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Miki K, Takeshita N, Yamashita M, Kitamura M, Murakami S. Calcitonin gene-related peptide regulates periodontal tissue regeneration. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1344. [PMID: 38228723 PMCID: PMC10791604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52029-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide composed of 37 amino acids secreted from the sensory nerve endings, reportedly possesses various physiological effects, such as vasodilation and neurotransmission. Recently, there have been increasing reports of the involvement of CGRP in bone metabolism; however, its specific role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, particularly in the repair and healing processes, remains to be elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate dynamic expression patterns of CGRP during the destruction and regeneration processes of periodontal tissues in a mouse model of experimental periodontitis. We also explored the effects of CGRP on periodontal ligament cells, which can differentiate to hard tissue-forming cells (cementoblasts or osteoblasts). Our findings demonstrated that CGRP stimulation promotes the differentiation of periodontal ligament cells into hard tissue-forming cells. Experimental results using a ligature-induced periodontitis mouse model also suggested fluctuations in CGRP expression during periodontal tissue healing, underscoring the vital role of CGRP signaling in alveolar bone recovery. The study results highlight the important role of nerves in the periodontal ligament not only in sensory reception in the periphery, as previously known, but also in periodontal tissue homeostasis and tissue repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Miki
- Department of Periodontology and Regenerative Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Noboru Takeshita
- Department of Periodontology and Regenerative Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Motozo Yamashita
- Department of Periodontology and Regenerative Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kitamura
- Department of Periodontology and Regenerative Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinya Murakami
- Department of Periodontology and Regenerative Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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2
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Maltha JC, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Mechanobiology of orthodontic tooth movement: An update. J World Fed Orthod 2023; 12:156-160. [PMID: 37349154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejwf.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the changes at the cellular and tissue level occurring during orthodontic force application. For the understanding of this process, knowledge of the mechanobiology of the periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone are essential. The periodontal ligament and alveolar bone make up a functional unit that undergoes robust changes during orthodontic tooth movement. Complex molecular signaling is responsible for converting mechanical stresses into biochemical events with a net result of bone apposition and/or bone resorption. Despite an improved understanding of mechanical and biochemical signaling mechanisms, it is largely unknown how mechanical stresses regulate the differentiation of stem/progenitor cells into osteoblast and osteoclast lineages. To advance orthodontics, it is crucial to gain a better understanding of osteoblast differentiation from mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells and osteoclastogenesis from the hematopoietic/monocyte lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap C Maltha
- Department of Dentistry - Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Marie Kuijpers-Jagtman
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine/Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Campus Salemba, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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3
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Zhao J, Zhou YH, Zhao YQ, Gao ZR, Ouyang ZY, Ye Q, Liu Q, Chen Y, Tan L, Zhang SH, Feng Y, Hu J, Dusenge MA, Feng YZ, Guo Y. Oral cavity-derived stem cells and preclinical models of jaw-bone defects for bone tissue engineering. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:39. [PMID: 36927449 PMCID: PMC10022059 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jaw-bone defects caused by various diseases lead to aesthetic and functional complications, which can seriously affect the life quality of patients. Current treatments cannot fully meet the needs of reconstruction of jaw-bone defects. Thus, the research and application of bone tissue engineering are a "hot topic." As seed cells for engineering of jaw-bone tissue, oral cavity-derived stem cells have been explored and used widely. Models of jaw-bone defect are excellent tools for the study of bone defect repair in vivo. Different types of bone defect repair require different stem cells and bone defect models. This review aimed to better understand the research status of oral and maxillofacial bone regeneration. MAIN TEXT Data were gathered from PubMed searches and references from relevant studies using the search phrases "bone" AND ("PDLSC" OR "DPSC" OR "SCAP" OR "GMSC" OR "SHED" OR "DFSC" OR "ABMSC" OR "TGPC"); ("jaw" OR "alveolar") AND "bone defect." We screened studies that focus on "bone formation of oral cavity-derived stem cells" and "jaw bone defect models," and reviewed the advantages and disadvantages of oral cavity-derived stem cells and preclinical model of jaw-bone defect models. CONCLUSION The type of cell and animal model should be selected according to the specific research purpose and disease type. This review can provide a foundation for the selection of oral cavity-derived stem cells and defect models in tissue engineering of the jaw bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ying-Hui Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-Qing Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zheng-Rong Gao
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ze-Yue Ouyang
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Qin Ye
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Shao-Hui Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yao Feng
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Marie Aimee Dusenge
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yun-Zhi Feng
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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4
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Swanson WB, Yao Y, Mishina Y. Novel approaches for periodontal tissue engineering. Genesis 2022; 60:e23499. [PMID: 36086991 PMCID: PMC9787372 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The periodontal complex involves the hard and soft tissues which support dentition, comprised of cementum, bone, and the periodontal ligament (PDL). Periodontitis, a prevalent infectious disease of the periodontium, threatens the integrity of these tissues and causes irreversible damage. Periodontal therapy aims to repair and ultimately regenerate these tissues toward preserving native dentition and improving the physiologic integration of dental implants. The PDL contains multipotent stem cells, which have a robust capacity to differentiate into various types of cells to form the PDL, cementum, and alveolar bone. Selection of appropriate growth factors and biomaterial matrices to facilitate periodontal regeneration are critical to recapitulate the physiologic organization and function of the periodontal complex. Herein, we discuss the current state of clinical periodontal regeneration including a review of FDA-approved growth factors. We will highlight advances in preclinical research toward identifying additional growth factors capable of robust repair and biomaterial matrices to augment regeneration similarly and synergistically, ultimately improving periodontal regeneration's predictability and long-term efficacy. This review should improve the readers' understanding of the molecular and cellular processes involving periodontal regeneration essential for designing comprehensive therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Benton Swanson
- Department of Biologic and Materials Science, Division of ProsthodonticsUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Periodontics and Oral MedicineUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMichiganUSA,Biointerfaces InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Science, Division of ProsthodonticsUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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Abstract
Periodontal disease is one of the most common diagnoses in small animal veterinary medicine. This infectious disease of the periodontium is characterized by the inflammation and destruction of the supporting structures of teeth, including periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. Traditional periodontal repair techniques make use of open flap debridement, application of graft materials, and membranes to prevent epithelial downgrowth and formation of a long junctional epithelium, which inhibits regeneration and true healing. These techniques have variable efficacy and are made more challenging in veterinary patients due to the cost of treatment for clients, need for anesthesia for surgery and reevaluation, and difficulty in performing necessary diligent home care to maintain oral health. Tissue engineering focuses on methods to regenerate the periodontal apparatus and not simply to repair the tissue, with the possibility of restoring normal physiological functions and health to a previously diseased site. This paper examines tissue engineering applications in periodontal disease by discussing experimental studies that focus on dogs and other animal species where it could potentially be applied in veterinary medicine. The main areas of focus of tissue engineering are discussed, including scaffolds, signaling molecules, stem cells, and gene therapy. To date, although outcomes can still be unpredictable, tissue engineering has been proven to successfully regenerate lost periodontal tissues and this new possibility for treating veterinary patients is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ward
- Eastside Veterinary Dentistry, Woodinville, WA, USA
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6
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Nakamura T, Yamashita M, Ikegami K, Suzuki M, Yanagita M, Kitagaki J, Kitamura M, Murakami S. Autophagy facilitates type I collagen synthesis in periodontal ligament cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1291. [PMID: 33446772 PMCID: PMC7809284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal protein degradation system in which the cell self-digests its intracellular protein components and organelles. Defects in autophagy contribute to the pathogenesis of age-related chronic diseases, such as myocardial infarction and rheumatoid arthritis, through defects in the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, little is known about autophagy in periodontal diseases characterised by the breakdown of periodontal tissue. Tooth-supportive periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue contains PDL cells that produce various ECM proteins such as collagen to maintain homeostasis in periodontal tissue. In this study, we aimed to clarify the physiological role of autophagy in periodontal tissue. We found that autophagy regulated type I collagen synthesis by elimination of misfolded proteins in human PDL (HPDL) cells. Inhibition of autophagy by E-64d and pepstatin A (PSA) or siATG5 treatment suppressed collagen production in HPDL cells at mRNA and protein levels. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed collagen fragments in autolysosomes. Accumulation of misfolded collagen in HPDL cells was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. E-64d and PSA treatment suppressed and rapamycin treatment accelerated the hard tissue-forming ability of HPDL cells. Our findings suggest that autophagy is a crucial regulatory process that facilitates type I collagen synthesis and partly regulates osteoblastic differentiation of PDL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Nakamura
