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Fang T, Yuan P, Gong C, Jiang Y, Yu Y, Shang W, Tian C, Ye A. Fast label-free recognition of NRBCs by deep-learning visual object detection and single-cell Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2022; 147:1961-1967. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00024e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A computer-assisted and label-free method to quickly recognize the rare nucleated red blood cells by combining visual object detection with single-cell Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Fang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pengbo Yuan
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chen Gong
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yueping Jiang
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuezhou Yu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenhao Shang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chan Tian
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Medical Genetics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Anpei Ye
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Kølvraa S, Christensen B, Lykke-Hansen L, Philip J. The Fetal Erythroblast Is Not the Optimal Target for Non-invasive Prenatal Diagnosis: Preliminary Results. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 53:331-6. [PMID: 15750013 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.4a6396.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal cells, present in the blood of pregnant women, are potential targets for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis. The fetal erythroblast has been the favorite target cell type. We investigated four methods of enrichment for fetal erythroblasts, identifying only three fetal erythroblasts in 573 ml of maternal blood. This is much less than the expected two to six fetal cells per ml of maternal blood. Hamada and Krabchi used a cell type-independent marker, i.e., the Y chromosome in maternal blood from male pregnancies after Carnoy fixation, leaving the nuclei for hybridization with X-and Y-chromosome-specific probes. We found with a similar technique 28 fetal cells in 15 ml of maternal blood. The fetal origin of cells was confirmed by hybridizing the nuclei with X- and Y-chromosome-specific probes, using two consecutive hybridizations with the two probes in opposite colors (reverse FISH). Candidate fetal cells were inspected after each hybridization. Only cells that were found to change the color of both probe signals from first to second hybridization were diagnosed as fetal. To reduce the labor-intensive slide screening load, we used semi-automated scanning microscopy to search for candidate cells. We conclude that erythroblasts form only a small fraction of fetal cells present in maternal blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steen Kølvraa
- Inst. of Human Genetics, University of Arhus, Bartholin Building, Universitetsparken, 8000 Arhus C, Denmark.
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Schlütter JM, Kirkegaard I, Ferreira AS, Hatt L, Christensen B, Kølvraa S, Uldbjerg N. The Number of Endovascular Trophoblasts in Maternal Blood Increases Overnight and after Physical Activity: An Experimental Study. Fetal Diagn Ther 2015; 40:54-8. [PMID: 26485124 DOI: 10.1159/000441294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fetal cells in maternal blood may be used for noninvasive prenatal diagnostics, although their low number is a challenge. This study's objectives were to evaluate whether physical activity, transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound scans of the uterus, as well as overnight or day-to-day variation affect the number of isolated fetal cells, more specifically the presumed endovascular trophoblast (pEVT). MATERIAL AND METHODS In each of 3 different experiments, 10 normal singleton pregnant women (gestational age 10+4-14+4 weeks) participated. The number of pEVTs was assessed in 30-36 ml blood using specific markers for enrichment and identification. RESULTS The number of pEVTs increased overnight (p = 0.001) from a median of 1.5 to 3.5 and even further to a median of 6.0 after 30 min of physical activity (p = 0.04) but was not affected by transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound scans. Repeated sampling showed that the interindividual variation of pEVTs was higher than the intraindividual variation (p < 0.001). However, even in pregnant women with a consistently low number of pEVTs, isolation of the pEVTs for prenatal diagnoses was possible in all cases by doing 2 separate blood samplings a few days apart. DISCUSSION The number of pEVTs identified in maternal blood can be increased by presampling conditions or repeated sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Mørup Schlütter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
