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Zhang Y, Wang M, Zhang D, Wang Y, Wang L, Qiu Y, Wang L, Chen T, Zhao L. Crystallization and Performance of Polyamide Blends Comprising Polyamide 4, Polyamide 6, and Their Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3399. [PMID: 37631455 PMCID: PMC10459628 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamide 4 (PA4) is a biobased and biodegradable polyamide. The high hydrogen bond density of PA4 bestows it with a high melting point that is close to its thermal decomposition temperature, thereby limiting the melt processing of PA4. In this study, PA4 was blended with polyamide 6 (PA6) and further modified with copolyamide 4/6 (R46). The effects of composition on the crystallization behavior of the blends were studied. The results demonstrated that the binary PA4/PA6 (B46) and ternary PA4/PA6/R46 (B46/R46) blends formed two crystalline phases (PA4- and PA6-rich phases) through crystallization-induced phase separation. With increasing PA6 content, the thermal stability and crystallinity of the B46 blend increased and decreased, respectively, and the contribution of PA6 toward the crystallization of the PA4-rich phase diminished. Molecular dynamics simulations showed the molecular chain orientation of the B46 blends well. The melting points, crystallinities, and grain sizes of the B46/R46 blends were lower than those of the B46 blends. The crystallization of the PA4-rich phase was restrained by the dilution effect of molten-state PA6, and the nucleation and crystallization of the PA6-rich phase were promoted by the presence of crystallized PA4. The B46 blends with 30-40 wt% PA6 had the best mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mingda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yongjun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology (SCICBT), Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liquan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;
| | - Liming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology (SCICBT), Shanghai 200237, China
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Tian Y, Li J, Hu H, Chen C, Li F, Ying WB, Zheng L, Zhao YL, Wang J, Zhang R, Zhu J. Acid-triggered, degradable and high strength-toughness copolyesters: Comprehensive experimental and theoretical study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128392. [PMID: 35152100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The popularization and widespread use of degradable polymers is hindered by their poor mechanical properties. It is of great importance to find a balance between degradation and mechanical properties. Herein, poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) modified by SPG diol from 10% to 40 mol% were synthesized through a two-step polycondensation reaction. Chemical structures, thermal properties, mechanical properties, viscoelastic behavior and degradation of poly(butylene terephthalate-co-spirocyclic terephthalate) (PBST) were investigated. The SPG could toughen the copolyesters and the elongation at break of PBST20 was up to 260%. Moreover, the introduction of SPG enables to provide an acid-triggered degradable unit in the main chain. PBSTs copolymers maintain stable structures in a neutral environment, and the degradation under acid conditions will be unlocked. As tailoring the content of SPG, the degradation rate of the chain scission in response to acid stimuli will be adjusted. The acid degradation was proved to be occurred at the SPG units in the amorphous phase by DSC, XRD, GPC and 1H NMR tests. After the acid degradation, the hydrolysis rate will also be accelerated, adapting to the requirements of different degradation schedules. The plausible hydrolytic pathways and mechanisms were proposed based on Fukui function analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenglong Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Bin Ying
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, People's Republic of China
| | - Linjie Zheng
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yi-Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Jinggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, People's Republic of China.
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Structure and Properties of Reactively Extruded Opaque Post-Consumer Recycled PET. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203531. [PMID: 34685290 PMCID: PMC8540998 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The recyclability of opaque PET, which contains TiO2 nanoparticles, has not been as well-studied as that of transparent PET. The objective of this work is to recycle post-consumer opaque PET through reactive extrusion with Joncryl. The effect of the reactive extrusion process on the molecular structure and on the thermal/mechanical/rheological properties of recycling post-consumer opaque PET (r-PET) has been analyzed. A 1% w/w Joncryl addition caused a moderate increase in the molecular weight. A moderate increase in chain length could not explain a decrease in the overall crystallization rate. This result is probably due to the presence of branches interrupting the crystallizable sequences in reactive extruded r-PET (REX-r-PET). A rheological investigation performed by SAOS/LAOS/elongational studies detected important structural modifications in REX-r-PET with respect to linear r-PET or a reference virgin PET. REX-r-PET is characterized by a slow relaxation process with enlarged elastic behaviors that are characteristic of a long-chain branched material. The mechanical properties of REX-r-PET increased because of the addition of the chain extender without a significant loss of elongation at the break. The reactive extrusion process is a suitable way to recycle opaque PET into a material with enhanced rheological properties (thanks to the production of a chain extension and long-chain branches) with mechanical properties that are comparable to those of a typical virgin PET sample.
