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Hernandez S, Serrano AG, Solis Soto LM. The Role of Nerve Fibers in the Tumor Immune Microenvironment of Solid Tumors. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2200046. [PMID: 35751462 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The importance of neurons and nerve fibers in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of solid tumors is now acknowledged after being unexplored for a long time; this is possible due to the development of new technologies that allow in situ characterization of the TME. Recent studies have shown that the density and types of nerves that innervate tumors can predict a patient's clinical outcome and drive several processes of tumor biology. Nowadays, several efforts in cancer research and neuroscience are taking place to elucidate the mechanisms that drive tumor-associated innervation and nerve-tumor and nerve-immune interaction. Assessment of neurons and nerves within the context of the TME can be performed in situ, in tumor tissue, using several pathology-based strategies that utilize histochemical and immunohistochemistry principles, hi-plex technologies, and computational pathology approaches to identify measurable histopathological characteristics of nerves. These features include the number and type of tumor associated nerves, topographical location and microenvironment of neural invasion of malignant cells, and investigation of neuro-related biomarker expression in nerves, tumor cells, and cells of the TME. A deeper understanding of these complex interactions and the impact of nerves in tumor biology will guide the design of better strategies for targeted therapy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharia Hernandez
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2130 West Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alejandra G Serrano
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2130 West Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Luisa M Solis Soto
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2130 West Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Corsetti V, Perrone-Capano C, Salazar Intriago MS, Botticelli E, Poiana G, Augusti-Tocco G, Biagioni S, Tata AM. Expression of Cholinergic Markers and Characterization of Splice Variants during Ontogenesis of Rat Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115499. [PMID: 34071104 PMCID: PMC8197147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons synthesize acetylcholine (ACh), in addition to their peptidergic nature. They also release ACh and are cholinoceptive, as they express cholinergic receptors. During gangliogenesis, ACh plays an important role in neuronal differentiation, modulating neuritic outgrowth and neurospecific gene expression. Starting from these data, we studied the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vesicular ACh transporter (VAChT) expression in rat DRG neurons. ChAT and VAChT genes are arranged in a “cholinergic locus”, and several splice variants have been described. Using selective primers, we characterized splice variants of these cholinergic markers, demonstrating that rat DRGs express R1, R2, M, and N variants for ChAT and V1, V2, R1, and R2 splice variants for VAChT. Moreover, by RT-PCR analysis, we observed a progressive decrease in ChAT and VAChT transcripts from the late embryonic developmental stage (E18) to postnatal P2 and P15 and in the adult DRG. Interestingly, Western blot analyses and activity assays demonstrated that ChAT levels significantly increased during DRG ontogenesis. The modulated expression of different ChAT and VAChT splice variants during development suggests a possible differential regulation of cholinergic marker expression in sensory neurons and confirms multiple roles for ACh in DRG neurons, both in the embryo stage and postnatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Corsetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (M.S.S.I.); (E.B.); (G.P.); (G.A.-T.); (S.B.)
| | - Carla Perrone-Capano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy;
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati Traverso”, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Michael Sebastian Salazar Intriago
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (M.S.S.I.); (E.B.); (G.P.); (G.A.-T.); (S.B.)
| | - Elisabetta Botticelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (M.S.S.I.); (E.B.); (G.P.); (G.A.-T.); (S.B.)
| | - Giancarlo Poiana
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (M.S.S.I.); (E.B.); (G.P.); (G.A.-T.); (S.B.)
- Research Center of Neuroscience Daniel Bovet, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Augusti-Tocco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (M.S.S.I.); (E.B.); (G.P.); (G.A.-T.); (S.B.)
- Research Center of Neuroscience Daniel Bovet, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Biagioni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (M.S.S.I.); (E.B.); (G.P.); (G.A.-T.); (S.B.)
- Research Center of Neuroscience Daniel Bovet, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ada Maria Tata
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (M.S.S.I.); (E.B.); (G.P.); (G.A.-T.); (S.B.)
- Research Center of Neuroscience Daniel Bovet, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4991-2822
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Neurogenic-committed human pre-adipocytes express CYP1A isoforms. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 184:474-83. [PMID: 20080079 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell models offer an opportunity both for therapeutic use and for the assessment of alternative in vitro models. Human lipoaspirate is a source of adult stem cells (pre-adipocytes), which are able to differentiate into various phenotypes, such as neurogenic lineage. Here, we analyse the suitability of these in vitro models in screening exogenous compounds, such as environmental pollutants, that may affect adipose cells and neurogenic development. To evaluate neurogenic differentiation, we analysed expression of cholinergic system and acetylcholinesterase immunoreactivity. Heterocyclic derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are often significant components of environmental contaminants. As they contain inducers of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), we explored the activity of CYP1A1-related enzymes, i.e. 7-ethoxycoumarin- and 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (ECOD and EROD) in both cell systems in basal conditions and after exposure to non-cytotoxic doses of beta-naphthoflavone (BNF), a well-known PAH-type inducer. Both cell models showed basal and inducible levels of ECOD. Analysis of CYP1A1 protein expression and EROD-related enzyme activity confirmed the inducibility of the CYP1A1 isoform by BNF. These results demonstrate that mesenchymal adult stem cells can constitute innovative models. We therefore propose the use of pre-adipocytes and their neurogenic derivates to evaluate the cytotoxic/biological effects of unintended exposure to contaminants.