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Emad A, Drouin R. Evaluation of the impact of density gradient centrifugation on fetal cell loss during enrichment from maternal peripheral blood. Prenat Diagn 2014; 34:878-85. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Emad
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
| | - Régen Drouin
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
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Validation of automatic scanning of microscope slides in recovering rare cellular events: application for detection of fetal cells in maternal blood. Prenat Diagn 2014; 34:538-46. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Zimmermann S, Hollmann C, Stachelhaus SA. Unique monoclonal antibodies specifically bind surface structures on human fetal erythroid blood cells. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2700-7. [PMID: 23819989 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuing efforts in development of non-invasive prenatal genetic tests have focused on the isolation of fetal nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) from maternal blood for decades. Because no fetal cell-specific antibody has been described so far, the present study focused on the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to antigens that are expressed exclusively on fetal NRBCs. METHODS Mice were immunized with fetal erythroid cell membranes and hybridomas screened for Abs using a multi-parameter fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Selected mAbs were evaluated by comparative FACS analysis involving Abs known to bind erythroid cell surface markers (CD71, CD36, CD34), antigen-i, galactose, or glycophorin-A (GPA). Specificity was further confirmed by extensive immunohistological and immunocytological analyses of NRBCs from umbilical cord blood and fetal and adult cells from liver, bone marrow, peripheral blood, and lymphoid tissues. RESULTS Screening of 690 hybridomas yielded three clones of which Abs from 4B8 and 4B9 clones demonstrated the desired specificity for a novel antigenic structure expressed on fetal erythroblast cell membranes. The antigenic structure identified is different from known surface markers (CD36, CD71, GPA, antigen-i, and galactose), and is not present on circulating adult erythroid cells, except for occasional detectability in adult bone marrow cells. CONCLUSIONS The new mAbs specifically bind the same or highly overlapping epitopes of a surface antigen that is almost exclusively expressed on fetal erythroid cells. The high specificity of the mAbs should facilitate development of simple methods for reliable isolation of fetal NRBCs and their use in non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of fetal genetic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Zimmermann
- Hannover Clinical Trial Center GmbH, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse. 1/k27, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Rodríguez de Alba M, Bustamante-Aragonés A, Perlado S, Trujillo-Tiebas MJ, Díaz-Recasens J, Plaza-Arranz J, Ramos C. Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of monogenic disorders. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12 Suppl 1:S171-9. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.674509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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Comparision in the yield of fetal nucleated red blood cell between the first-and second-trimester using double density gradient centrifugation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.5468/kjog.2010.53.2.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Epsilon haemoglobin specific antibodies with applications in noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2009:659219. [PMID: 19636421 PMCID: PMC2712645 DOI: 10.1155/2009/659219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive procedures for prenatal diagnosis are associated with increased risk of abortion; thus, development of noninvasive procedures would be beneficial. Based on the observation that embryonic nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) crosses the placenta and enters the circulation of pregnant women, the ability to identify such cell would allow development of such procedures. Identification of NRBCs in blood samples would be possible provided that specific antibodies are available. Here we have isolated recombinant antibodies using phage display. From the panel of antibody fragments specifically recognising epsilon-Hb, one was chosen for further characterization, DAb1. DAb1 binds to epsilon-Hb both in Western blots and immunocytochemistry. Several epsilon-Hb positive cells were detected in a blood sample taken as postchorionic villus sampling (CVS). To evaluate the sensitivity of the method, K562 cells (which express epsilon-Hb) were spiked in a blood sample followed by staining in solution and FACS analysis.