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Motozo Yamashita
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kuniko Ikegami
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mio Suzuki
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Manabu Yanagita
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jirouta Kitagaki
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kitamura
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinya Murakami
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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7
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Min KK, Neupane S, Adhikari N, Sohn WJ, An SY, Kim JY, An CH, Lee Y, Kim YG, Park JW, Lee JM, Kim JY, Suh JY. Effects of resveratrol on bone-healing capacity in the mouse tooth extraction socket. J Periodontal Res 2019; 55:247-257. [PMID: 31797379 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE After tooth extraction, the extraction socket undergoes several steps of soft and hard tissue healing. The healing process of the extraction socket is modulated by a range of signaling factors and biochemical agents. It has been reported that resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound, exhibits various biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, antioxidant, and anti-aging effects, and protects cardiovascular and bone tissues. In this study, we examined the cellular effects of resveratrol on human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells and osteoblast-like (MC3T3-E1) cells and evaluated the bone-healing capacity of tooth extraction sockets in mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS Resveratrol was applied to hPDL and MC3T3-E1 cells to detect cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and qPCR was employed to understand the gene expression level in vitro. For in vivo experiment, six-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into control (n = 15) and experimental (n = 15) groups and maxillary first molars were extracted by surgery. Experimental groups received 50-µM resveratrol on extraction sockets and analyzed the degree of new bone formation. RESULTS Treatment of hPDL and MC3T3-E1 cells with resveratrol increased the cell proliferation and ALP activity and enhanced the expression of ALP, BMP-2, BMP-4, and OC genes. Resveratrol enhanced new bone formation in the lingual extraction socket in mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that resveratrol increases the cellular physiology of PDL and osteoblast including their proliferation and differentiation and may play an important role in bone-healing capacity after tooth extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Kon Min
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sanjiv Neupane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Nirpesh Adhikari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Pre-Major of Cosmetics and Pharmaceutics, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Seo-Young An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Chang-Hyeon An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yong-Gun Kim
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Park
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Mok Lee
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jo-Young Suh
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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8
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Grimm S, Wolff E, Walter C, Pabst AM, Mundethu A, Jacobs C, Wehrbein H, Jacobs C. Influence of clodronate and compressive force on IL-1ß-stimulated human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:343-350. [PMID: 31102041 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-02930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the effect of clodronate on interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß)-stimulated human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPdLFs) with the focus on inflammatory factors of orthodontic tooth movement with and without compressive force. MATERIALS AND METHODS HPdLFs were incubated with 5 μM clodronate and 10 ng/mL IL-1ß. After 48 h, cells were exposed to 3 h of compressive force using a centrifuge. The gene expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8), and the tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP-1) was analyzed using RT-PCR. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2), IL-6, and TIMP-1 protein syntheses were quantified via ELISA. RESULTS Compressive force and IL-1ß induced an overexpression of COX-2 gene expression (61.8-fold; p < 0.05 compared with control), diminished by clodronate (41.1-fold; p < 0.05 compared with control). Clodronate slowed down the compression and IL-1ß induced IL-6 gene expression (161-fold vs. 85.6-fold; p < 0.05 compared with control). TNF-α was only slightly affected without statistical significance. Clodronate reduced IL-1ß-stimulated MMP-8 expression with and without compressive force. TIMP-1 on gene and protein level was downregulated in all groups. Analyzing the MMP-8/TIMP-1 ratio, the highest ratio was detected in IL-1ß-stimulated HPdLFs with compressive force (21.2-fold; p < 0.05 compared with control). Clodronate diminished IL-1ß-induced upregulation of MMP-8/TIMP-1 ratio with (11.5-fold; p < 0.05 compared with control) and without (12.5-fold; p < 0.05 compared with control) compressive force. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates a slightly anti-inflammatory effect by clodronate under compressive force in vitro. Additionally, the periodontal remodeling presented by the MMP-8/TIMP-1 ratio seems to be diminished by clodronate. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Reduction of pro-inflammatory factors and reduction of periodontal remodeling might explain reduced orthodontic tooth movement under clodronate intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Grimm
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Eva Wolff
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Walter
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas M Pabst
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ambili Mundethu
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Cornelius Jacobs
- Department of Traumatology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heiner Wehrbein
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Collin Jacobs
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Jena, An der Alten Post 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
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9
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Dziedzic DSM, Mogharbel BF, Ferreira PE, Irioda AC, de Carvalho KAT. Transplantation of Adipose-derived Cells for Periodontal Regeneration: A Systematic Review. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 14:504-518. [PMID: 30394216 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x13666181105144430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review evaluated the transplantation of cells derived from adipose tissue for applications in dentistry. SCOPUS, PUBMED and LILACS databases were searched for in vitro studies and pre-clinical animal model studies using the keywords "ADIPOSE", "CELLS", and "PERIODONTAL", with the Boolean operator "AND". A total of 160 titles and abstracts were identified, and 29 publications met the inclusion criteria, 14 in vitro and 15 in vivo studies. In vitro studies demonstrated that adipose- derived cells stimulate neovascularization, have osteogenic and odontogenic potential; besides adhesion, proliferation and differentiation on probable cell carriers. Preclinical studies described improvement of bone and periodontal healing with the association of adipose-derived cells and the carrier materials tested: Platelet Rich Plasma, Fibrin, Collagen and Synthetic polymer. There is evidence from the current in vitro and in vivo data indicating that adipose-derived cells may contribute to bone and periodontal regeneration. The small quantity of studies and the large variation on study designs, from animal models, cell sources and defect morphology, did not favor a meta-analysis. Additional studies need to be conducted to investigate the regeneration variability and the mechanisms of cell participation in the processes. An overview of animal models, cell sources, and scaffolds, as well as new perspectives are provided for future bone and periodontal regeneration study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilcele Silva Moreira Dziedzic
- Pele Pequeno Principe Institute for Child and Adolescent Health Research, Pequeno Principe Faculty, Curitiba, Brazil
- Dentistry Faculty, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Bassam Felipe Mogharbel
- Pele Pequeno Principe Institute for Child and Adolescent Health Research, Pequeno Principe Faculty, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Priscila Elias Ferreira
- Pele Pequeno Principe Institute for Child and Adolescent Health Research, Pequeno Principe Faculty, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Irioda
- Pele Pequeno Principe Institute for Child and Adolescent Health Research, Pequeno Principe Faculty, Curitiba, Brazil
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10
