug-resistance. A recent study suggested that there is a link between EZH2 expression and the mediation of gene silencing in association with aberrant DNA methylation. In the present study, we showed an inverse correlation between EZH2 and human mutL homolog 1 gene (hMLH1) expression in 30 epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) tissues. Moreover, we found that EZH2 downregulation could induce the re-expression of the unmethylated, basally expressed hMLH1 gene without affecting DNA methylation in the hMLH1 promoter. These results suggest that EZH2 can modulate the transcription of basally expressed hMLH1 via a non-DNA-methylation-dependent pathway, but it has no effect on hMLH1 silencing that is mediated by DNA hypermethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
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Methylation in the p53 promoter in epithelial ovarian cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2012; 15:160-3. [PMID: 22855178 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-012-0894-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of death from gynecologic tumors, however, the molecular and especially epigenetic events underlying this transformation are poorly understood. Promoter methylation status of tumor suppressor genes may be associated with transcriptional silencing and tumor progression. It has been shown that methylation of CpG dinucleotides located in the promoter region of p53 is associated with low expression levels of this gene. The aim of this study was to investigate promoter methylation of p53 gene in ovarian cancer by comparison with normal ovarian tissue. METHODS To search for promoter methylation of p53 gene we used methylation-specific PCR (MSP) to compare the methylation status of 66 tissue samples of ovarian cancer with 37 control samples. RESULTS In our study methylation specific PCR revealed p53 promoter methylation in 34 of 66 (51.5 %) of specimens with ovarian cancer. CONCLUSION These results indicate that methylation in p53 promoter region may play an important role in carcinogenesis of ovarian cancer and could potentially be used in screening of ovarian cancer, and may have implications for future chemotherapy based on epigenetic changes.
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Considerations on the Performance of Immunohistochemistry for Mismatch Repair Gene Proteins in Cases of Sebaceous Neoplasms and Keratoacanthomas With Reference to Muir–Torre Syndrome. Am J Dermatopathol 2012; 34:416-22. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3182226a28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma: incidence and clinical significance of the morphologic and immunohistochemical markers of mismatch repair protein defects and tumor microsatellite instability. Am J Surg Pathol 2012; 36:163-72. [PMID: 22189970 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e31823bc434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A subset of women with uterine cancer exhibiting defective mismatch repair (MMR) proteins and microsatellite instability (MSI) may have Lynch syndrome, which also confers a risk for colorectal cancer and other cancers in the patient and in her family. Screening algorithms based on clinical and pathologic criteria are effective in determining which patients with uterine cancer are most likely to benefit from definitive genetic testing for Lynch syndrome. Ovarian cancer, particularly endometrioid adenocarcinoma, is also associated with Lynch syndrome, although the risk is much smaller than for uterine cancer. This study evaluated whether the morphologic criteria [tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), peritumoral lymphocytes (PTLs), dedifferentiated morphology)] currently used to screen uterine cancer for further Lynch syndrome testing can be applied to ovarian cancer. Among 71 patients with pure ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma treated at a single institution, 13% had a tumor with TILs, 3% had PTLs, and none had dedifferentiated morphology. Overall, 10% of tumors had abnormal MMR protein status, defined as complete immunohistochemical loss of expression of MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and/or PMS2. Each of these tumors with abnormal MMR status demonstrated MSI using a polymerase chain reaction-based assay evaluating 5 mononucleotide repeat markers. No relationship was found between patient age, TILs, PTLs, or a spectrum of other morphologic variables and MMR protein status/MSI. Only 1/7 tumors with abnormal MMR/MSI had TILs/PTLs. Among 14 patients who died, 12 (86%) had normal MMR status. Among 7 patients with tumors with abnormal MMR/MSI, 5 (71%) were alive without disease. Concurrent uterine tumor was present in 5/7 patients whose ovarian tumor had abnormal MMR/MSI. This study suggests that the morphologic criteria used to screen patients with uterine cancer for further Lynch syndrome testing are not applicable in patients with ovarian cancer. Although abnormal MMR/MSI did not carry prognostic value in this study, it did predict the involvement of the uterus by the tumor. Thus, in patients with ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma who undergo uterus-sparing surgery, abnormal MMR/MSI should prompt further diagnostic evaluation of the endometrium for tumor.
