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Hwang KE, Kim YS, Hwang YR, Kwon SJ, Park DS, Cha BK, Kim BR, Yoon KH, Jeong ET, Kim HR. Enhanced apoptosis by pemetrexed and simvastatin in malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer cells by reactive oxygen species-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and Bim induction. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1769-77. [PMID: 25096993 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemetrexed is a multitarget antifolate currently used for the treatment of malignant mesothelioma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors used primarily for hyperlidpidemia, have been studied for their antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects. However, the effects of simvastatin on pemetrexed-induced apoptosis have not been investigated. In this study, we investigated whether combination treatment with pemetrexed and simvastatin potentiates the apoptotic activity above that is seen with either drug alone in malignant mesothelioma and NSCLC cells. We found that the combination of pemetrexed and simvastatin induced more extensive caspase-dependent apoptosis than either drug alone in malignant mesothelioma cells (MSTO-211) or NSCLC cells (A549). In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in cells treated with both pemetrexed and simvastatin was markedly increased compared to cells treated with either pemetrexed or simvastatin alone. Combination treatment also increased the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increased cytosolic release of cytochrome c, and altered expression of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) families of apoptosis related proteins. On the other hand, pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) prevented apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction by pemetrexed and simvastatin. In addition, Bim siRNA conferred protection against apoptosis induced by pemetrexed and simvastatin. These results suggest that combination of pemetrexed and simvastatin potentiates their apoptotic activity beyond that of either drug alone in malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer cells. This activity is mediated through ROS-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and Bim induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Eun Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Suk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Ri Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Sim Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Ki Cha
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-180, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Ryun Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Ha Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Taik Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Ryul Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
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Brouquet A, Taleb P, Lot AS, Beauchet A, Julie C, Prevost G, Nordlinger B, Penna C. A Model of Primary Culture of Colorectal Cancer and Liver Metastasis to Predict Chemosensitivity. J Surg Res 2011; 166:247-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wallerand H, Bernhard JC, Culine S, Ballanger P, Robert G, Reiter RE, Ferrière JM, Ravaud A. Targeted therapies in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer according to the signaling pathways. Urol Oncol 2009; 29:4-11. [PMID: 19914099 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2009.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
With 300,000 annually new cases worldwide, urothelial-cell carcinoma of the bladder (UCCB) is the second most common urologic neoplasm after prostate carcinoma. Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), which is not immediately life-threatening, represents 70% to 80% of these initial cases. Despite optimal treatment (transurethral resection with intravesical chemo- or immunotherapy), 70% of these NMIBC will recur, and 10% to 20% will progress, highlighting the need for a new therapeutic approach. Indeed, the identification of patients at high risk of disease recurrence and progression would be beneficial in predicting which patients with NMIBC would benefit from strict follow-up and which would benefit from a more aggressive therapy. To date, conventional treatment remains disappointing in terms of oncologic results and morbidity. The growing understanding in tumor biology has enabled the signaling pathways involved in bladder tumorigenesis and progression to be identified, but few molecular targets have been available until now. The encouraging results seen in various human carcinomas suggests that these new agents should become part of the arsenal of drugs available in the treatment of NMIBC, alone or in combination with already known agents. In this article, we have tried to highlight the main molecular signaling pathways involved in NMIBC tumorigenesis and progression, and the potential targets useful for improving the treatment of NMIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Wallerand
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Pellegrin, Victor Segalen School of Medicine, Bordeaux, France.
