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A new prognostic factor of breast cancer: High carboxyl ester lipase expression related to poor survival. Cancer Genet 2019; 239:54-61. [PMID: 31561066 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The enzyme carboxyl ester lipase (CEL), known as bile salt-dependent lipase (BSDL) or bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL), is mainly expressed in pancreatic acinar cells and lactating mammary glands. To investigate the link between CEL expression of breast cancer (BC) tissues and the survival of BC patients by analyzing The Cancer Genome Atlas Breast Carcinoma (TCGA-BRCA) level 3 data. METHODS The clinical information and RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) expression data were downloaded from TCGA. Patients were divided into a high CEL expression group and a low CEL expression group using the optimal cutoff value (5.611) identified from the ROC curve. Chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used to find the correlation between the expression of CEL and clinicopathologic features. To assess the diagnostic capability, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of CEL was drawn. The survival differences between high and low CEL expression groups were compared by Cox regression analysis. Log-rank test was applied to the calculation of p values and the comparison of the Kaplan-Meier curves. Furthermore, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets were used for external data validation. RESULTS Analysis of 1104 cases of tumor data showed that CEL was over-expressed in breast cancer. There were relationships between high CEL expression and clinicopathologic features. The high CEL expression group had a lower survival. By analyzing the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of CEL, it was found to have a limited diagnostic capability. CEL expression may be an independent prognostic factor for breast cancer survival through the multivariate analysis. The validation in GEO datasets also showed that CEL expression was higher in breast tumor tissues than in normal breast tissues. High CEL expression was associated with the poor overall survival of breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS High CEL expression may be an independent prognostic factor for the poor survival of breast cancer.
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Lombardo D, Silvy F, Crenon I, Martinez E, Collignon A, Beraud E, Mas E. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, chronic pancreatitis, and MODY-8 diabetes: is bile salt-dependent lipase (or carboxyl ester lipase) at the crossroads of pancreatic pathologies? Oncotarget 2018; 9:12513-12533. [PMID: 29552330 PMCID: PMC5844766 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinomas and diabetes mellitus are responsible for the deaths of around two million people each year worldwide. Patients with chronic pancreatitis do not die directly of this disease, except where the pathology is hereditary. Much current literature supports the involvement of bile salt-dependent lipase (BSDL), also known as carboxyl ester lipase (CEL), in the pathophysiology of these pancreatic diseases. The purpose of this review is to shed light on connections between chronic pancreatitis, diabetes, and pancreatic adenocarcinomas by gaining an insight into BSDL and its variants. This enzyme is normally secreted by the exocrine pancreas, and is diverted within the intestinal lumen to participate in the hydrolysis of dietary lipids. However, BSDL is also expressed by other cells and tissues, where it participates in lipid homeostasis. Variants of BSDL resulting from germline and/or somatic mutations (nucleotide insertion/deletion or nonallelic homologous recombination) are expressed in the pancreas of patients with pancreatic pathologies such as chronic pancreatitis, MODY-8, and pancreatic adenocarcinomas. We discuss the possible link between the expression of BSDL variants and these dramatic pancreatic pathologies, putting forward the suggestion that BSDL and its variants are implicated in the cell lipid metabolism/reprogramming that leads to the dyslipidemia observed in chronic pancreatitis, MODY-8, and pancreatic adenocarcinomas. We also propose potential strategies for translation to therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lombardo
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Silvy
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Crenon
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Martinez
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
| | - Aurélie Collignon
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
| | - Evelyne Beraud
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Mas
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