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Moritani Y, Usui M, Sano K, Nakazawa K, Hanatani T, Nakatomi M, Iwata T, Sato T, Ariyoshi W, Nishihara T, Nakashima K. Spheroid culture enhances osteogenic potential of periodontal ligament mesenchymal stem cells. J Periodontal Res 2018; 53:870-882. [PMID: 29900548 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND Human periodontal ligament mesenchymal stem cells (hPDLMSCs) are reported to be responsible for homeostasis and regeneration of periodontal tissue. Although hPDLMSCs are commonly cultured in monolayers, monolayer cultures have been reported as inferior to 3-dimensional cultures such as spheroids, which are spherical clusters of cells formed by self-assembly. The aim of this study was to examine the osteogenic phenotype of spheroids of hPDLMSCs, compared with monolayer cultures of hPDLMSC, in vitro and in vivo. MATERIAL AND METHODS Spheroids were formed using microwell chips that were tagged with polyethylene glycol. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers in hPDLMSC spheroids were examined by flow cytometer. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis was examined to measure the expressions of stemness markers and osteogenesis-related genes in monolayer and spheroid-cultured hPDLMSCs. Immunofluorescence analysis was performed to confirm protein expressions of stemness markers in PDLMSC spheroids. Nodule formation assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay and transplantation assay in a mouse calvarial defect model were performed to confirm the osteogenic potential of hPDLMSC spheroids. To elucidate the mechanism of spheroid culture enhanced osteogenesis in hPDLMSCs with osteoinductive medium (OIM), a small interfering RNA (siRNA) assay targeted with secreted frizzled-related protein 3 (SFRP3) was examined. The levels of SFRP3 expression in monolayer and spheroid-cultured hPDLMSCs with OIM were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analysis. ALP gene expression and ALP activity were examined in SFRP3-deficient hPDLMSC spheroids. RESULTS The hPDLMSC spheroids expressed MSC markers, which were similar to hPDLMSCs grown in monolayer cultures. Intriguingly, the protein and mRNA expressions of transcription factors that regulate "stemness" were significantly increased in hPDLMSC spheroids, compared with hPDLMSCs in monolayer cultures. Nodule formation by hPDLMSCs was significantly increased in spheroid cultures grown with OIM, compared with monolayer-cultured hPDLMSCs. ALP activity and expression of osteogenesis-related genes were also significantly enhanced in hPDLMSC spheroids, compared with monolayer cultures. Treatment with hPDLMSC spheroids significantly enhanced new bone formation in a murine calvarial defect model, compared with hPDLMSCs in monolayer culture. Finally, to elucidate mechanisms by which spheroid culture enhances ALP activation in hPDLMSCs grown with OIM, an siRNA assay was used to manipulate expression of SFRP3, a Wnt signaling antagonist. Knockdown of SFRP3 suppressed ALP gene expression in hPDLMSCs grown in OIM; further, it suppressed ALP activity in spheroid culture. These data suggest that the enhancement of osteogenic potential in hPDLMSC spheroids is regulated through SFRP3-mediated ALP activation. CONCLUSION Spheroid cultures of hPDLMSCs may be a novel and useful tool in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Moritani
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Function, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - M Usui
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Function, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - K Sano
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Function, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - K Nakazawa
- Department of Life and Environment Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - T Hanatani
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Function, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - M Nakatomi
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - T Iwata
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University (TWIns), Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Sato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - W Ariyoshi
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - T Nishihara
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - K Nakashima
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Function, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
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11
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Abstract
Protection of mucosal tissues of the oral cavity, intestines, respiratory tract, and urogenital tract from the constant challenge of pathogens is achieved by the combined barrier function of the lining epithelia and specialized immune cells. Recent studies have indicated that osteopontin (OPN) has a pivotal role in the development of immune responses and in the tissue destruction and the subsequent repair processes associated with inflammatory diseases. While expression of OPN is increased in immune cells—including neutrophils, macrophages, T- and B-lymphocytes—and in epithelial, endothelial, and fibroblastic cells of inflamed tissues, deciphering the specific functions of OPN has been difficult. In part, this is due to the broad range of biological activities of OPN that are mediated by multiple receptors which recognize several signaling motifs whose activities are influenced by post-translational modifications and proteolytic processing of OPN. Understanding the role of OPN in mucosal inflammation is further complicated by its contributions to the barrier function of the lining epithelia and the complexity of the specialized mucosal immune system. In an attempt to provide some insights into the involvement of OPN in mucosal diseases, this review summarizes current knowledge of the biological activities of OPN involved in the development of inflammatory responses and in wound healing, and indicates how these activities may affect the protection of mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sodek
- CIHR Group in Matrix Dynamics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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12
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Alkan EA, Tüter G, Parlar A, Yücel A, Kurtiş B. Evaluation of peri-implant crevicular fluid prostaglandin E 2 levels in augmented extraction sockets by different biomaterials. Acta Odontol Scand 2016; 74:532-538. [PMID: 27546095 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2016.1214979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compares peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels, clinical parameters and implant stability quotient (ISQ) values around implants placed in augmented extraction sockets. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sockets (24 in total) were randomly augmented using either EMD or Bio-Oss Collagen. Implant placements were performed after three months of healing. ISQ readings were evaluated at three points: at the time of surgery, at the first month and at the third month. PICF was collected for PGE2 evaluation after the first and the third months of implant surgery. RESULTS After the first month, a higher level of PICF PGE2 was observed in the EMD group than in the Bio-Oss Collagen group, and this increase was of statistical significance; however, at the third month there was no statistically significant difference in PICF PGE2 levels between the two groups. For implants placed in EMD sites, ISQ values were statistically higher at the third month than at the first month, while no significant differences in ISQ value were detected between the first and third months in Bio-Oss Collagen sites. CONCLUSIONS The results of this research suggest that both EMD and Bio-Oss Collagen are effective treatment modalities for stimulating the formation of new bone at extraction sites prior to implant surgery.
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13
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Lemaitre M, Monsarrat P, Blasco‐Baque V, Loubières P, Burcelin R, Casteilla L, Planat‐Bénard V, Kémoun P. Periodontal Tissue Regeneration Using Syngeneic Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells in a Mouse Model. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:656-665. [PMID: 28191762 PMCID: PMC5442818 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatment of periodontitis is still associated with a high degree of variability in clinical outcomes. Recent advances in regenerative medicine by mesenchymal cells, including adipose stromal cells (ASC) have paved the way to improved periodontal regeneration (PD) but little is known about the biological processes involved. Here, we aimed to use syngeneic ASCs for periodontal regeneration in a new, relevant, bacteria‐induced periodontitis model in mice. Periodontal defects were induced in female C57BL6/J mice by oral gavage with periodontal pathogens. We grafted 2 × 105 syngeneic mouse ASCs expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) (GFP+/ASC) within a collagen vehicle in the lingual part of the first lower molar periodontium (experimental) while carrier alone was implanted in the contralateral side (control). Animals were sacrificed 0, 1, 6, and 12 weeks after treatment by GFP+/ASC or vehicle graft, and microscopic examination, immunofluorescence, and innovative bio‐informatics histomorphometry methods were used to reveal deep periodontium changes. From 1 to 6 weeks after surgery, GFP+ cells were identified in the periodontal ligament (PDL), in experimental sites only. After 12 weeks, cementum regeneration, the organization of PDL fibers, the number of PD vessels, and bone morphogenetic protein‐2 and osteopontin expression were greater in experimental sites than in controls. Specific stromal cell subsets were recruited in the newly formed tissue in ASC‐implanted periodontium only. These data suggest that ASC grafting in diseased deep periodontium, relevant to human pathology, induces a significant improvement of the PDL microenvironment, leading to a recovery of tooth‐supporting tissue homeostasis. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:656–665
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Lemaitre
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dental Faculty, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- CNRS ERL 5311, EFS, INPENVT, INSERM U1031, UPS, STROMALab, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Paul Monsarrat
- CNRS ERL 5311, EFS, INPENVT, INSERM U1031, UPS, STROMALab, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Radiology, Dental Faculty, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Blasco‐Baque
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dental Faculty, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- UMR1048, I2MC, UPS, INSERM, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascale Loubières
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dental Faculty, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- UMR1048, I2MC, UPS, INSERM, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Rémy Burcelin
- UMR1048, I2MC, UPS, INSERM, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Louis Casteilla
- CNRS ERL 5311, EFS, INPENVT, INSERM U1031, UPS, STROMALab, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Planat‐Bénard
- CNRS ERL 5311, EFS, INPENVT, INSERM U1031, UPS, STROMALab, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Kémoun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dental Faculty, Toulouse University Hospital, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Khojasteh A, Nazeman P, Rad MR. Dental Stem Cells in Oral, Maxillofacial and Craniofacial Regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28947-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Lin Z, Rios HF, Cochran DL. Emerging regenerative approaches for periodontal reconstruction: a systematic review from the AAP Regeneration Workshop. J Periodontol 2016; 86:S134-52. [PMID: 25644297 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.130689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