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Hersey P, Zhang XD, Mhaidat N. Overcoming Resistance to Apoptosis in Cancer Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 615:105-26. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6554-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Moyal ECJ, Laprie A, Delannes M, Poublanc M, Catalaa I, Dalenc F, Berchery D, Sabatier J, Bousquet P, De Porre P, Alaux B, Toulas C. Phase I Trial of Tipifarnib (R115777) Concurrent With Radiotherapy in Patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 68:1396-401. [PMID: 17570606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a Phase I trial to determine the maximally tolerated dose (MTD) of tipifarnib in combination with conventional three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (RT) for patients with glioblastoma multiforme. METHODS AND MATERIALS After resection or biopsy, tipifarnib was given 1 week before and then continuously during RT (60 Gy), followed by adjuvant administration until progression. The tipifarnib dose during RT was escalated in cohorts of 3 starting at 200 mg/day. RESULTS Thirteen patients were enrolled, and 12 were evaluable for MTD. Of these patients, 7 had undergone biopsy, 4 had partial resection, and 1 had gross total resection. No dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was observed during the concomitant treatment at 200 mg. All 3 patients at 300 mg experienced DLT during the concomitant treatment: 1 with sudden death and 2 with acute pneumonitis. The MTD was reached at 300 mg. The adjuvant treatment was suppressed from the protocol after a case of pneumonitis during this treatment. Six additional patients were included at 200 mg/day of the new protocol, confirming the safety of this treatment. Of the 9 evaluable patients, 1 had partial response, 4 had stable disease, and 3 had rapid progression; the patient with gross total resection was relapse-free after 21 months. Median survival of the evaluable patients was 12 months (range, 5.2-21 months). CONCLUSION Tipifarnib (200 mg/day) concurrent with standard radiotherapy is well tolerated in patients with glioblastoma. Preliminary efficacy results are encouraging.
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Puntambekar DS, Giridhar R, Yadav MR. Inhibition of farnesyltransferase: a rational approach to treat cancer? J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2007; 22:127-40. [PMID: 17518338 DOI: 10.1080/14756360601072841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents in brief the development of farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) and their preclinical and clinical status. In this review the mechanism of action of FTIs is discussed and their selectivity issue towards tumor cells is also addressed. The significant efficacy of FTIs as single or combined agents in preclinical studies stands in contrast with only moderate effects in Clinical Phase II-III studies. This suggests that there is a need to further explore and understand the complex mechanism of action of FTIs and their interaction with cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra S Puntambekar
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 001, Gujarat, India
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Hersey P. Apoptosis and melanoma: how new insights are effecting the development of new therapies for melanoma. Curr Opin Oncol 2006; 18:189-96. [PMID: 16462190 DOI: 10.1097/01.cco.0000208794.24228.9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Melanoma has proven resistant to most available chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Despite a range of different biochemical targets, most agents kill cancer cells by induction of apoptosis. RECENT FINDINGS Investigation of this process has provided insights into the resistance mechanisms in cancer cells and to development of a range of new agents that target apoptosis pathways. These include agents which inhibit antiapoptotic B cell lymphoma-2 family proteins and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. In addition, a range of signal pathway inhibitors have become available that are able to inhibit signal pathways known to be associated with resistance to apoptosis. SUMMARY Evaluation of most of these reagents are at a preclinical level but studies on some pathway inhibitors have passed from phase II into phase III studies. Similarly, evaluation of antisense reagents are at an advanced stage. These early trials show much promise and suggest this approach to development of new therapies will lead to much needed advances in treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hersey
- Oncology and Immunology Unit, David Maddison Clinical Sciences Building, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