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Prat J. Ovarian carcinomas: five distinct diseases with different origins, genetic alterations, and clinicopathological features. Virchows Arch 2012; 460:237-49. [PMID: 22322322 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-012-1203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Malignant epithelial tumors (carcinomas) are the most common ovarian cancers and also the most lethal gynecological malignancies. Based on histopathology and molecular genetic alterations, ovarian carcinomas are divided into five main types (high-grade serous (70%), endometrioid (10%), clear cell (10%), mucinous (3%), and low-grade serous carcinomas (<5%)) that account for over 95% of cases. These types are essentially distinct diseases, as indicated by differences in epidemiological and genetic risk factors, precursor lesions, patterns of spread, and molecular events during oncogenesis, response to chemotherapy, and prognosis. For a successful specific treatment, reproducible histopathological diagnosis of the tumor cell type is critical. The five tumor types are morphologically diverse and resemble carcinomas of the uterus. Actually, recent investigations have demonstrated that a significant number of cancers, traditionally thought to be primary ovarian tumors (particularly serous, endometrioid, and clear cell carcinomas), originate in the fallopian tube and the endometrium and involve the ovary secondarily. This review summarizes recent advances in the molecular pathology which have greatly improved our understanding of the biology of ovarian carcinoma and are also relevant to patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Prat
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Sant Quinti 87-89, 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
'Every Hour Hurts, The Last One Kills'. That is an old saying about getting old. Every day, thousands of DNA damaging events take place in each cell of our body, but efficient DNA repair systems have evolved to prevent that. However, our DNA repair system and that of most other organisms are not as perfect as that of Deinococcus radiodurans, for example, which is able to repair massive amounts of DNA damage at one time. In many instances, accumulation of DNA damage has been linked to cancer, and genetic deficiencies in specific DNA repair genes are associated with tumor-prone phenotypes. In addition to mutations, which can be either inherited or somatically acquired, epigenetic silencing of DNA repair genes may promote tumorigenesis. This review will summarize current knowledge of the epigenetic inactivation of different DNA repair components in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Lahtz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Murphy MA, Wentzensen N. Frequency of mismatch repair deficiency in ovarian cancer: a systematic review This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain of the United States of America. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:1914-22. [PMID: 21140452 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Loss of mismatch repair (MMR) capacity may represent an important tumor initiating mechanism in ovarian cancer. We conducted a systematic review to analyze the frequency of microsatellite instability (MSI), immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for MMR proteins, and hypermethylation of the MLH1 promoter region in ovarian cancers. Studies examining MSI, loss of MMR gene expression by IHC staining and MLH1 promoter hypermethylation in ovarian cancer were identified by a systematic literature search of the PubMed electronic database through August 31, 2009. Pertinent data was extracted from eligible studies and estimates for pooled proportions were computed using random effects models. The pooled proportion of MSI detection was 0.10 (95% CI, 0.06-0.14) among 1,234 cases in 22 studies. Dinonucleotide markers had a higher frequency of instability than mononucleotide markers. The pooled proportion of MLH1 or MSH2 staining loss was 0.06 (95% CI, 0.01-0.17) among 474 cases in three studies, with a higher frequency of loss in MLH1. The pooled proportion of MLH1 methylation was 0.10 (95% CI, 0.06-0.15) among 672 cases in seven studies. Data reporting MSI and loss of MMR staining in the same cases was limited. Although MMR deficiency was found in all histologic subtypes, endometrioid cancers had the highest proportion. Approximately 10% of unselected ovarian cancers are related to MMR deficiency. While MMR deficiency is associated with improved survival in other MMR-deficiency related cancer sites, epidemiological and clinical factors related to the MMR-deficient phenotype have not been adequately studied in ovarian cancer to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Murphy
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852-7234, USA
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Abstract