More than 30 years have passed since the first successful application of regenerative therapy for treatment of periodontal diseases. Despite being feasible, periodontal regeneration still faces numerous challenges, and complete restoration of structure and function of the diseased periodontium is often considered an unpredictable task. This review highlights developing basic science and technologies for potential application to achieve reconstruction of the periodontium. A comprehensive search of the electronic bibliographic database PubMed was conducted to identify different emerging therapeutic approaches reported to influence either biologic pathways and/or tissues involved in periodontal regeneration. Each citation was assessed based on its abstract, and the full text of potentially eligible reports was retrieved. Based on the review of the full papers, their suitability for inclusion in this report was determined. In principle, only reports from scientifically well-designed studies that presented preclinical in vivo (animal studies) or clinical (human studies) evidence for successful periodontal regeneration were included. Hence, in vitro studies, namely those conducted in laboratories without any live animals, were excluded. In case of especially recent and relevant reviews with a narrow focus on specific regenerative approaches, they were identified as such, and thereby the option of referring to them to summarize the status of a specific approach, in addition to or instead of listing each separately, was preserved. Admittedly, the presence of subjectivity in the selection of studies to include in this overview cannot be excluded. However, it is believed that the contemporary approaches described in this review collectively represent the current efforts that have reported preclinical or clinical methods to successfully enhance regeneration of the periodontium. Today's challenges facing periodontal regenerative therapy continue to stimulate important research and clinical development, which, in turn, shapes the current concept of periodontal tissue engineering. Emerging technologies--such as stem cell therapy, bone anabolic agents, genetic approaches, and nanomaterials--also offer unique opportunities to enhance the predictability of current regenerative surgical approaches and inspire development of novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Lin
- Department of Periodontics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA
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16
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Zhu W, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Cen L, Wang J. PDL regeneration via cell homing in delayed replantation of avulsed teeth. J Transl Med 2015; 13:357. [PMID: 26572489 PMCID: PMC4647325 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0719-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study was aimed to investigate whether regeneration of periodontal ligament (PDL) like tissue could be promoted by stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1) and bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP7) induced cell homing in delayed replantation of avulsed teeth. Methods Canine mandibular premolar teeth were first extracted and air-dried for 2 h followed by complete detachment of their PDL tissues. The crown and pulp of the teeth were also removed. Twenty-four roots divided into two groups (n = 12/group) were used for the following in vivo transplantation. The roots of Group A were treated with 17 % EDTA for 24 h to achieve demineralization, and then coated with SDF1 and BMP7 supplemented collagen solution. The roots of Group B were similarly treated except being coated with a pristine collagen solution. The above roots were transplanted in the sockets that formed previously during tooth extraction. At 6 months’ post-operation, PDL-like tissue composed of spindle-shaped cells, capillaries and highly organized collagen fibers was observed in the interstitial space between the avulsed root surface and surrounding alveolar bone in Group A. The neo-fibers inserted deeply and perpendicularly into the cementum and adjacent bone. The periodontium-like characteristics of the neo-tissue was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining for collagen I, fibronectin and osteocalcin. Results A high incidence of PDL re-establishment as 42 % was achieved for samples of Group A. However, no PDL-like tissue was found but root ankylosis and replacement resorption as well as inflammatory resorption was observed in the replanted roots of Group B. Conclusions It can be confirmed that avulsed teeth could be successfully rescued even in delayed transplantation to avoid dentoalveolar ankylosis or replacement resorption via the current developed cell homing method. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0719-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Lian Cen
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130, Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China. .,National Tissue Engineering Center of China, No. 68, East Jiang Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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17
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Hong JY, Bae WJ, Yi JK, Kim GT, Kim EC. Anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoclastogenic effects of zinc finger protein A20 overexpression in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res 2015; 51:529-39. [PMID: 26548452 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Although overexpression of the nuclear factor κB inhibitory and ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, its function in periodontal disease remains unknown. The aims of the present study were to evaluate A20 expression in patients with periodontitis and to study the effects of A20 overexpression, using a recombinant adenovirus encoding A20 (Ad-A20), on the inflammatory response and on osteoclastic differentiation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and nicotine-stimulated human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs). MATERIAL AND METHODS The concentration of prostaglandin E2 was measured by radioimmunoassay. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions and western blot analyses were used to measure mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Osteoclastic differentiation was assessed in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages using conditioned medium from LPS- and nicotine-treated hPDLCs. RESULTS A20 was upregulated in the gingival tissues and neutrophils from patients with periodontitis and in LPS- and nicotine-exposed hPDLCs. Pretreatment with A20 overexpression by Ad-A20 markedly attenuated LPS- and nicotine-induced production of prostaglandin E2 , as well as expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, A20 overexpression inhibited the number and size of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-stained osteoclasts, and downregulated osteoclast-specific gene expression. LPS- and nicotine-induced p38 phosphorylation and nuclear factor κB activation were blocked by Ad-A20. Ad-A20 inhibited the effects of nicotine and LPS on the activation of pan-protein kinase C, Akt, GSK-3β and protein kinase Cα. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate that A20 overexpression has anti-inflammatory effects and blocks osteoclastic differentiation in a nicotine- and LPS-stimulated hPDLC model. Thus, A20 overexpression may be a potential therapeutic target in inflammatory bone loss diseases, such as periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Hong
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - W-J Bae
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology & Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration (MRC), School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J-K Yi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - G-T Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - E-C Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology & Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration (MRC), School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Cementum and Periodontal Ligament Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 881:207-36. [PMID: 26545752 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22345-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The unique anatomy and composition of the periodontium make periodontal tissue healing and regeneration a complex process. Periodontal regeneration aims to recapitulate the crucial stages of wound healing associated with periodontal development in order to restore lost tissues to their original form and function and for regeneration to occur, healing events must progress in an ordered and programmed sequence both temporally and spatially, replicating key developmental events. A number of procedures have been employed to promote true and predictable regeneration of the periodontium. Principally, the approaches are based on the use of graft materials to compensate for the bone loss incurred as a result of periodontal disease, use of barrier membranes for guided tissue regeneration and use of bioactive molecules. More recently, the concept of tissue engineering has been integrated into research and applications of regenerative dentistry, including periodontics, to aim to manage damaged and lost oral tissues, through reconstruction and regeneration of the periodontium and alleviate the shortcomings of more conventional therapeutic options. The essential components for generating effective cellular based therapeutic strategies include a population of multi-potential progenitor cells, presence of signalling molecules/inductive morphogenic signals and a conductive extracellular matrix scaffold or appropriate delivery system. Mesenchymal stem cells are considered suitable candidates for cell-based tissue engineering strategies owing to their extensive expansion rate and potential to differentiate into cells of multiple organs and systems. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from multiple tissue sources have been investigated in pre-clinical animal studies and clinical settings for the treatment and regeneration of the periodontium.
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19
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Monsarrat P, Vergnes JN, Nabet C, Sixou M, Snead ML, Planat-Bénard V, Casteilla L, Kémoun P. Concise review: mesenchymal stromal cells used for periodontal regeneration: a systematic review. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:768-74. [PMID: 24744392 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease of the soft and hard tissues supporting the teeth. Recent advances in regenerative medicine and stem cell biology have paved the way for periodontal tissue engineering. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) delivered in situ to periodontal defects may exert their effects at multiple levels, including neovascularization, immunomodulation, and tissue regeneration. This systematic review had two goals: (a) to objectively quantify key elements for efficacy and safety of MSCs used for periodontal regeneration and (b) to identify patterns in the existing literature to explain differences between studies and suggest recommendations for future research. This systematic review provided good evidence of the capacity of MSCs to regenerate periodontal tissues in animals; however, experimentally generated defects used in animal studies do not sufficiently mimic the pathophysiology of periodontitis in humans. Moreover, the safety of such interventions in humans still needs to be studied. There were marked differences between experimental and control groups that may be influenced by characteristics that are crucial to address before translation to human clinical trials. We suggest that the appropriate combination of cell source, carrier type, and biomolecules, as well as the inclusion of critical path issues for a given clinical case, should be further explored and refined before transitioning to clinical trials. Future studies should investigate periodontal regenerative procedures in animal models, including rodents, in which the defects generated are designed to more accurately reflect the inflammatory status of the host and the shift in their pathogenic microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Monsarrat