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Thomas CT, Ammar A, Farrell JJ, Elsaleh H. Radiation Modifiers: Treatment Overview and Future Investigations. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2006; 20:119-39. [PMID: 16580560 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Many radiosensitizers are in current clinical use. In addition, a myriad of potential new targeted therapies, which may also interact with radiation, are in clinical development. The clinical utility of new targeted therapies, in combination with existing radiation sensitizers (chemotherapies) requires further evaluation, as does the understanding of their acute and late radiation effects. Free radical scavengers appear to show promise as radioprotectors, but data for mucoprotection are less convincing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Thomas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, 200 Medical Plaza, Suite B265, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Hersey P, Zhuang L, Zhang XD. Current strategies in overcoming resistance of cancer cells to apoptosis melanoma as a model. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2006; 251:131-58. [PMID: 16939779 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(06)51004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Most anticancer agents mediate their effects through common pathways which induce apoptosis or in some cases necrosis of cancer cells. The apoptotic pathways are regulated by Bcl-2 family proteins, which include both pro- and anti-apoptotic members. Much is known about the interactions of these proteins involved in apoptosis and this information is being utilized in the development of new reagents that may be used to treat patients with cancers. The inhibitor of apoptosis family of proteins constitute a second group of proteins which inhibit the effector caspases. Reagents that inhibit their activity are also under development. Resistance of cancer cells to treatment can in many instances be attributed to activation of intracellular signal pathways involved in survival, such as the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK1/2 or the P13K-Akt pathway. Again, much has been learned about the control of these pathways and their activation of resistance mechanisms. Inhibitors of such pathways are being evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies and are showing promise as a new class of anticancer agents. Much of the progress in future studies will likely depend on the ability to target these new treatments to particular subgroups of patients with tumor characteristics that make them responsive to the agents in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hersey
- Oncology and Immunology Unit, Newcastle Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Blum R, Kloog Y. Tailoring Ras-pathway--inhibitor combinations for cancer therapy. Drug Resist Updat 2005; 8:369-80. [PMID: 16356760 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive activation of Ras pathways plays a critical role in cancer development and maintenance. Inhibitors of such pathways are already in use for cancer therapy, with significant but as yet only partial success in the most deadly types of human cancers, against which even combinations of Ras-pathway inhibitors with classic cytotoxic drugs or irradiation are insufficient. Combinations of farnesyl transferase inhibitors (FTI's), inhibitors of Ras pathways, are now in use in clinical trials. In this review we analyze possible reasons for the limited efficacy--including the diverse and sometimes even contradictory effects of active Ras pathways in tumor cells--and propose possible alternative methods of tailoring Ras-pathway inhibitor combinations for cancer therapy. Such tailoring is now possible thanks to increased knowledge of the complexity of Ras pathways, their cooperation with other oncogenic pathways, and their "addictive" nature. We provide examples demonstrating that this knowledge can be translated into useful drug combinations that disrupt multiple oncogenic pathways and hit a weak point of a given tumor cell. One such example is combination treatment with a Ras inhibitor and a glycolysis blocker for pancreatic tumor cells. The future design of such potential drug combination therapies and the follow-up of their outcome will undoubtedly be facilitated by gene-expression profiling and proteomic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Blum
- Department of Neurobiochemistry, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Martin NE, Brunner TB, Kiel KD, DeLaney TF, Regine WF, Mohiuddin M, Rosato EF, Haller DG, Stevenson JP, Smith D, Pramanik B, Tepper J, Tanaka WK, Morrison B, Deutsch P, Gupta AK, Muschel RJ, McKenna WG, Bernhard EJ, Hahn SM. A phase I trial of the dual farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase inhibitor L-778,123 and radiotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:5447-54. [PMID: 15328183 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that inhibition of prenylation can radiosensitize cell lines with activation of Ras and produce clinical response in patients with cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the maximally tolerated dose of the dual farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase I inhibitor L-778,123 in combination with radiotherapy for patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN L-778,123 was given by continuous intravenous infusion with concomitant radiotherapy to 59.4 Gy in standard fractions. Two L-778,123 dose levels were tested: 280 mg/m2/day over weeks 1, 2, 4, and 5 for dose level 1; and 560 mg/m2/day over weeks 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7 for dose level 2. RESULTS There were no dose-limiting toxicities observed in the eight patients treated on dose level 1. Two of the four patients on dose level 2 experienced dose-limiting toxicities consisting of grade 3 diarrhea in one case and grade 3 gastrointestinal hemorrhage associated with grade 3 thrombocytopenia and neutropenia in the other case. Other common toxicities were mild neutropenia, dehydration, hyperglycemia, and nausea/vomiting. One patient on dose level 1 showed a partial response of 6 months in duration. Both reversible inhibition of HDJ2 farnesylation and radiosensitization of a study patient-derived cell line were demonstrated in the presence of L-778,123. K-RAS mutations were found in three of the four patients evaluated. CONCLUSIONS The combination of L-778,123 and radiotherapy at dose level 1 showed acceptable toxicity in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Radiosensitization of a patient-derived pancreatic cancer cell line was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E Martin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Rozenchan PB, Folgueira MAAK, Katayama MLH, Snitcovsky IML, Brentani MM. Ras activation is associated with vitamin D receptor mRNA instability in HC11 mammary cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 92:89-95. [PMID: 15544934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2003] [Accepted: 05/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