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Bianchi DW, Hanson J. Sharpening the Tools: A summary of a National Institutes of Health workshop on new technologies for detection of fetal cells in maternal blood for early prenatal diagnosis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 19:199-207. [PMID: 16854692 DOI: 10.1080/14767050600676851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In 2003 the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) sponsored a workshop entitled "Sharpening the Tools", which was designed to explore the then current state of prenatal diagnosis and screening using fetal cells in maternal blood. The goals of the workshop were to: review the then current state of the field and assess present capabilities, identify future research needs and challenges in this area, identify promising new and innovative approaches for future exploration, and provide a written summary of the conference for public distribution. The workshop featured brief presentations by experts from a wide range of scientific fields and by innovative bioengineering and technology leaders from academic centers and private industry. The workshop was divided into presentations on target cells, target approaches for separation, genetic and protein analysis, and "out of the box" (bioengineering) approaches. The passage of time since the workshop has allowed an objective assessment of where the research has progressed. A 2006 update on the field is included at the end of the summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana W Bianchi
- Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts-New England Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Ponnusamy S, Mohammed N, Ho SSY, Zhang HM, Chan YH, Ng YW, Su LL, Mahyuddin AP, Venkat A, Chan J, Rauff M, Biswas A, Choolani M. In vivo model to determine fetal-cell enrichment efficiency of novel noninvasive prenatal diagnosis methods. Prenat Diagn 2008; 28:494-502. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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González-González C, Garcia-Hoyos M, Trujillo-Tiebas MJ, Lorda-Sanchez I, de Alba MR, Infantes F, Gallego J, Diaz-Recasens J, Ayuso C, Ramos C. Application of fetal DNA detection in maternal plasma: a prenatal diagnosis unit experience. J Histochem Cytochem 2005; 53:307-14. [PMID: 15750008 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.4a6400.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis tests based on the analysis of fetal DNA in maternal plasma have potential to be a safer alternative to invasive methods. So far, different studies have shown mainly fetal sex, fetal RhD, and quantitative variations of fetal DNA during gestation with fetal chromosomal anomalies or gestations at risk for preeclampsia. The objective of our research was to evaluate the use of fetal DNA in maternal plasma for clinical application. In our study, we have established the methodology needed for the analysis of fetal DNA. Different methods were used, according to the requirements of the assay. We have used quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) to perform fetal sex detection with 90% sensitivity. The same technique permitted the detection of fetal DNA from the 10th week of gestation to hours after delivery. We have successfully carried out the diagnosis of two inherited disorders, cystic fibrosis (conventional PCR and restriction analysis) and Huntington disease (QF-PCR). Ninety percent of the cases studied for fetal RhD by real-time PCR were correctly diagnosed. The detection of fetal DNA sequences is a reality and could reduce the risk of invasive techniques for certain fetal disorders in the near future.
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Ikeya M, Shinya M, Kitagawa M. Basic investigation of the lectin method for separation and recovery of nucleated red blood cells in maternal blood, and a study into the frequency of nucleated red blood cells in fetomaternal disorders. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2005; 45:26-31. [PMID: 15737128 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2005.00057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the separation and recovery of nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) in maternal blood using the lectin method. In the present study, we verified the lectin method and investigated the appearance of NRBCs during pregnancy. For the concentration of lectin soy bean agglutinin, 7 mL of maternal peripheral blood was collected from 20 subjects, and the relative fluorescence intensity was measured using flowcytometry; 50 mg/mL, used in previous studies, was the optimal concentration. The number of cells recovered at each step of the lectin method was also investigated by FACS using fluorescence-labeled CD11a and CD33, and the results showed the usefulness of the method. Next, 7 mL of maternal peripheral blood was collected from 292 women with a normal single pregnancy (389 specimens), and NRBCs were separated and recovered using the lectin method. NRBCs slightly increased over the course of pregnancy (y = 4.29x + 5.03, r2 = 0.11). When blood was collected multiple times in the same subjects, NRBCs increased in 63 of 77 subjects (83.1%, percent change: 2.4 +/- 19.0). No NRBCs were recovered in 17 subjects (4.7%). Regarding the relationship between fetomaternal disorders and the frequency of NRBCs, 89.4 +/- 92.6 cells appeared per 10 mL of maternal blood in the normal group, but NRBCs increased in patients with 18 trisomy, placenta previa, pre-eclampsia, intrauterine fetal death, and 21 trisomy. NRBC examination may play an assisting role not only in fetal diagnosis but also in fetomaternal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Ikeya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Okuda T, Kinoshita