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Xu Z, Croft ZL, Guo D, Cao K, Liu G. Recent development of polyimides: Synthesis, processing, and application in gas separation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- Department of Chemistry Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - Zacary L. Croft
- Department of Chemistry Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - Dong Guo
- Department of Chemistry Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - Ke Cao
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Department of Chemistry Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, and Division of Nanoscience, Academy of Integrated Science Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
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Safari M, Otaegi I, Aramburu N, Wang Y, Liu G, Dong X, Wang D, Guerrica-Echevarria G, Müller AJ. Composition dependent miscibility in the crystalline state of polyamide 6 /polyamide 4,10 blends: From single to double crystalline blends. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Xu S, Wu F, Li Z, Zhu X, Li X, Wang L, Li Y, Tu Y. A green cascade polymerization method for the facile synthesis of sustainable poly(butylene-co-decylene terephthalate) copolymers. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vásquez-Rendón M, Álvarez-Láinez ML. Tailoring the mechanical, thermal, and flammability properties of high-performance PEI/PBT blends exhibiting dual-phase continuity. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chang BP, Mohanty AK, Misra M. Tuning the compatibility to achieve toughened biobased poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene terephthalate) blends. RSC Adv 2018; 8:27709-27724. [PMID: 35542721 PMCID: PMC9083900 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05161e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of sustainable biobased polymer blends from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) were fabricated and characterized. These blends are engineered to achieve optimal mechanical properties and toughness with a reactive epoxidized styrene-acrylic copolymer (ESAC) compatibilizer, and an ethylene-n-butyl-acrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate (EBA-GMA) elastomer-based compatibilizer. The results showed that the tensile strength, modulus, flexural strength and modulus of the PBT increase, while the elongation at break and notched impact strength decrease after blending with the biopolymer PLA. The full co-continuity of PLA in PBT was confirmed at a 50/50 wt% blend ratio. The droplet size of the PLA was reduced and the distinct phases of the blends were gradually diminished with the increasing content of the ESAC compatibilizer. The increase in the complex viscosity of the blends was due to the formation of PLA-g-PBT copolymers in the blend after addition of reactive compatibilizers. The incorporation of both compatibilizers in the blends led to superior notched impact strength in comparison to only a single compatibilizer used in the blends. The synergistic effect of both compatibilizers effectively reduces the PLA droplet size and improves the dispersion of PLA in PBT as evidenced by atomic force microscopy (AFM) topography observations. The high toughness of the blends corresponds to the formation of effective EBA-GMA structures and enhanced interfacial compatibilization due to the synergistic effect of the compatibilizers. Novel toughened biobased polymer blends from poly(lactic acid) and poly(butylene terephthalate) were developed by judicious compatibilization.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Peng Chang
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre
- Department of Plant Agriculture
- Crop Science Building
- University of Guelph
- Guelph
| | - Amar K. Mohanty
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre
- Department of Plant Agriculture
- Crop Science Building
- University of Guelph
- Guelph
| | - Manjusri Misra
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre
- Department of Plant Agriculture
- Crop Science Building
- University of Guelph
- Guelph
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Schmidt J, Sachs M, Fanselow S, Zhao M, Romeis S, Drummer D, Wirth KE, Peukert W. Optimized polybutylene terephthalate powders for selective laser beam melting. Chem Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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10
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Lei Y, Liu T, Chen Z, Lu A, Wang X, Zhao X. Morphology, mechanical and dielectric properties, and rheological behavior of EAGMA toughened microcellular PEI–EAGMA foam. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00285g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
EAGMA plays an important role in the microcellular structure formation and had an excellent toughening effect on the PEI–EAGMA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Lei
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900, P. R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900, P. R. China
| | - Zhenglei Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900, P. R. China
| | - Ai Lu
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900, P. R. China
| | - Xianzhong Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900, P. R. China
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900, P. R. China
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Mohammadi M, Yousefi AA, Ehsani M. Study of the thermal and mechanical properties of blown films of high- and low-density polyethylene blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Granado A, Eguiazábal JI, Nazábal J. Compatible polycarbonate/polyamide 6,6 blends with fibrillar morphology. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Ramiro J, Eguiazábal JI, Nazábal J. Compatibilized poly(ether imide)/amorphous polyamide blends by means of poly(ethylene terephthalate) addition. POLYM ENG SCI 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Ramiro J, Eguiazábal J, Nazábal J. Structure and mechanical properties of blends of poly(ether imide) and an amorphous polyamide. Eur Polym J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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González I, Eguiazábal JI, Nazábal J. Structure and mechanical properties of poly(trimethylene terephthalate)/poly(hydroxy ether of bisphenol A) blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Retolaza A, Eguiazábal JI, Nazábal J. Structure and mechanical properties of poly(sulfone of bisphenol A)/poly(butylene terephthalate) blends. POLYM INT 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Ramiro J, Eguiazábal JI, Nazábal J. Phase Structure and Mechanical Properties of Blends of Poly(ether imide) and Bisphenol A Polycarbonate. Polym J 2004. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.36.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Retolaza A, Eguiazábal JI, Nazábal J. Compatibility in immiscible polysulfone/poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Phase behavior and mechanical properties of blends of poly(butylene terephthalate) and poly(amino-ether) resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Aróstegui A, Nazábal J. New super-tough poly(butylene terephthalate) materials based on compatibilized blends with metallocenic poly(ethylene-octene) copolymer. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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21
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Ramiro J, Eguiazábal JI, Nazábal J. Synergistic mechanical behaviour and improved processability of poly(ether imide) by blending with poly(trimethylene terephthalate). POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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