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Martinez E, Crenon I, Silvy F, Del Grande J, Mougel A, Barea D, Fina F, Bernard JP, Ouaissi M, Lombardo D, Mas E. Expression of truncated bile salt-dependent lipase variant in pancreatic pre-neoplastic lesions. Oncotarget 2017; 8:536-551. [PMID: 27602750 PMCID: PMC5352176 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a dismal disease. The lack of specific symptoms still leads to a delay in diagnosis followed by death within months for most patients. Exon 11 of the bile salt-dependent lipase (BSDL) gene encoding variable number of tandem repeated (VNTR) sequences has been involved in pancreatic pathologies. We hypothesized that BSDL VNTR sequences may be mutated in PDAC. The amplification of BSDL VNTR from RNA extracted from pancreatic SOJ-6 cells allowed us to identify a BSDL amplicon in which a cytosine residue is inserted in a VNTR sequence. This insertion gives rise to a premature stop codon, resulting in a truncated protein and to a modification of the C-terminal amino-acid sequence; that is PRAAHG instead of PAVIRF. We produced antibodies directed against these sequences and examined pancreatic tissues from patients with PDAC and PanIN. Albeit all tissues were positive to anti-PAVIRF antibodies, 72.2% of patient tissues gave positive reaction with anti-PRAAHG antibodies, particularly in dysplastic areas of the tumor. Neoplastic cells with ductal differentiation were not reactive to anti-PRAAHG antibodies. Some 70% of PanIN tissues were also reactive to anti-PRAAHG antibodies, suggesting that the C insertion occurs early during pancreatic carcinogenesis. Data suggest that anti-PRAAHG antibodies were uniquely reactive with a short isoform of BSDL specifically expressed in pre-neoplastic lesions of the pancreas. The detection of truncated BSDL reactive to antibodies against the PRAAHG C-terminal sequence in pancreatic juice or in pancreatic biopsies may be a new tool in the early diagnosis of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Martinez
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Crenon
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Silvy
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Del Grande
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, Service d'Anatomopathologie, Marseille, France
| | - Alice Mougel
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Dolores Barea
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Frederic Fina
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
- LBM- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital Nord, Service de transfert d'Oncologie Biologique, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Paul Bernard
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, Service de Gastroentérologie 2, Marseille, France
| | - Mehdi Ouaissi
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, Service de Chirurgie Digestive et Viscérale, Marseille, France
| | - Dominique Lombardo
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Mas
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
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Benkoël L, Bernard JP, Payan-Defais MJ, Crescence L, Franceschi C, Delmas M, Ouaissi M, Sastre B, Sahel J, Benoliel AM, Bongrand P, Silvy F, Gauthier L, Romagné F, Lombardo D, Mas E. Monoclonal antibody 16D10 to the COOH-terminal domain of the feto-acinar pancreatic protein targets pancreatic neoplastic tissues. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:282-91. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sun ZL, Zhu Y, Wang FQ, Chen R, Peng T, Fan ZN, Xu ZK, Miao Y. Serum proteomic-based analysis of pancreatic carcinoma for the identification of potential cancer biomarkers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2007; 1774:764-71. [PMID: 17507299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To identify new biomarkers that improve the early diagnosis and lead to possible therapeutic targets in pancreatic carcinoma, we performed a proteomic approach to compare serum protein expression patterns of pancreatic carcinoma patients with that of gastric cancer patients, other pancreatic disease patients, and healthy volunteers. By two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) analyses and mass spectroscopic identification, 10 protein spots were found significantly changed in pancreatic carcinoma and 5 proteins including cyclin I, Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor beta (GDI2), alpha-1 antitrypsin precursor, Haptoglobin precursor, and Serotransferrin precursor were successfully identified. The increased levels of cyclin I and GDI2 found to be associated with pancreatic carcinoma were further confirmed by Western blot analyses in an independent series of serum samples and/or pancreatic juice samples. Applying immunohistochemistry, we further validated expression of cyclin I and GDI2 in additional pancreatic carcinomas. These results indicate that cyclin I and GDI2 may be potential molecular targets for pancreatic cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ling Sun