HC11, a spontaneously immortalized murine mammary lineage maintains features of normal cells while HC11 H-ras transformed cells (HC11 ras) are tumorigenic. Ras transformation is associated with a lower Vitamin D receptor (VDR) mRNA content. Our goal was to investigate the mechanism underlying VDR mRNA differences between these cells. Although the VDR transcriptional rate measured by run-on assays did not differ between the cells, our data suggested a pos transcriptional mechanism involving higher VDR mRNA degradation in HC11 ras cells which was not due to mutations in its 3'-UTR region since sequences of mRNA obtained from HC11 and HC11 ras cells were identical. Treatment of HC11 ras cells with a farnesyltransferase inhibitor, which prevents ras activation, causing an enhancement of VDR mRNA levels, indicating an association between the ras signaling pathway and VDR mRNA instability. The present work suggests that the decreased mRNA levels in HC11 ras cells might in part be due to an early loss of stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia B Rozenchan
- Disciplina de Oncologia, Departamento de Radiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Manne V, Lee FYF, Bol DK, Gullo-Brown J, Fairchild CR, Lombardo LJ, Smykla RA, Vite GD, Wen MLD, Yu C, Wong TW, Hunt JT. Apoptotic and Cytostatic Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors Have Distinct Pharmacology and Efficacy Profiles in Tumor Models. Cancer Res 2004; 64:3974-80. [PMID: 15173010 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BMS-214662 and BMS-225975 are tetrahydrobenzodiazepine-based farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) that have nearly identical structures and very similar pharmacological profiles associated with farnesyltransferase (FT) inhibition. Despite their similar activity against FT in vitro and in cells, these compounds differ dramatically in their apoptotic potency and tumor-regressing activity in vivo. BMS-214662 is the most potent apoptotic FTI known and exhibits curative responses in mice bearing a variety of staged human tumor xenografts such as HCT-116 human colon tumor. By contrast, BMS-225975 does not cause tumor regression and at best causes partial tumor growth inhibition in staged HCT-116 human colon tumor xenografts. Lack of tumor regression activity in BMS-225975 was attributable to its relatively weak apoptotic potency, not to poor cell permeability or pharmacokinetics. Both compounds were equally effective in inhibiting Ras processing and causing accumulation of a variety of nonfarnesylated substrates of FT in HCT-116 cells. Because BMS-225975 has poor apoptotic activity compared with BMS-214662 but inhibits FT to the same extent as BMS-214662, it is very unlikely that FT inhibition alone can account for the apoptotic potency of BMS-214662. Clearly distinct patterns of sensitivities in a cell line panel were obtained for the apoptotic FTI BMS-214662 and the cytostatic FTI BMS-225975. Activation of the c-Jun-NH(2)-terminal kinase pathway was readily observed with BMS-214662 but not with BMS-225975. We developed a highly sensitive San-1 murine xenograft tumor model that is particularly useful for evaluating the in vivo activity of cytostatic FTIs such as BMS-225975.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeraswamy Manne
- Oncology Drug Discovery and Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
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Pipitone N, Pitzalis C. Recent advances in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2004; 14:509-25. [PMID: 21793651 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.14.4.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of recent developments in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis with an emphasis on patent literature for the period January 1998 to December 2002. The main pathogenic pathways thought to be operative in psoriatic arthritis are highlighted and some novel compounds that can potentially interfere with such pathways at different levels are discussed. Among the new agents proposed, the inhibitors of cytokine signaling, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix degradation appear to be of particular interest for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis resistant to conventional therapies. Finally, new formulations of existing drugs and natural remedies claimed to be useful for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Pipitone