This review covers the group of relatively uncommon nonserous ovarian epithelial tumors. The authors focus on the group's distinctiveness from the much more common serous tumors and show the similarities across entities. Diagnostic criteria that separate the different entities are currently being debated. Particular problems include the reproducible diagnosis of high-grade endometrioid, transitional cell, mixed epithelial and undifferentiated carcinomas. Furthermore, despite recognition that most malignant mucinous tumors involving ovary represent metastases from extraovarian primary sites, many misdiagnoses still occur. The authors discuss their rationale behind their opinions about these problematic topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Han
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Robert A Soslow
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Fu S, Hu W, Iyer R, Kavanagh JJ, Coleman RL, Levenback CF, Sood AK, Wolf JK, Gershenson DM, Markman M, Hennessy BT, Kurzrock R, Bast RC. Phase 1b-2a study to reverse platinum resistance through use of a hypomethylating agent, azacitidine, in patients with platinum-resistant or platinum-refractory epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer 2010; 117:1661-9. [PMID: 21472713 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sequential treatment with azacitidine can induce re-expression of epigenetically silenced genes through genomic DNA hypomethylation and reverse carboplatin resistance of epithelial ovarian cancer cells. A phase 1b-2a clinical trial of this sequential combination of azacitidine and carboplatin was initiated in patients with platinum-resistant or platinum-refractory epithelial ovarian cancer. METHODS Patients with pathologically confirmed intermediate-grade or high-grade epithelial ovarian cancer who developed disease progression within 6 months (resistant disease, n = 18 patients) or during a platinum-based therapy (refractory disease, n = 12 patients) were eligible. All patients had measurable disease. RESULTS Thirty patients received a total of 163 cycles of treatment. This regimen produced 1 complete response, 3 partial responses (overall response rate [ORR], 13.8%), and 10 cases of stable disease among 29 evaluable patients. For those patients who achieved clinical benefits, the median duration of the treatment was 7.5 months. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for all patients were 3.7 months and 14 months, respectively. Patients with platinum-resistant disease achieved an ORR of 22%, with a median PFS of 5.6 months and a median OS of 23 months. The predominant toxicities were fatigue and myelosuppression. Correlative studies indicated that DR4 methylation in peripheral blood leukocytes was decreased during treatment in 3 of 4 objective responders (75%), but in only 5 of 13 nonresponders (38%). CONCLUSIONS To the authors' knowledge, the results of the current study provide the first clinical evidence that a hypomethylating agent may partially reverse platinum resistance in patients with ovarian cancer. Further clinical evaluation of hypomethylating agents in combination with carboplatin is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqing Fu
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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High-grade fimbrial-ovarian carcinomas are unified by altered p53, PTEN and PAX2 expression. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:1316-24. [PMID: 20562848 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
High-grade endometrioid and serous carcinomas of the ovary and fallopian tube are responsible for the majority of cancer deaths and comprise a spectrum that includes early or localized (tubal intraepithelial carcinoma) and advanced (invasive or metastatic) disease. We subdivided a series of these tumors into three groups, (1) classic serous, (2) mixed serous and endometrioid and (3) endometrioid carcinomas and determined: (1) the frequencies of coexisting tubal intraepithelial carcinoma, (2) frequency of a dominant ovarian mass suggesting an ovarian origin and (3) immuno-localization of WT-1, p53, PTEN, PAX2 and p16(ink4). All tumors were analyzed for p53 mutations. Thirty six, 25 and 8% of groups 1-3 were associated with tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (P=0.09) and 34, 45 and 62% predominated in one ovary (P=0.028), respectively. Differences in frequencies of diffuse p53 immunostaining (85-93%), WT-1 (70-98%) and p16(ink4) positivity (69-75%) were not significant for all groups. Greater than 95% reduction in PAX2 and PTEN occurred in 67-75 and 5-12%, respectively; however, PAX2 and PTEN staining intensity, when present, was often heterogeneous, highlighting different tumor populations. PAX2 and PTEN expression were markedly reduced or absent in 12 of 12 and 4 of 12 tubal intraepithelial carcinomas. In summary, high-grade müllerian carcinomas share identical frequencies of altered or reduced expression of p53, PTEN and PAX2, all of which can be appreciated in tubal intraepithelial carcinomas. Because only a subset of these tumors appears to arise in the fallopian tube, attention to expression of these biomarkers in the ovary and other müllerian sites might facilitate the identification of other carcinogenic pathways. PAX2 and PTEN, in addition to p53 and p16(ink4), comprise a potentially important gene combination in high-grade pelvic carcinogenesis.