- Department of Pancreas Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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Panicot-Dubois L, Aubert M, Franceschi C, Mas E, Silvy F, Crotte C, Bernard JP, Lombardo D, Sadoulet MO. Monoclonal antibody 16D10 to the C-terminal domain of the feto-acinar pancreatic protein binds to membrane of human pancreatic tumoral SOJ-6 cells and inhibits the growth of tumor xenografts. Neoplasia 2005; 6:713-24. [PMID: 15720797 PMCID: PMC1531675 DOI: 10.1593/neo.04298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Feto-acinar pancreatic protein (FAPP) characterized by mAbJ28 reactivity is a specific component associated with ontogenesis and behaves as an oncodevelopment-associated antigen. We attempted to determine whether pancreatic tumoral SOJ-6 cells are expressed at their surface FAPP antigens and to examine if specific antibodies directed against these FAPP epitopes could decrease the growth of pancreatic tumors in a mice model. For this purpose, we used specific antibodies against either the whole FAPP, the O-glycosylated C-terminal domain, or the N-terminal domain of the protein. Our results indicate that SOJ-6 cells expressed at their surface a 32-kDa peptide corresponding to the C-terminal domain of the FAPP. Furthermore, we show, by using endoproteinase Lys-C or geldanamycin, a drug able to impair the FAPP secretion, that this 32-kDa peptide expressed on the SOJ-6 cell surface comes from the degradation of the FAPP. Finally, an in vivo prospective study using a preventative tumor model in nude mice indicates that targeting this peptide by the use of mAb16D10 inhibits the growth of SOJ-6 xenografts. The specificity of mAb16D10 for pancreatic tumors and the possibility to obtain recombinant structures of mucin-like peptides recognized by mAb16D10 and mAbJ28 are promising tools in immunologic approaches to cure pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Panicot-Dubois
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 559 and EA 3289, Faculté de Médecine-Timone, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseilles, France
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Aubert-Jousset E, Garmy N, Sbarra V, Fantini J, Sadoulet MO, Lombardo D. The Combinatorial Extension Method Reveals a Sphingolipid Binding Domain on Pancreatic Bile Salt-Dependent Lipase. Structure 2004; 12:1437-47. [PMID: 15296737 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2004.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2004] [Revised: 05/13/2004] [Accepted: 05/14/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Structure similarity searches using a combinatorial extension approach revealed that a protein fold structurally related to the sphingolipid binding domain (SBD) of HIV-1 gp120 (V3 loop) is present on pancreatic bile salt-dependent lipase (BSDL). A synthetic peptide derived from the predicted V3-like domain of BSDL interacted with reconstituted monolayers of sphingolipids such as GalCer and GlcCer. Using Chinese hamster ovary cells stably transfected with the cDNA encoding the rat BSDL (CHO-3B clone) or pancreatic SOJ-6 cells expressing the human BSDL as models, we showed that the enzyme cofractionates with caveolin-1. The secretion of BSDL by CHO-3B cells was inhibited by permeable drugs affecting rafts structure (D609, PDMP, and filipin). Data suggest that the functional interaction between the BSDL SBD and lipid rafts is physiologically relevant and could be essential for sensing the BSDL folding prior to secretion. A tentative model accounting for the phosphorylation-induced dissociation of BSDL from rafts is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Aubert-Jousset
- INSERM U-559, EA-3289, and IPHM, Faculté de Médecine, Timone, 27 Bld Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille 05, France
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Discovery of novel tumor markers of pancreatic cancer using global gene expression technology. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 160:1239-49. [PMID: 11943709 PMCID: PMC1867224 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite several advances in our basic understanding and in the clinical management of pancreatic cancer, virtually all patients who will be diagnosed with pancreatic cancer will die from this disease. The high mortality of pancreatic cancer is predominantly because of diagnosis at an advanced stage of disease and a lack of effective treatments. We used the Gene Logic Inc. BioExpress platform and Affymetrix GeneChip arrays to identify genes differentially expressed in pancreatic cancer. cDNA was prepared from samples of normal pancreas (n = 11), normal gastrointestinal mucosa (n = 22), resected pancreas cancer tissues (n = 14), and pancreas cancer cell lines (n = 8), and was hybridized to the complete Affymetrix Human Genome U95 GeneChip set (arrays U95 A, B, C, D, and E) for simultaneous analysis of 60,000 cDNA fragments, with 12,000 fragments covering full-length genes and 48,000 fragments covering expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Genes expressed at levels at least fivefold greater in the pancreatic cancers ascompared to normal tissues were identified. Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) libraries (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SAGE/) of two normal pancreatic ductal cell cultures (HX and H126) were used to exclude genes expressed in the normal ducts (more than five tags per library). Differential expression of selected candidate genes was validated by immunohistochemical analysis (n = 3), by in situ hybridization (n = 1), and by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (n = 8). One hundred eighty fragments were identified as having fivefold or greater expression levels in pancreas cancer specimens as compared to normal tissue, of which 124 corresponded to known genes and 56 to ESTs. Of these 124 fragments, 10 genes were represented by two or more fragments, resulting in 107 known genes identified as differentially expressed in pancreatic cancer. An additional 10 genes were expressed in the SAGE libraries of normal pancreatic duct epithelium, and were excluded from further analysis. A literature search indicated that 28 of the remaining 97 genes have been reported in association with pancreatic cancer, validating this approach. The remaining 69 genes have not been implicated in pancreatic cancer before, and have immediate potential as novel therapeutic targets and tumor markers of pancreatic cancer.
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Lombardo D. Bile salt-dependent lipase: its pathophysiological implications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1533:1-28. [PMID: 11514232 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(01)00130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Lombardo
- INSERM Unité 559, Faculté de Médecine-Timone, 27 Blv Jean Moulin, 13385 Cedex 05, Marseille, France.
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Le Petit-Thevenin J, Verine A, Nganga A, Nobili O, Lombardo D, Bruneau N. Impairment of bile salt-dependent lipase secretion in AR4-2J rat pancreatic cells induces its degradation by the proteasome. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1530:184-98. [PMID: 11239821 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(00)00181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bile salt-dependent lipase (BSDL, EC 3.1.1.13) is a lipolytic enzyme normally secreted by the pancreatic acinar cell. Co- and post-translational modifications, such as N- and O-linked glycosylation, regulate the secretion of this enzyme; therefore it was of first importance to determine the behaviour of BSDL under conditions that impaired its secretion. Using AR4-2J pancreatic cells as model, we showed, particularly when BSDL secretion is impaired, that proteasome inhibitors increased the amount of intracellular BSDL, suggesting that the proteasome is involved in the degradation of this protein. This was strengthened by the detection of ubiquitinated BSDL and of degradation product. Our results suggested that both ubiquitination and degradation of the enzyme occurred at the level of the cytosolic side of microsome membranes. ATP hydrolysis appears essential in ubiquitinated BSDL association with membranes and degradation. Furthermore, under normal secretory conditions, we have shown that a fraction of ubiquitinated BSDL is neither O-glycosylated nor N-glycosylated, suggesting that the N-glycosylation-deficient proteasome substrate does not reach the Golgi and could be degraded by the ER-associated degradation machinery. However, another fraction of ubiquitinated BSDL that is deficient in O-glycosylation, carries out endoglycosidase H-insensitive N-linked glycans, meaning that a second system, that detects abnormal BSDL molecules, could also operate at the level of the Golgi compartment. Consequently, it appears that impairment of BSDL secretion consecutive to secretion inhibition or to a deficient glycosylation leads to the proteasome-ubiquitin-dependent degradation of the protein. Therefore, this pathway is part of the quality control involved in BSDL secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Le Petit-Thevenin
- INSERM Unité 260, Faculté de Médecine-Timone, 27 bld Jean Moulin, 13385 cedex 05, Marseilles, France
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