Y, Tamura T, Kato C, Kojima H, Watanabe A, Honjo H. Quantitative analysis of cellular fetal hemoglobin gamma chain messenger RNA (HbF-gamma mRNA) in maternal peripheral blood. Prenat Diagn 2005; 24:881-6. [PMID: 15565590 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fetal cells cross the feto-maternal barrier and circulate in maternal peripheral blood; thus, this study aimed to show the relationship between clinical evidence in pregnancy and qualitative feto-maternal barrier changes. METHODS The expression of fetal hemoglobin gamma chain messenger RNA (HbF-gamma mRNA) was measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in maternal peripheral blood. RESULTS HbF-gamma mRNA was detected in all pregnant women after 5 weeks of gestation. In normal pregnancy, there were two peaks at 10 and 40 weeks, and a significant increase 4 weeks prior to the onset of labor. In intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), preterm delivery and placenta previa, the HbF-gamma mRNA expression was significantly higher than in normal pregnancies. CONCLUSION The expression of HbF-gamma mRNA relative to that of beta-actin mRNA is thought to reflect the real-time leakage of fetal cells into maternal blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Okuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi Hirokouji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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Guetta E, Simchen MJ, Mammon-Daviko K, Gordon D, Aviram-Goldring A, Rauchbach N, Barkai G. Analysis of Fetal Blood Cells in the Maternal Circulation: Challenges, Ongoing Efforts, and Potential Solutions. Stem Cells Dev 2004; 13:93-9. [PMID: 15068697 DOI: 10.1089/154732804773099290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasive procedures amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS) are routinely applied in pregnancies at risk for fetal abnormalities and the results obtained are the gold standard for prenatal diagnosis. Because these methods of fetal cell procurement involve a 0.5-2% risk for fetal loss, they are recommended mainly in cases at high risk for fetal genetic or cytogenetic abnormalities. The development of a reproducible, reliable, noninvasive method based on retrieval of rare fetal cells from the maternal circulation will render testing feasible for the general population. Despite intensive investigation, a satisfactory, clinically acceptable method has not yet emerged. Several cell types have been targeted to this end, mostly nucleated red blood cells (NRBC), CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors, and trophoblasts. Although these cell types have been unequivocally proven to be present in the maternal circulation, each bears a significant disadvantage, rendering their application in clinical testing currently impossible: NRBC cannot be expanded in culture, thereby ruling out metaphase chromosome analysis, an essential component of prenatal diagnosis. CD34+ cells do posses the potential for in vitro proliferation, however, they have been found to persist in the maternal circulation after delivery, thereby complicating diagnosis in consecutive pregnancies. Trophoblasts are not consistently detected in the maternal circulation. Moreover, due to the lack of a definitive fetal cell marker and a reliable sorting method, foolproof fetal cell identification of any of these cell types is not possible. This report outlines the obstacles that impede development of a method for noninvasive fetal cell sampling for prenatal genetic diagnosis, along with a description of our efforts to analyze simultaneously two fetal blood cell types, NRBC and CD34+ cells in maternal blood during pregnancy, and the problems encountered. This work and that of others lead us to suggest potential future directions to help develop this important technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Guetta
- Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel 52621.
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Hennerbichler S, Kroisel PM, Zierler H, Pertl B, Wintersteiger R, Dohr G, Sedlmayr P. Fetal nucleated red blood cells in peripheral blood of pregnant women: detection and determination of location on a slide using laser-scanning cytometry. Prenat Diagn 2003; 23:710-5. [PMID: 12975779 DOI: 10.1002/pd.668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to assess the feasibility of analysis of fetal nucleated red blood cells (NRBC) present in the maternal circulation by laser-scanning cytometry. METHODS CD71-positive cells were obtained by magnetic cell sorting of peripheral blood of pregnant women after density centrifugation. Immunofluorescence for the Hbgamma-chain was combined with fluorescent staining of DNA (TO-PRO-3) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a Y-chromosome specific probe. The cells were scanned on a slide using a laser-scanning cytometer (LSC). Events double positive for Hbgamma and TO-PRO-3 were relocated and their morphology and FISH reactivity were visually assessed. Determination of male fetal sex with LSC was compared with findings from amniocentesis. RESULTS In 8/15 pregnancies with male fetuses and in 0/9 with females (apart from one case with a male/female twin pregnancy), we detected Y-chromosome-positive NRBC. In pregnancies with female fetuses, Y-chromosome-positive cells other than NRBC were found in all women who had previously given birth to male babies, whereas women with no abortion and no male babies in their history did not present with Y-chromosome-positive non-NRBC. CONCLUSION On the basis of automatic relocation of once-defined cells of fetal origin from the current pregnancy, laser-scanning cytometry is likely to facilitate repeated (poly-)FISH analysis and single-cell PCR for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis.