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Micci F, Haugom L, Ahlquist T, Andersen HK, Abeler VM, Davidson B, Trope CG, Lothe RA, Heim S. Genomic aberrations in borderline ovarian tumors. J Transl Med 2010; 8:21. [PMID: 20184781 PMCID: PMC2838832 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background According to the scientific literature, less than 30 borderline ovarian tumors have been karyotyped and less than 100 analyzed for genomic imbalances by CGH. Methods We report a series of borderline ovarian tumors (n = 23) analyzed by G-banding and karyotyping as well as high resolution CGH; in addition, the tumors were analyzed for microsatellite stability status and by FISH for possible 6q deletion. Results All informative tumors were microsatellite stable and none had a deletion in 6q27. All cases with an abnormal karyotype had simple chromosomal aberrations with +7 and +12 as the most common. In three tumors with single structural rearrangements, a common breakpoint in 3q13 was detected. The major copy number changes detected in the borderline tumors were gains from chromosome arms 2q, 6q, 8q, 9p, and 13q and losses from 1p, 12q, 14q, 15q, 16p, 17p, 17q, 19p, 19q, and 22q. The series included five pairs of bilateral tumors and, in two of these pairs, informative data were obtained as to their clonal relationship. In both pairs, similarities were found between the tumors from the right and left side, strongly indicating that bilaterality had occurred via a metastatic process. The bilateral tumors as a group showed more aberrations than did the unilateral ones, consistent with the view that bilaterality is a sign of more advanced disease. Conclusion Because some of the imbalances found in borderline ovarian tumors seem to be similar to imbalances already known from the more extensively studied overt ovarian carcinomas, we speculate that the subset of borderline tumors with detectable imbalances or karyotypic aberrations may contain a smaller subset of tumors with a tendency to develop a more malignant phenotype. The group of borderline tumors with no imbalances would, in this line of thinking, have less or no propensity for clonal evolution and development to full-blown carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Micci
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Medical Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
Pregnancy, breastfeeding, and oral contraceptive pill use interrupt menstrual cycles and reduce endometrial and ovarian cancer risk. This suggests the importance of turnover within Mullerian tissues, where the accumulation of mutations in p53 and PTEN has been correlated with number of cycles. The most common type of endometrial cancer (Type I) is endometrioid and molecular abnormalities include mutations in PTEN, KRAS and β-catenin. The Type I precursor is Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia which displays PTEN defects. Type II endometrial cancer (whose precursors are less clear) includes serous and clear cell tumors and the most common alteration is p53 mutation. For ovarian cancer, histopathologic types parallel endometrial cancer and include serous, mucinous, endometrioid, and clear cell; some molecular features are also shared. The most frequent type of ovarian cancer is high grade serous that often displays p53 mutation and its precursor lesions may originate from normal-appearing fallopian tube epithelium that contains a p53 "signature". Mutations in KRAS, BRAF and PTEN are described in mucinous, endometrioid and low grade serous cancers and these may originate from ovarian cortical inclusion cysts. A consideration of molecular and other pathogenetic features, like epidemiology and histopathology, may provide a better understanding of endometrial and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Merritt
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Tumor spreading to the contralateral ovary in bilateral ovarian carcinoma is a late event in clonal evolution. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2009; 2010:646340. [PMID: 19759843 PMCID: PMC2744120 DOI: 10.1155/2010/646340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer of the ovary is bilateral in 25%. Cytogenetic analysis could determine whether the disease in bilateral cases is metastatic or two separately occurring primary tumors, but karyotypic information comparing the two cancerous ovaries is limited to a single report with 11 informative cases. We present a series of 32 bilateral ovarian carcinoma cases, analyzed by karyotyping and high-resolution CGH. Our karyotypic findings showed that spreading to the contralateral ovary had occurred in bilateral ovarian cancer cases and that it was a late event in the clonal evolution of the tumors. This was confirmed by the large number of similar changes detected by HR-CGH in the different lesions from the same patient. The chromosomal bands most frequently involved in structural rearrangements were 19p13 (n = 12) and 19q13 (n = 11). The chromosomal bands most frequently gained by both tumorous ovaries were 5p14 (70%), 8q23-24 (65%), 1q23-24 (57%), and 12p12 (48%), whereas the most frequently lost bands were 17p11 (78%), 17p13 (74%), 17p12 (70%), 22q13 (61%), 8p21 and 19q13 (52%), and 8p22-23 (48%). This is the first time that 5p14 is seen gained at such a high frequency in cancer of the ovary; possibly oncogene(s) involved in bilateral ovarian carcinogenesis or tumor progression may reside in this band.