- Rheumatology Unit, GKT School of Medicine, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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Ma BBY, Bristow RG, Kim J, Siu LL. Combined-modality treatment of solid tumors using radiotherapy and molecular targeted agents. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21:2760-76. [PMID: 12860956 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2003.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Molecular targeted agents have been combined with radiotherapy (RT) in recent clinical trials in an effort to optimize the therapeutic index of RT. The appeal of this strategy lies in their potential target specificity and clinically acceptable toxicity. DESIGN This article integrates the salient, published research findings into the underlying molecular mechanisms, preclinical efficacy, and clinical applicability of combining RT with molecular targeted agents. These agents include inhibitors of intracellular signal transduction molecules, modulators of apoptosis, inhibitors of cell cycle checkpoints control, antiangiogenic agents, and cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors. RESULTS Molecular targeted agents can have direct effects on the cytoprotective and cytotoxic pathways implicated in the cellular response to ionizing radiation (IR). These pathways involve cellular proliferation, DNA repair, cell cycle progression, nuclear transcription, tumor angiogenesis, and prostanoid-associated inflammation. These pathways can also converge to alter RT-induced apoptosis, terminal growth arrest, and reproductive cell death. Pharmacologic modulation of these pathways may potentially enhance tumor response to RT though inhibition of tumor repopulation, improvement of tumor oxygenation, redistribution during the cell cycle, and alteration of intrinsic tumor radiosensitivity. CONCLUSION Combining RT and molecular targeted agents is a rational approach in the treatment of solid tumors. Translation of this approach from promising preclinical data to clinical trials is actively underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigette B Y Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Precess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Suite 5-210, 610 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
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Vicat JM, Ardila-Osorio H, Khabir A, Brezak MC, Viossat I, Kasprzyk P, Jlidi R, Opolon P, Ooka T, Prevost G, Huang DP, Busson P. Apoptosis and TRAF-1 cleavage in Epstein-Barr virus-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells treated with doxorubicin combined with a farnesyl-transferase inhibitor. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 65:423-33. [PMID: 12527335 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC) are much more sensitive to chemotherapy than other head and neck carcinomas. Spectacular regressions are frequently observed after induction chemotherapy. However, these favorable responses are difficult to predict and often of short duration. So far there have been only few experiments to investigate the mechanisms which underline the cytotoxic effects of anti-neoplastic drugs against NPC cells. In addition, these studies were performed almost entirely on EBV-negative cell lines therefore not truly representative of NPC cells. For the first time, we have used two EBV-positive NPC tumor lines derived from a North African (C15) and a Chinese (C666-1) patient as in vitro targets for a panel of anti-neoplastic agents. Doxorubicin, taxol and in a lesser extent cis-platinum efficiently inhibited NPC cell proliferation at clinically relevant concentrations, but all three agents failed to induce apoptosis. However, massive apoptosis of C15 cells was achieved when doxorubicin (1 microM) was combined with a farnesyl-transferase inhibitor, BIM 2001 (5 microM). Moreover, this apoptotic process was associated with a caspase-dependent early cleavage of the TNF-receptor associated factor 1 (TRAF-1) molecule, a signaling adaptor which is specifically expressed in latently EBV-infected cells. TRAF-1 cleavage might become a useful indicator of chemo-induced apoptosis in EBV-associated NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Michel Vicat
- UMR 1598, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Ahmadian
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Structural Biology, Dortmund, Germany.
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Abstract
Farnesyltransferase (FT) inhibitors (FTIs) are among the first wave of signal transduction inhibitors to be clinically tested for antitumour properties. FTIs were designed to attack Ras oncoproteins, the function of which depends upon post-translational modification by farnesyl isoprenoid. Extensive preclinical studies have demonstrated that FTIs compromise neoplastic transformation and tumour growth. In preclinical models, FTIs display limited effects on normal cell physiology and in Phase I human trials FTIs have been largely well tolerated. Exactly how FTIs selectively target cancer cells has emerged as an important question, one which has become more pressing with the somewhat disappointing results from initial Phase II efficacy trials. Although FTI development was predicated on Ras inhibition, it has become clear that the drugs' antineoplastic properties are based to a large degree on altering the prenylation and function of proteins other than Ras. One key candidate that has emerged is RhoB, an endosomal protein that has been implicated in selective growth inhibition and apoptosis in neoplastic cells. On the basis of mechanistic studies and other recent developments, we propose that FTIs may be useful to treat a unique spectrum of diseases including not only inflammatory breast cancer and melanoma but also non-neoplastic diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Prendergast
- Cancer Research Group, Glenolden Laboratory, DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Glenolden, PA 19036, USA.
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