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Abstract
Although fetal cells have been known to escape to the maternal circulation for a number of years, research attempts to use them for prenatal diagnosis have not had any consistent success. This review attempts to trace the history of such attempts and to document their progress and reasons for success or failure. The opinions of recent conferences including that of the US National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, a sponsor of major US research in the field, are reported and discussed. It is concluded that although basic work has demonstrated the biologic availability of both fetal cells and their free DNA representatives in the maternal circulation at gestational ages relevant to prenatal diagnosis, much work remains to develop practical technology for their consistent recovery and assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laird Jackson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA.
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Hennerbichler S, Schmied R, Petek E, Kroisel PM, Pertl B, Tiran B, Dohr G, Wintersteiger R, Sedlmayr P. Detection and relocation of cord blood nucleated red blood cells by laser scanning cytometry. CYTOMETRY 2002; 48:87-92. [PMID: 12116369 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.10112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal nucleated red blood cells (NRBC) present in the peripheral blood of pregnant women at low frequency are a potential target for noninvasive prenatal diagnostics. METHODS CD71-enriched cells from male cord blood (CB) were stained for the gamma chain of HbF (Hb-gamma) and cytocentrifuged. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was done for the Y chromosome. Following staining of the nucleus with TO-PRO-3, laser scanning cytometry was performed. Artificial mixtures of small volumes of male CB and blood drawn from nonpregnant females were analyzed. RESULTS In CB, 59% of events double positive for Hb-gamma and TO-PRO-3 were identified as CB-NRBC. In contamination studies, male fetal CB-NRBC were identified perfectly on the basis of morphologic characteristics and FISH reactivity following relocation and visual assessment. Mean recovery was 8.7%. CONCLUSIONS Laser scanning cytometry of preenriched fetal NRBC may offer a promising way for noninvasive prenatal diagnostics. This is because it provides a virtual enrichment step and the position on the slides of cells visually confirmed to correspond to fetal NRBC is known. Further experimental procedures on well-defined and located target cells may be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Hennerbichler
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Karl Franzens University, Harrachgasse 21, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Abstract
The selection of fetuses that may benefit with in utero surgery is being developed. Noninvasive and invasive prenatal diagnosis techniques are utilized to try and gain as much knowledge about the fetus so that the appropriate counseling of parents can be undertaken. The most common invasive techniques are amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for fetal karyotyping and genetic diagnosis. Noninvasive techniques include ultrasound (2D and 3D), fetal echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Additional techniques such as specific Doppler evaluation of vascular components, new techniques to look at fetal electrocardiograms and the use of computer tomography are also considered. The most common conditions for which in utero fetal surgery is also being considered are twin to twin transfusion syndrome, myelomeningocele, sacrococcygeal teratoma, cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung with fetal hydrops and other monochorionic twin abnormalities (severe discordant birth defects or twin reversal arterial perfusion sequences). Ongoing evaluation of the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predicted values of these evaluation tools is required so that appropriate selection of fetuses for the surgery can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Douglas Wilson
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Miny P, Tercanli S, Holzgreve W. Developments in laboratory techniques for prenatal diagnosis. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2002; 14:161-8. [PMID: 11914694 DOI: 10.1097/00001703-200204000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ongoing trends in prenatal diagnosis aim at early, rapid, and ideally noninvasive diagnosis as well as at the improvement of risk-screening for aneuploidy. Interphase-fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction are efficient tools for the rapid exclusion of selected aneuploidies in addition to the established direct preparation of chromosomes from chorionic villi. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization has also made possible the diagnosis of selected chromosome abnormalities in single cells (e.g. in preimplantation genetic diagnosis) or noninvasive diagnosis. More complex multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization approaches are currently being evaluated. Single cell polymerase chain reaction is the key technique for the molecular diagnosis of a growing number of monogenic conditions before implantation or, still more experimental, in fetal cells retrieved from the maternal circulation. New sources for noninvasive diagnosis came into play such as fetal DNA or cell nuclei in maternal plasma. The combination of biochemical parameters in the maternal serum, namely free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin with pregnancy associated plasma protein A and sonographic markers, has already dramatically increased the sensitivity of risk screening in the first trimester of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Miny
- Division of Medical Genetics, University Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Current Awareness. Prenat Diagn 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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