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Ricciardelli C, Oehler MK. Diverse molecular pathways in ovarian cancer and their clinical significance. Maturitas 2009; 62:270-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Lynch HT, Casey MJ, Snyder CL, Bewtra C, Lynch JF, Butts M, Godwin AK. Hereditary ovarian carcinoma: heterogeneity, molecular genetics, pathology, and management. Mol Oncol 2009; 3:97-137. [PMID: 19383374 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary ovarian cancer accounts for at least 5% of the estimated 22,000 new cases of this disease during 2009. During this same time, over 15,000 will die from malignancy ascribed to ovarian origin. The bulk of these hereditary cases fits the hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome, while virtually all of the remainder will be consonant with the Lynch syndrome, disorders which are autosomal dominantly inherited. Advances in molecular genetics have led to the identification of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations which predispose to the hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome, and mutations in mismatch repair genes, the most common of which are MSH2 and MLH1, which predispose to Lynch syndrome. These discoveries enable relatively certain diagnosis, limited only by their variable penetrance, so that identification of mutation carriers through a comprehensive cancer family history might be possible. This paper reviews the subject of hereditary ovarian cancer, with particular attention to its molecular genetic basis, its pathology, and its phenotypic/genotypic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry T Lynch
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Creighton University School of Medicine, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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Li Y, Hu W, Shen DY, Kavanagh JJ, Fu S. Azacitidine enhances sensitivity of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer cells to carboplatin through induction of apoptosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 200:177.e1-9. [PMID: 19110234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate whether azacitidine sensitizes platinum-resistant ovarian cancer cells to carboplatin and the possible mechanisms involved. STUDY DESIGN We tested the in vitro antitumor activity of azacitidine both alone and combined with carboplatin in the ovarian cancer cell line 2008/C13 and Hey by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assays and investigated the potential mechanisms by flow cytometry, terminal transferase deoxyuridine 5-triphosphate nick-end labeling assay, Western blot, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and promoter methylation-specific PCR. RESULTS Sequential treatment (ie, 24-hour azacitidine pretreatment followed by 48-hour cotreatment with azacitidine and carboplatin) significantly inhibited growth in 2008/C13 and Hey cells. More apoptotic cells were induced in 2008/C13 cells by sequential treatment than by a single drug. Increased cleaved caspase-3 and -8 were seen in 2008/C13 cells after sequential treatment with azacitidine and carboplatin. DR4 was demethylated, and DR4 messenger ribonucleic acid expression was increased in 2008/C13 cells after the 24-hour azacitidine treatment. CONCLUSION Azacitidine enhanced the sensitivity of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer cells to carboplatin associated with caspase-3- and -8-dependent apoptosis pathway and reexpression of DR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
Two of three humans never get cancer. Even the majority of heavy smokers remain cancer free. Is this a matter of chance, or are there cancer-resistant genotypes? Based on the evidence discussed, it would appear that evolution has favored a limited number of relatively common resistance genes that may nip incipient cancerous foci in the bud, i.e., to stop them at their inception. It is further suggested that resistance genes may act at the level of tissue organization in a dominant fashion.