- STROMALab, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; INSERM, Toulouse, France; Etablissement Français du Sang Pyrénées-Méditerranée, Toulouse, France; Departments of Public Health and Biology, Toulouse Faculty of Dentistry, Paul Sabatier University and Toulouse University Hospital, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jean-Noël Vergnes
- STROMALab, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; INSERM, Toulouse, France; Etablissement Français du Sang Pyrénées-Méditerranée, Toulouse, France; Departments of Public Health and Biology, Toulouse Faculty of Dentistry, Paul Sabatier University and Toulouse University Hospital, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cathy Nabet
- STROMALab, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; INSERM, Toulouse, France; Etablissement Français du Sang Pyrénées-Méditerranée, Toulouse, France; Departments of Public Health and Biology, Toulouse Faculty of Dentistry, Paul Sabatier University and Toulouse University Hospital, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michel Sixou
- STROMALab, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; INSERM, Toulouse, France; Etablissement Français du Sang Pyrénées-Méditerranée, Toulouse, France; Departments of Public Health and Biology, Toulouse Faculty of Dentistry, Paul Sabatier University and Toulouse University Hospital, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Malcolm L Snead
- STROMALab, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; INSERM, Toulouse, France; Etablissement Français du Sang Pyrénées-Méditerranée, Toulouse, France; Departments of Public Health and Biology, Toulouse Faculty of Dentistry, Paul Sabatier University and Toulouse University Hospital, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Valérie Planat-Bénard
- STROMALab, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; INSERM, Toulouse, France; Etablissement Français du Sang Pyrénées-Méditerranée, Toulouse, France; Departments of Public Health and Biology, Toulouse Faculty of Dentistry, Paul Sabatier University and Toulouse University Hospital, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Louis Casteilla
- STROMALab, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; INSERM, Toulouse, France; Etablissement Français du Sang Pyrénées-Méditerranée, Toulouse, France; Departments of Public Health and Biology, Toulouse Faculty of Dentistry, Paul Sabatier University and Toulouse University Hospital, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Philippe Kémoun
- STROMALab, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; INSERM, Toulouse, France; Etablissement Français du Sang Pyrénées-Méditerranée, Toulouse, France; Departments of Public Health and Biology, Toulouse Faculty of Dentistry, Paul Sabatier University and Toulouse University Hospital, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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In vivo differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells leads to formation of dental hard tissue. J Orofac Orthop 2013; 74:494-505. [DOI: 10.1007/s00056-013-0155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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21
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Wolf M, Jäger A, Abuduwali N, Götz W, Lossdörfer S. Continuous PTH modulates alkaline phosphatase activity in human PDL cells via protein kinase C dependent pathways in vitro. Ann Anat 2013; 195:455-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Adachi K, Amemiya T, Nakamura T, Honjyo K, Kumamoto S, Yamamoto T, Bentley AJ, Fullwood NJ, Kinoshita S, Kanamura N. Human periodontal ligament cell sheets cultured on amniotic membrane substrate. Oral Dis 2013; 20:582-90. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Adachi
- Department of Dental Medicine; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - T Amemiya
- Department of Dental Medicine; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - T Nakamura
- Department of Ophthalmology; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
- Research Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine; Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences; Doshisha University; Kyoto Japan
| | - K Honjyo
- Department of Dental Medicine; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
- Department of Immunology; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - S Kumamoto
- Department of Dental Medicine; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - T Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Medicine; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - AJ Bentley
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences; Lancaster University; Lancaster UK
| | - NJ Fullwood
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences; Lancaster University; Lancaster UK
| | - S Kinoshita
- Department of Ophthalmology; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - N Kanamura
- Department of Dental Medicine; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
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Han J, Menicanin D, Marino V, Ge S, Mrozik K, Gronthos S, Bartold PM. Assessment of the regenerative potential of allogeneic periodontal ligament stem cells in a rodent periodontal defect model. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:333-45. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Han
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre; School of Dentistry; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - D. Menicanin
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre; School of Dentistry; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - V. Marino
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre; School of Dentistry; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - S. Ge
- Department of Periodontology; School of Stomatology; Shandong University; Jinan China
| | - K. Mrozik
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre; School of Dentistry; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - S. Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory; School of Medical Sciences; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - P. M. Bartold
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre; School of Dentistry; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
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Histological comparison of healing following tooth extraction with ridge preservation using enamel matrix derivatives versus Bio-Oss Collagen: a pilot study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013; 42:1522-8. [PMID: 23845297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present clinical study was to evaluate new bone formation in human extraction sockets augmented with enamel matrix derivatives (EMD) and Bio-Oss Collagen. Patients with symmetrical single-rooted teeth in the bilateral quadrants of the upper jaw condemned for extraction participated in this study. Following extraction, the sockets (20 sockets) were randomly augmented using either EMD or Bio-Oss Collagen. After 3 months of healing, bone biopsies were obtained and prepared for histological analyses. Dental implants were then placed. Implant stability quotient (ISQ) readings were obtained for each implant at the time of surgery and at 1 and 3 months postoperatively. The mean new bone formation was 34.57 ± 25.67% in the EMD sites and 28.80 ± 16.14% in the Bio-Oss Collagen sites. There was no significant difference between the groups. The ISQ values were significantly higher for the implants placed in the EMD sites at the first and third months, but no significant differences were observed in the ISQ values for the implants placed in the Bio-Oss Collagen sites. The augmentation of the extraction sockets with EMD or Bio-Oss Collagen leads to similar behaviour in bone regeneration.
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Surgical Approaches Based on Biological Objectives: GTR versus GBR Techniques. Int J Dent 2013; 2013:521547. [PMID: 23843792 PMCID: PMC3697289 DOI: 10.1155/2013/521547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Guided tissue regenerative (GTR) therapies are performed to regenerate the previously lost tooth supporting structure, thus maintaining the aesthetics and masticatory function of the available dentition. Alveolar ridge augmentation procedures (GBR) intend to regain the alveolar bone lost following tooth extraction and/or periodontal disease. Several biomaterials and surgical approaches have been proposed. In this paper we report biomaterials and surgical techniques used for periodontal and bone regenerative procedures. Particular attention will be adopted to highlight the biological basis for the different therapeutic approaches.
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Wolf M, Lossdorfer S, Kupper K, Jager A. Regulation of high mobility group box protein 1 expression following mechanical loading by orthodontic forces in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Orthod 2013; 36:624-31. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjt037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Hynes K, Menicanin D, Gronthos S, Bartold PM. Clinical utility of stem cells for periodontal regeneration. Periodontol 2000 2012; 59:203-27. [PMID: 22507067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2012.00443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to discuss the clinical utility of stem cells in periodontal regeneration by reviewing relevant literature that assesses the periodontal-regenerative potential of stem cells. We considered and described the main stem cell populations that have been utilized with regard to periodontal regeneration, including bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and the main dental-derived mesenchymal stem cell populations: periodontal ligament stem cells, dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, stem cells from apical papilla and dental follicle precursor cells. Research into the use of stem cells for tissue regeneration has the potential to significantly influence periodontal treatment strategies in the future.
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Pagni G, Kaigler D, Rasperini G, Avila-Ortiz G, Bartel R, Giannobile W. Bone repair cells for craniofacial regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1310-9. [PMID: 22433781 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reconstruction of complex craniofacial deformities is a clinical challenge in situations of injury, congenital defects or disease. The use of cell-based therapies represents one of the most advanced methods for enhancing the regenerative response for craniofacial wound healing. Both somatic and stem cells have been adopted in the treatment of complex osseous defects and advances have been made in finding the most adequate scaffold for the delivery of cell therapies in human regenerative medicine. As an example of such approaches for clinical application for craniofacial regeneration, Ixmyelocel-T or bone repair cells are a source of bone marrow derived stem and progenitor cells. They are produced through the use of single pass perfusion bioreactors for CD90+ mesenchymal stem cells and CD14+ monocyte/macrophage progenitor cells. The application of ixmyelocel-T has shown potential in the regeneration of muscular, vascular, nervous and osseous tissue. The purpose of this manuscript is to highlight cell therapies used to repair bony and soft tissue defects in the oral and craniofacial complex. The field at this point remains at an early stage, however this review will provide insights into the progress being made using cell therapies for eventual development into clinical practice.