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Grando SA, Kawashima K, Kirkpatrick CJ, Wessler I. Recent progress in understanding the non-neuronal cholinergic system in humans. Life Sci 2007; 80:2181-5. [PMID: 17467010 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Grando
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, 95816, USA
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Hayashida KI, Bynum T, Vincler M, Eisenach JC. Inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors are upregulated in both axotomized and intact small diameter dorsal root ganglion cells after peripheral nerve injury. Neuroscience 2006; 140:259-68. [PMID: 16580144 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine reduces nociceptive input in part by activating inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors on primary sensory neurons, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and muscarinic agonists produce analgesia in humans and animals. M2 muscarinic receptors are upregulated in animals with diabetic neuropathy, but their level of expression and function after peripheral nerve injury has not been previously examined. This study tested, using intracellular Ca(2+) response to membrane depolarization, the effect of the M2 muscarinic receptor agonist bethanechol on individual dorsal root ganglion cells from normal and L5-6 spinal nerve-ligated rats, followed by M2 muscarinic receptor immunostaining. We also examined functional transient receptor potential for vanilloids-1 activity by determining intracellular Ca(2+) response evoked by capsaicin in M2 muscarinic receptor immunoreactive cells. In normal dorsal root ganglion cells, bethanechol inhibited the Ca(2+) response in a concentration-related fashion, and this inhibition was blocked by the M2 muscarinic receptor antagonist gallamine. Cells expressing M2 muscarinic receptors by immunostaining were significantly inhibited by bethanechol, whereas those lacking positive staining were not. The proportion of studied dorsal root ganglion neurons with positive M2 muscarinic receptor staining increased significantly in the injured ipsilateral L5-6 and the uninjured ipsilateral L4 ganglia, but not in the contralateral dorsal root ganglion neurons compared with normals. In contrast, the proportion of neurons responding to capsaicin significantly decreased in the injured ipsilateral L5-6 dorsal root ganglion cells. These results suggest that inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors are upregulated in small- and medium-sized axotomized dorsal root ganglion neurons and their uninjured neighbors following nerve injury, and may represent an appropriate target for analgesia in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-I Hayashida
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for the Pharmacologic Plasticity in the Presence of Pain, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Bernardini N, Tomassy GS, Tata AM, Augusti-Tocco G, Biagioni S. Detection of basal and potassium-evoked acetylcholine release from embryonic DRG explants. J Neurochem 2004; 88:1533-9. [PMID: 15009654 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous and potassium-induced acetylcholine release from embryonic (E12 and E18) chick dorsal root ganglia explants at 3 and 7 days in culture was investigated using a chemiluminescent procedure. A basal release ranging from 2.4 to 13.8 pm/ganglion/5 min was detected. Potassium application always induced a significant increase over the basal release. The acetylcholine levels measured in E12 explants were 6.3 and 38.4 pm/ganglion/5 min at 3 and 7 days in culture, respectively, while in E18 explant cultures they were 10.7 and 15.5 pm/ganglion/5 min. In experiments performed in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ ions, acetylcholine release, both basal and potassium-induced, was abolished and it was reduced by cholinergic antagonists. A morphometric analysis of explant fibre length suggested that acetylcholine release was directly correlated to neurite extension. Moreover, treatment of E12 dorsal root ganglion-dissociated cell cultures with carbachol as cholinergic receptor agonist was shown to induce a higher neurite outgrowth compared with untreated cultures. The concomitant treatment with carbachol and the antagonists at muscarinic receptors atropine and at nicotinic receptors mecamylamine counteracted the increase in fibre outgrowth. Although the present data have not established whether acetylcholine is released by neurones or glial cells, these observations provide the first evidence of a regulated release of acetylcholine in dorsal root ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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De Jaco A, Augusti-Tocco G, Biagioni S. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors induce neurite outgrowth and activate the synapsin I gene promoter in neuroblastoma clones. Neuroscience 2002; 113:331-8. [PMID: 12127090 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The possible role of acetylcholine as a modulator of neuronal differentiation has been tested using a neuroblastoma cell line (N18TG2), which does not synthesize any neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine synthesis has been activated in this line by transfection with a construct containing a choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) cDNA; ChAT-positive clones share a higher ability to grow fibers and an activation of synapsin I expression compared to the parental cells. Atropine, a muscarinic antagonist, abolishes the higher ability to grow fibers of ChAT-positive transfected clones, and the cholinergic agonist carbachol induces higher neurite outgrowth in the parental line. In transient transfections of ChAT-positive clones, the expression of a reporter gene under the control of synapsin I promoter is considerably reduced by atropine, while it is not modified by carbachol; in contrast, in the parental cells, which do not synthesize acetylcholine, the reporter gene expression is induced by carbachol and this effect is abolished by atropine. The data presented provide evidence for the existence of a direct modulation of fiber outgrowth and synapsin I expression by muscarinic receptor activation, which may be related to early growth response gene-1 (EGR-1) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Jaco
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università La Sapienza, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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