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Ortega E, Marti RM, Yeramian A, Sorolla A, Dolcet X, Llobet D, Abal L, Santacana M, Pallares J, Llombart-Cussac A, Matias-Guiu X. Targeted therapies in gynecologic cancers and melanoma. Semin Diagn Pathol 2008; 25:262-73. [PMID: 19013892 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The article reviews the main molecular pathology alterations of endometrial and ovarian carcinomas and melanoma. Several promising drugs targeting the genes most frequently altered in these tumors are under consideration. The most promising signaling pathways to be targeted for therapies in these tumors are the tyrosine kinase receptor (EGFR, HER2, c-KIT), the RAS/B-RAF/MAPK, the PI3K-mTOR, and apoptosis signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Ortega
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dermatology, and Pathology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida-IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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Pal T, Permuth-Wey J, Kumar A, Sellers TA. Systematic review and meta-analysis of ovarian cancers: estimation of microsatellite-high frequency and characterization of mismatch repair deficient tumor histology. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:6847-54. [PMID: 18980979 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A meta-analytic approach was used to estimate the frequency of: (a) microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) phenotype in unselected ovarian cancers and (b) various histologic subtypes of mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient epithelial ovarian cancers. METHODS A systematic search of the Medline electronic database was conducted to identify articles published between January 1, 1966, and December 31, 2007, that examined MMR deficiency in ovarian cancers. Data were extracted on the study population, sample size, MSI-H frequency, and histology of MMR-deficient ovarian tumors. RESULTS The pooled proportion of MSI-H ovarian cancers was 0.12 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.08-0.17] from 18 studies with 977 cases. The proportion of histologic subtypes in the pooled analysis from 15 studies with 159 cases was serous at 0.32 (95% CI, 0.20-0.44), mucinous at 0.19 (95% CI, 0.12-0.27), endometrioid at 0.29 (95% CI, 0.22-0.36), clear cell at 0.18 (95% CI, 0.09-0.28), and mixed at 0.24 (95% CI, 0.07-0.47). There was significant heterogeneity between studies. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of the MSI-H phenotype in unselected ovarian cancers approximates 12%. MMR-deficient ovarian cancers also seem to be characterized by an overrepresentation of nonserous histologic subtypes. Knowledge of histologic subtype may aid clinicians in identifying the relatively large proportion of ovarian cancers due to MMR defects; such knowledge has potential implications for medical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuya Pal
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
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Pal T, Permuth-Wey J, Sellers TA. A review of the clinical relevance of mismatch-repair deficiency in ovarian cancer. Cancer 2008; 113:733-42. [PMID: 18543306 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer ranks fifth in both cancer incidence and mortality among women in the United States. Defects in the mismatch-repair (MMR) pathway that arise through genetic and/or epigenetic mechanisms may be important etiologically in a reasonable proportion of ovarian cancers. Genetic mechanisms of MMR dysfunction include germline and somatic mutations in the MMR proteins. Germline mutations cause hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), which is the third most common cause of inherited ovarian cancer after BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. An epigenetic mechanism known to cause inactivation of the MMR system is promoter hypermethylation of 1 of the MMR genes, mutL homolog 1 (MLH1). Various laboratory methods, in addition to clinical and histopathologic criteria, can be used to identify MMR-deficient ovarian cancers. Such methods include microsatellite instability analysis, immunohistochemistry, MLH1 promoter hypermethylation testing, and germline mutation analysis. In this review, the authors describe the existing literature regarding the molecular, clinical, and histologic characteristics of MMR-deficient ovarian cancers along with the possible effect on survival and treatment response. By further defining the profile of MMR-deficient ovarian cancers and their associated etiologic mechanisms, there may be a greater potential to distinguish between those of hereditary and sporadic etiology. The ability to make such distinctions may be of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuya Pal
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
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Harley I, Rosen B, Risch HA, Siminovitch K, Beiner ME, McLaughlin J, Sun P, Narod SA. Ovarian cancer risk is associated with a common variant in the promoter sequence of the mismatch repair gene MLH1. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 109:384-7. [PMID: 18405947 PMCID: PMC3060029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2007.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inherited mutations in the MLH1 gene are associated with a proportion of families with the hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer syndrome (HNPCC). The cardinal features of the syndrome are a predisposition to colon, endometrial and ovarian cancers. Recently, it has been shown that a non-coding polymorphic variant in MLH1 (G>A nt-93) predisposes to colon and endometrial cancer, but with much reduced penetrance. We sought to establish whether or not this polymorphic variant also predisposes to ovarian cancer. METHODS We genotyped 899 women with invasive ovarian cancer and 931 controls for the G>A nt-93 variant. RESULTS The presence of the variant was associated with a modest, but highly significant risk of ovarian cancer (OR=1.5; 95% CI 1.3-1.9; p=0.00005). The association was present in cancers of all histologies except clear cell, and in all ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS The G>A nt-93 variant of the MLH1 gene is associated with an increased risk of invasive ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Harley