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Wolf M, Lossdörfer S, Abuduwali N, Jäger A. Potential role of high mobility group box protein 1 and intermittent PTH (1-34) in periodontal tissue repair following orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 17:989-97. [PMID: 22777389 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies indicate that high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) can be released by necrotic and damaged cells and functions as an alarmin that is recognized by the innate immune system. Little is known about the role of HMGB1 within the periodontal ligament (PDL). Therefore, we examined HMGB1 expression by PDL cells in vitro and compared the findings to an in vivo model of orthodontically induced tooth root resorption. In addition, we addressed the question of whether a potentially anabolic intermittent administration of parathyroid hormone (iPTH) would modulate the expression of HMGB1. MATERIALS AND METHODS In confluent PDL cell cultures, HMGB1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. In a rat model comprising 25 animals, mechanical loading for 5 days was followed by administration of either iPTH (1-34) systemically or sham injections for up to 56 days. HMGB1 expression was determined by means of immunohistochemistry and histomorphometry. RESULTS The in vitro experiments revealed an inhibitory effect of iPTH on basal HMGB1 mRNA expression in confluent PDL cells. In vivo, the mechanical force-induced enhanced HMGB1 protein expression declined time dependently. Intermittent PTH further inhibited HMGB1 expression. The significantly higher basal HMGB1 protein expression in the former compression side was followed by a more pronounced time- and iPTH-dependent decline in the same area. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate a major role for HMGB1 in the regulation of PDL wound healing following mechanical load-induced tissue injury. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The findings point to the potential benefit of iPTH in the attempt to support these immune-associated reparative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wolf
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
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Wolf M, Lossdörfer S, Abuduwali N, Meyer R, Kebir S, Götz W, Jäger A. Effect of intermittent PTH(1-34) on human periodontal ligament cells transplanted into immunocompromised mice. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:1849-56. [PMID: 22497226 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Residual periodontal ligament (PDL) cells in the damaged tissue are considered a prerequisite for a successful regeneration of the periodontal architecture with all its components, including gingiva, PDL, cementum, and bone. Among other approaches, current concepts in tissue engineering aim at a hormonal support of the regenerative capacity of PDL cells as well as at a supplementation of lost cells for regeneration. Here, we investigated how far an anabolic, intermittent parathyroid hormone (iPTH) administration would enhance the osteoblastic differentiation of PDL cells and the cellular ability to mineralize the extracellular matrix in an in vivo transplantation model. PDL cells were predifferentiated in a standard osteogenic medium for 3 weeks before subcutaneous transplantation into CD-1 nude mice using gelatin sponges as carrier. Daily injections of 40 μg/kg body weight PTH(1-34) or an equivalent dose of vehicle for 4 weeks were followed by explantation of the specimens and an immunohistochemical analysis of the osteoblastic marker proteins alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin, and osteocalcin. Signs of biomineralization were visualized by means of alizarin red staining. For verification of the systemic effect of iPTH application, blood serum levels of osteocalcin were determined. The osteogenic medium stimulated the expression of ALP and PTH1-receptor mRNA in the cultures. After transplantation, iPTH resulted in an increased cytoplasmic and extracellular immunoreactivity for all markers investigated. In contrast to only sporadic areas of mineralization under control conditions, several foci of mineralization were observed in the iPTH group. Blood serum levels of osteocalcin were elevated significantly with iPTH. These data indicate that the osteoblastic differentiation of human PDL cells and their ability for biomineralization can be positively influenced by iPTH in vivo. These findings hold out a promising prospect for the support of periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wolf
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Sooampon S, Manokawinchoke J, Pavasant P. Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 regulates osteoprotegerin/RANKL homeostasis in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res 2012; 48:22-9. [PMID: 22587561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2012.01493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence has shown the presence of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) in a variety of nonneuronal tissues; however, the function of TRPV1 in these cells is not well understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression and function of TRPV1 in human periodontal ligament (HPDL) cells. As HPDL cells are known to play an important role in the bone-remodeling process, we hypothesized that TRPV1 might be implicated in the regulation of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and RANKL expression. MATERIAL AND METHODS TRPV1 expression was examined by western blot analysis. The function of TRPV1 was studied using capsaicin, a well-known TRPV1 agonist. RT-PCR was performed to study the expression of OPG and RANKL mRNAs. The expression of OPG and RANKL proteins was analyzed by ELISA and western blotting, respectively. The mechanisms of capsaicin-induced OPG expression in HPDL cells were studied using inhibitors. RESULTS In this study we found that TRPV1 was present in HPDL cells. Treatment with capsaicin induced OPG expression in a dose-dependent manner but did not affect the expression of RANKL. The increase of the OPG/RANKL ratio was also found in human osteoblasts, but not in MC3T3-E1 cells, a mouse osteoblastic cell line, suggesting species specificity. Capsazepine, the competitive TRPV1 antagonist, significantly abolished the effect of capsaicin on OPG expression in HPDL cells. In addition, studies investigating the effects of a calcium chelator and a phospholipase C inhibitor indicated that calcium ions and phospholipase C were required for the induction. Interestingly, capsaicin was able to increase the OPG/RANKL ratio, even in the presence of prostaglandin E2, a potent inducer of RANKL. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that activation of TRPV1 leads to an increase of the OPG/RANKL ratio in HPDL cells. These findings suggest the novel function of TRPV1 in periodontal tissues, at least, as the regulator of the OPG/RANKL axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sooampon
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Improved methods for detection of β-galactosidase (lacZ) activity in hard tissue. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 137:841-7. [PMID: 22371055 PMCID: PMC3353101 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-0936-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The β-galactosidase gene (lacZ) of Escherichia coli is widely used as a reporter gene. The expression of lacZ can be detected by enzyme-based histochemical staining using chromogenic substrates such as 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D: -galactoside (X-gal). Because the enzymatic activity of lacZ is vulnerable to high temperatures and acid treatment for demineralization, detection of lacZ on paraffinized sections is difficult, especially for hard tissues, which require demineralization before sectioning in paraffin. To circumvent this problem, whole-mount X-gal staining before sectioning is performed. However, detection of lacZ activity in the center of larger portions of hard whole adult tissues is challenging. In this study, focusing on fixation procedures, we determined the conditions conducive to improved detection of lacZ activity in deeper areas of whole tissues. We used an annexin a5 (Anxa5)-lacZ reporter mouse model in which the Anxa5 expression in hard tissue is indicated by lacZ activity. We found that lacZ activity could be detected throughout the periodontal ligament of adult mice when fixed in 100% acetone, whereas it was not detected in the periodontal ligament around the root apex fixed in glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde. This staining could not be detected in wild-type mice. Acetone maintains the lacZ activity within 48 h of fixation at both 4°C and at room temperature. In conclusion, acetone is the optimal fixative to improve permeability for staining of lacZ activity in large volumes of adult hard tissues.
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Periodontal healing by periodontal ligament cell sheets in a teeth replantation model. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:169-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rios HF, Lin Z, Oh B, Park CH, Giannobile WV. Cell- and gene-based therapeutic strategies for periodontal regenerative medicine. J Periodontol 2011; 82:1223-37. [PMID: 21284553 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.100710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory periodontal diseases are a leading cause of tooth loss and are linked to multiple systemic conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and stroke. Reconstruction of the support and function of affected tooth-supporting tissues represents an important therapeutic endpoint for periodontal regenerative medicine. An improved understanding of periodontal biology coupled with current advances in scaffolding matrices has introduced novel treatments that use cell and gene therapy to enhance periodontal tissue reconstruction and its biomechanical integration. Cell and gene delivery technologies have the potential to overcome limitations associated with existing periodontal therapies, and may provide a new direction in sustainable inflammation control and more predictable tissue regeneration of supporting alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum. This review provides clinicians with the current status of these early-stage and emerging cell- and gene-based therapeutics in periodontal regenerative medicine, and introduces their future application in clinical periodontal treatment. The paper concludes with prospects on the application of cell and gene tissue engineering technologies for reconstructive periodontology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector F Rios
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–1078, USA.
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Mi HW, Lee MC, Fu E, Chow LP, Lin CP. Highly efficient multipotent differentiation of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts induced by combined BMP4 and hTERT gene transfer. Gene Ther 2011; 18:452-61. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Shimabukuro Y, Terashima H, Takedachi M, Maeda K, Nakamura T, Sawada K, Kobashi M, Awata T, Oohara H, Kawahara T, Iwayama T, Hashikawa T, Yanagita M, Yamada S, Murakami S. Fibroblast growth factor-2 stimulates directed migration of periodontal ligament cells via PI3K/AKT signaling and CD44/hyaluronan interaction. J Cell Physiol 2010; 226:809-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Qian H, Zhao Y, Peng Y, Han C, Li S, Huo N, Ding Y, Duan Y, Xiong L, Sang H. Activation of cannabinoid receptor CB2 regulates osteogenic and osteoclastogenic gene expression in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:504-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
The human innate regenerative ability is known to be limited by the intensity of the insult together with the availability of progenitor cells, which may cause certain irreparable damage. It is only recently that the paradigm of tissue engineering found its way to the treatment of irreversibly affected body structures with the challenge of reconstructing the lost part. In the current review, we underline recent trials that target engineering of human craniofacial structures, mainly bone, cartilage, and teeth. We analyze the applied engineering strategies relative to the selection of cell types to lay down a specific targeted tissue, together with their association with an escorting scaffold for a particular engineered site, and discuss their necessity to be sustained by growth factors. Challenges and expectations for facial skeletal engineering are discussed in the context of future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Zaky