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Barry Rosen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - Harvey A. Risch
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kathy Siminovitch
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - Mario E. Beiner
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Women’s College Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - John McLaughlin
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - Ping Sun
- Women’s College Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - Steven A. Narod
- Women’s College Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
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Pathogenesis of ovarian cancer: lessons from morphology and molecular biology and their clinical implications. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2008; 27:151-60. [PMID: 18317228 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0b013e318161e4f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The accepted view of ovarian carcinogenesis is that carcinoma begins in the ovary, undergoes progressive "dedifferentiation" from a well to a poorly differentiated tumor, and then spreads to the pelvic and abdominal cavities before metastasizing to distant sites. It has therefore been reasoned that survival for this highly lethal disease could be improved by developing screening methods that detect disease when it is confined to the ovary. To date, however, no prospective randomized trial of any ovarian cancer screening test(s) has demonstrated a decrease in mortality. We believe that one of the main reasons for this is that the dogma underlying ovarian carcinogenesis is flawed. Based on studies performed in our laboratory during the last decade, we have proposed a model of ovarian carcinogenesis that takes into account the diverse nature of ovarian cancer and correlates the clinical, pathological, and molecular features of the disease. In this model, ovarian tumors are divided into 2 groups designated type I and type II. Type I tumors are slow growing, generally confined to the ovary at diagnosis, and develop from well-established precursor lesions that are termed "borderline" tumors. Type I tumors include low-grade micropapillary serous carcinoma, mucinous, endometrioid, and clear cell carcinomas. They are genetically stable and are characterized by mutations in a number of different genes including KRAS, BRAF, PTEN, and beta-catenin. Type II tumors are rapidly growing highly aggressive neoplasms for which well-defined precursor lesions have not been described. Type II tumors include high-grade serous carcinoma, malignant mixed mesodermal tumors (carcinosarcomas), and undifferentiated carcinomas. This group of tumors has a high level of genetic instability and is characterized by mutation of TP53. The model helps to explain why current screening techniques, aimed at detecting stage I disease, have not been effective. Tumors that remain confined to the ovary for a long period belong to the type I group, but they account for only 25% of the malignant tumors. Most of what is considered ovarian cancer belongs to the type II category, and these are only rarely confined to the ovary. Although the reasons for this are not entirely clear, possible explanations include rapid spread from the ovary early in carcinogenesis and development of carcinoma in extra ovarian sites, notably, the peritoneum and fallopian tube, with secondary involvement of the ovary. The latter tumors are advanced stage at their inception. Therefore, a more realistic end point for the early detection of ovarian cancer is volume and not stage of disease. The model does not replace the histopathologic classification but, by drawing attention to the molecular genetic events that play a role in tumor progression, sheds light on new approaches to early detection and treatment.
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Yoon BS, Kim YT, Kim JH, Kim SW, Nam EJ, Cho NH, Kim JW, Kim S. Clinical significance of microsatellite instability in sporadic epithelial ovarian tumors. Yonsei Med J 2008; 49:272-8. [PMID: 18452265 PMCID: PMC2615307 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2008.49.2.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the expression of microsatellite instability (MSI) in sporadic ovarian tumors using 5 standard and 9 new MSI markers to determine the clinical significance of MSI in sporadic epithelial ovarian tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS MSI was examined in 21 borderline and 25 malignant ovarian tumors. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using the 5 markers recommended by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) for colon cancer and 9 additional markers. MSI was determined using fractional analysis by mixing the PCR products and size markers. RESULTS Using the 5 conventional MSI markers, MSI was found in 4 of 46 (8.6%) ovarian tumors, including 2 of 21 (9.5%) borderline ovarian tumors and 2 of 25 (8%) malignant ovarian tumors. Using the 9 additional MSI markers, MSI was observed in 7 of 46 (15.2%) ovarian tumors, including 3 of 21 (14.3%) borderline ovarian tumors and 4 of 25 (16%) malignant ovarian tumors. There was no statistically significant difference between MSI and clinicopathological factors, including histology and stage, although there was a trend toward an increased incidence of MSI in the serous type. CONCLUSION MSI was infrequent in ovarian tumors, including both borderline and malignant tumors. MSI was found to be uncommon in sporadic ovarian tumors, even by using additional MSI markers. The clinical significance of MSI is not strong in patients with sporadic ovarian tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Sung Yoon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Pochon CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Tae Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Cancer Clinic, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Cancer Clinic, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Wun Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Cancer Clinic, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Nam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Cancer Clinic, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam-Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kwandong University, Myongii Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Cancer Clinic, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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