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, and Dipartimento di Oncologia, Biologia e Genetica dell'Universita' di Genova, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Yongchaitrakul T, Manokawinchoke J, Pavasant P. Osteoprotegerin induces osteopontin via syndecan-1 and phosphoinositol 3-kinase/Akt in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res 2009; 44:776-83. [PMID: 19602124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Our previous study found that thrombin induced osteoprotegerin synthesis in human periodontal ligament cells. As elevated levels of osteoprotegerin can exert biological effects on various cell types, in the present study we investigated the effect of osteoprotegerin on the expression of osteopontin in human periodontal ligament cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cultured human periodontal ligament cells were treated with recombinant human osteoprotegerin (0-100 ng/mL) for 24-48 h. The expression of osteopontin mRNA and protein was analyzed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses, respectively. Phosphoinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, Akt inhibitor, heparinase, neutralizing antibody against receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and syndecan-1, and small interfering RNA against syndecan-1, were used to determine the mechanism involved. RESULTS Osteoprotegerin up-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of osteopontin in human periodontal ligament cells in a dose-dependent manner. Addition of neutralizing antibody against RANKL attenuated the inductive effect of osteoprotegerin on osteopontin expression. In addition, the inductive effect of osteoprotegerin was abolished by phosphoinositol 3-kinase and Akt inhibitors, as well as by syndecan-1 antibody or syndecan-1 small interfering RNA. None of the inhibitors had any effect on the background level of osteopontin expression. CONCLUSION An increased level of osteoprotegerin can generate signals via a RANKL/syndecan-1/phosphoinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. The results also suggest that osteopontin is one of the downstream targets of the pathway mediated by osteoprotegerin in human periodontal ligament cells. Thus, in addition to counteracting RANKL in the RANKL-osteoprotegerin system, osteoprotegerin may play a role in periodontal tissue remodeling through modulation of the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yongchaitrakul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
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Dannan A. Dental-derived Stem Cells and whole Tooth Regeneration: an Overview. J Clin Med Res 2009; 1:63-71. [PMID: 22505970 PMCID: PMC3318856 DOI: 10.4021/jocmr2009.03.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The need for new dental tissue-replacement therapies is evident in recent reports which reveal startling statistics regarding the high incidence of tooth decay and tooth loss. Recent advances in the identification and characterization of dental stem cells, and in dental tissue-engineering strategies, suggest that bioengineering approaches may successfully be used to regenerate dental tissues and whole teeth. Interest in dental tissue-regeneration applications continues to increase as clinically relevant methods for the generation of bioengineered dental tissues, and whole teeth, continue to improve. This paper is concerned about dental-derived stem cells and their characterization. Additionally, since conventional dental treatments partially serve the purpose for replacing missing teeth and always include possible failure rates, the potential of dental-derived stem cells in promoting whole tooth regeneration is also discussed. KEYWORDS Dental stem cells; Tissue engineering; Tooth regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aous Dannan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
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Nakajima K, Abe T, Tanaka M, Hara Y. Periodontal tissue engineering by transplantation of multilayered sheets of phenotypically modified gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:681-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Nayak BN, Wiltshire WA, Ganss B, Tenenbaum H, McCulloch CAG, Lekic C. Healing of periodontal tissues following transplantation of cells in a rat orthodontic tooth movement model. Angle Orthod 2008; 78:826-31. [PMID: 18298213 DOI: 10.2319/082807-396.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the fate and differentiation of transplanted periodontal ligament (PL) precursor cells and mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and their relative capacity to regenerate wounded periodontium. MATERIALS AND METHODS Orthodontic tooth movement was introduced 24 hours before transplantation of PL or ES cells, and rats were euthanized either 24 hours or 72 hours after cell transplantation. The control rats received either no tooth movement and no cell transplantation or tooth movement and no cell transplantation. Differentiation of transplanted cells was assessed from mandibular periodontal histological tissue sections by immunohistochemical methods using monoclonal antibodies against PL cell differentiation markers. Data were analyzed using Student's t-test at a significance level of P = .05. RESULTS Transplantation of PL and ES cells resulted in a higher number of osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and alpha-smooth muscle actin labeled transplanted cells, predominantly around the blood vessels of the periodontium in study rats compared with control rats (cell transplantation but no orthodontic tooth movement, P = .05). Combined treatments of tooth movement and cell transplantation resulted in enhanced regeneration of the periodontium as a result of tooth movement. Transplantation of PL cells induced a higher number of differentiating cells in the PL and alveolar bone than did transplantation of ES cells. CONCLUSIONS Orthodontic tooth movement promotes the differentiation of transplanted cells, and the differentiation occurs predominantly in the paravascular areas of the periodontium. In terms of regeneration of wounded periodontium, transplantation of PL cells produced a higher level of regeneration than ES cells, possibly because of PL cell plasticity and the capacity to undergo effective differentiation in the periodontal cellular microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob N Nayak
- Medical Genetics and Biochemistry/Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Hayami T, Kapila YL, Kapila S. MMP-1 (collagenase-1) and MMP-13 (collagenase-3) differentially regulate markers of osteoblastic differentiation in osteogenic cells. Matrix Biol 2008; 27:682-92. [PMID: 18755271 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship between constitutive or stimulated collagenase expression and osteoblastic phenotype of osteogenic cells. However, the direct effects of cell-secreted collagenases on osteoblastic differentiation, and the precise contributions of the key collagenolytic MMPs, MMP-1 and -13 to the modulation of specific osteoblastic markers have not been elucidated. Early passage osteogenic human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells were exposed to exogenous collagenase-1 in the presence and absence of dexamethasone. Alternatively, endogenous collagenases were modulated by transfecting the cells with cDNA or siRNA to MMP-1 and/or -13. Specific osteoblastic markers and collagenase expression and activity were then assayed. Increasing concentrations of exogenous collagenase or endogenous MMP-1 and -13 produced a dose-dependent decrease in AP activity. Conversely, a dose-dependent increase in AP activity was observed with increasing concentrations of MMP-1 or MMP-13 siRNA. Overexpression of MMP-1 resulted in a significant decrease in Runx2, osteonectin (ON), osteopontin (OP), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteocalcin (OC), but an increase in osterix (Osx) mRNA levels. In contrast, knockdown of MMP-1 caused a significant increase in Runx2, ON, OP, BSP and OC levels and a decrease in Osx levels. MMP-13 overexpression resulted in diminished levels of Osx, OP and BSP, while its knockdown caused a significant increase in Osx and OP levels and a significant decrease in ON levels. The accretion of matrix molecules including collagen I(alpha1) in cell-matrix extracts paralleled the changes in their respective mRNAs. Simultaneous suppression of both MMP-1 and -13 resulted in significant increases in all osteoblastic markers assayed. MMP-1 and -13 differentially regulate osteoblastic markers and their combined suppression is important for the elaboration of an osteoblastic phenotype in PDL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Hayami
- The University of Michigan, 1011 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.
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Yang ZH, Zhang XJ, Dang NN, Ma ZF, Xu L, Wu JJ, Sun YJ, Duan YZ, Lin Z, Jin Y. Apical tooth germ cell-conditioned medium enhances the differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells into cementum/periodontal ligament-like tissues. J Periodontal Res 2008; 44:199-210. [PMID: 18624943 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Limitations of current periodontal regeneration modalities in both predictability and extent of healing response, especially on new cementum and attachment formation, underscore the importance of restoring or providing a microenvironment that is capable of promoting the differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) towards cementoblast-like cells and the formation of cementum/periodontal ligament-like tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the biological effect of conditioned medium from developing apical tooth germ cells (APTG-CM) on the differentiation and cementogenesis of PDLSCs both in vitro and in vivo. MATERIAL AND METHODS Using the limiting dilution technique, single-colony-derived human PDLSCs were isolated and expanded to obtain homogeneous populations of PDLSCs. Morphological appearance, cell cycle analysis, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineralization behavior, gene expression of cementoblast phenotype and in vivo differentiation capacities of PDLSCs co-cultured with APTG-CM were evaluated. RESULTS The induced PDLSCs exhibited several characteristics of cementoblast lineages, as indicated by the morphological changes, increased proliferation, high ALP activity, and the expression of cementum-related genes and calcified nodule formation in vitro. When transplanted into immunocompromised mice, the induced PDLSCs showed tissue-regenerative capacity to produce cementum/periodontal ligament-like structures, characterized by a layer of cementum-like mineralized tissues and associated periodontal ligament-like collagen fibers connecting with the newly formed cementum-like deposits, whereas control, untreated PDLSCs transplants mainly formed connective tissues. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that APTG-CM is able to provide a cementogenic microenvironment and induce differentiation of PDLSCs along the cementoblastic lineage. This has important implications for periodontal engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-H Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Millitary Medical University, 145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Hou LT, Li TI, Liu CM, Liu BY, Liu CL, Mi HW. Modulation of osteogenic potential by recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2 in human periodontal ligament cells: effect of serum, culture medium, and osteoinductive medium. J Periodontal Res 2007; 42:244-52. [PMID: 17451544 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Bone morphogenic proteins are known, in animal models, to promote many developmental processes, including osteogenesis. Clinical trials are currently underway to evaluate the potential of bone morphogenic proteins to promote bone and periodontal regeneration in humans. The aim of this study was to establish an optimal cell culture condition for using to study the biological effects of recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2 on periodontal ligament cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS The roles of serum concentration, types of culture medium (alpha-modified essential medium or Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium), the presence of osteoinductive medium (including dexamethasone, ascorbic acid and beta-glycerophosphate), and timing of addition of the osteoinductive medium and recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2, on the expression of alkaline phosphatase were investigated in cultured periodontal ligament cells. Cytochemical stainings and biological assay of alkaline phosphatase were also demonstrated. RESULTS Our results suggested that an increased concentration of serum might mask the effect of recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2 on the expression of alkaline phosphatase in periodontal ligament cells. alpha-Modified essential medium was found to induce a stronger cytochemical staining of the alkaline phosphatase than Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium under similar culture conditions. Pre-incubation of cells with osteoinductive medium before the addition of various concentrations of recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2 enhanced greater alkaline phosphatase expression than the simultaneous presence of both osteoinductive medium and recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that the effect of recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2 on periodontal ligament cells could be efficiently investigated after the proper selection of culture variables and temporal sequence of adding bioactive factors. The optimal culture condition identified in this study might be useful in further studies to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of periodontal ligament cells in periodontal regeneration after stimulation with recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-T Hou
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and Department of Periodontology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Han J, Meng HX, Tang JM, Li SL, Tang Y, Chen ZB. The effect of different platelet-rich plasma concentrations on proliferation and differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells in vitro. Cell Prolif 2007; 40:241-52. [PMID: 17472730 PMCID: PMC6496883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2007.00430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The use of platelets and platelet products has become increasingly popular clinically as a means of accelerating endosseous wound healing. It is likely that growth factors released by activated platelets at the site of injury play a role in periodontal regeneration by regulating cellular activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biological effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary cultures of hPDLCs were obtained from healthy premolars. PRP was isolated by two-step centrifugation. Two main growth factors present in the thrombin-activated PRP (platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF-AB] and transforming growth factor-beta1 [TGF-beta1]) were evaluated using ELISA assay. Activated PRP or the combination of recombined human TGF-beta1 (rhTGF-beta1) and PDGF-AB (rhPDGF-AB) were added to hPDLCs in different concentrations to assess cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. RESULTS PRP contained high levels of TGF-beta1 and PDGF-AB. Cell attachment, proliferation and ALP activity were enhanced by addition of PRP or rhTGF-beta1 and rhPDGF-AB combination to the cell cultures, while the stimulatory potency of PRP was much greater than the latter. These stimulatory effects presented in a dose-dependant manner, it seemed that PRP with 50~100 ng/ml TGF-beta1 was an ideal concentration. CONCLUSIONS PRP can enhance hPDLC adhesion, proliferation and induce the differentiation of hPDLC into mineralized tissue formation cell; thereby contribute to the main processes of periodontal tissue regeneration. For economical and biological reasons, PRP has more clinical beneficial than analogous growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Han
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Benatti BB, Silvério KG, Casati MZ, Sallum EA, Nociti FH. Physiological features of periodontal regeneration and approaches for periodontal tissue engineering utilizing periodontal ligament cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 103:1-6. [PMID: 17298893 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.103.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies have shown that the potential of periodontal regeneration seems to be limited by the regenerative capacity of the cells involved. The regeneration of damaged periodontal tissues is mediated by various periodontal cells and is regulated by a vast array of extracellular matrix informational molecules that induce both selective and nonselective responses in different cell lineages and their precursors. In this paper, we first review periodontal ligament tissue and its different cell subpopulations including fibroblasts and paravascular stem cells, and their functions during the development and homeostasis of periodontal tissues. Because conventional periodontal regeneration methods remain insufficient to obtain a complete and reliable periodontal regeneration, the concept of periodontal tissue engineering has been based on the generation of the conditions necessary to improve the healing of periodontal tissues. Additionally, the potential of periodontal ligament cells for use in periodontal tissue engineering to overcome the limitations of conventional periodontal regenerative therapies is discussed, followed by an update of the recent progress and future directions of research utilizing periodontal ligament cells for predictable periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Braga Benatti
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry at Piracicaba, UNICAMP, Av. Limeira 901, CEP 13414-903, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mao JJ, Giannobile WV, Helms JA, Hollister SJ, Krebsbach PH, Longaker MT, Shi S. Craniofacial tissue engineering by stem cells. J Dent Res 2007; 85:966-79. [PMID: 17062735 PMCID: PMC2571078 DOI: 10.1177/154405910608501101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial tissue engineering promises the regeneration or de novo formation of dental, oral, and craniofacial structures lost to congenital anomalies, trauma, and diseases. Virtually all craniofacial structures are derivatives of mesenchymal cells. Mesenchymal stem cells are the offspring of mesenchymal cells following asymmetrical division, and reside in various craniofacial structures in the adult. Cells with characteristics of adult stem cells have been isolated from the dental pulp, the deciduous tooth, and the periodontium. Several craniofacial structures--such as the mandibular condyle, calvarial bone, cranial suture, and subcutaneous adipose tissue--have been engineered from mesenchymal stem cells, growth factor, and/or gene therapy approaches. As a departure from the reliance of current clinical practice on durable materials such as amalgam, composites, and metallic alloys, biological therapies utilize mesenchymal stem cells, delivered or internally recruited, to generate craniofacial structures in temporary scaffolding biomaterials. Craniofacial tissue engineering is likely to be realized in the foreseeable future, and represents an opportunity that dentistry cannot afford to miss.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Mao
- Columbia University College of Dental Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, 630 W. 168 St.--PH7 CDM, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Hayami T, Zhang Q, Kapila Y, Kapila S. Dexamethasone's enhancement of osteoblastic markers in human periodontal ligament cells is associated with inhibition of collagenase expression. Bone 2007; 40:93-104. [PMID: 16934542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 07/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although dexamethasone (Dex) substantially enhances the osteoblastic phenotype in osteogenic cells, including human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells, the basis for this response remains poorly understood. Since the accretion of a collagenous matrix is important for an osteoblastic response and dexamethasone is known to decrease collagenase expression, we examined whether osteoblastic differentiation mediated by Dex is linked to a decrease in collagenase expression in PDL cells. Early passage human PDL cells were exposed to Dex, or ascorbic acid (AA) or beta-glycerophosphate (betaGP) alone, or in various combinations in serum-free media for 3 or 5 days. Cells exposed to Dex alone or any combinations of treatments that included Dex demonstrated increased core binding factor alpha 1 (Cbfa1), alkaline phosphatase (AP), osteonectin (ON), osteopontin (OP), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and collagen I (alpha1) expression when compared to control cells or those exposed to AA or betaGP. The induction of these osteoblastic markers was accompanied by a decrease in collagenase-1 expression. Collagenase activity showed a statistically significant strong negative relationship to Cbfa1 (Pearson's r=-0.97), AP (r=-0.87), OP (r=-0.95) and BSP (r=-0.82) in 5-day cultures, and moderately strong relationship to ON (r=-0.74) from 3 days culture. Dex also produced a dose-dependent increase in AP that was paralleled by a decrease in collagenase activity (r=-0.98). Addition of collagenase inhibitors increased AP expression while concomitantly suppressing collagenase activity. Conversely, addition of exogenous collagenase decreased the AP phenotype of the cells, which was more marked in the absence then in the presence of Dex. The findings indicate that Dex enhances specific markers of osteoblastic differentiation in PDL cells by decreasing collagenase expression, and suggest that endogenous collagenase may regulate osteoblastic differentiation of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Hayami
- University of Michigan, 1011 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
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Lallier TE, Spencer A. Use of microarrays to find novel regulators of periodontal ligament fibroblast differentiation. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 327:93-109. [PMID: 17024420 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0282-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal regeneration requires the coordinated movement and differentiation of several cell types in order to re-establish the cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL), and alveolar bone. Cells in culture are often used as model systems for mature tissues, although they may represent expanded progenitor cell populations. Comparison of transcript expression between fresh PDL tissue and PDL cell isolates by MicroArray analysis has revealed numerous molecular differences. Several transcripts (including alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, periostin, and fibromodulin) are expressed at higher levels in fresh PDL than in cultured PDL cells. In contrast, PDL cells in culture selectively express a variety of growth factors. Several of these growth factors alter PDL fibroblast behavior. Two members of the transforming growth factor beta family of growth factors, namely, bone morphogenic protein-7 (BMP7) and growth differentiation factor-5 (GDF5), reduce cell proliferation and Stro-1 expression (a bone marrow stromal stem cell marker), whereas only BMP7 induces alkaline phosphatase activity. In contrast, fibroblast growth factor-5 induces enhanced cell proliferation and Stro-1 expression, while repressing alkaline phosphatase activity. The stimulation of PDL cells to differentiate (either by BMP7 or GDF5) inhibits cell motility. Thus, PDL cells in culture are regulated by several factors that differentially stimulate a mineralized (cementoblast-like) fate, a non-mineralized fate (mature fibroblasts), or the propagation of a more naive phenotype (potential progenitors).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Lallier
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Center of Excellence in Oral and Craniofacial Biology, School of Dentistry, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, 1100 Florida Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA.
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