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Yao Y, Huang J, Cheng K, Pan Y, Qin H, Ye M, Zou H. Specific Enrichment of Peptides with N-Terminal Serine/Threonine by a Solid-Phase Capture-Release Approach for Efficient Proteomics Analysis. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11353-60. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yating Yao
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junfeng Huang
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanbo Pan
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongqiang Qin
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Mingliang Ye
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hanfa Zou
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China
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2
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A review on recent developments in mass spectrometry instrumentation and quantitative tools advancing bacterial proteomics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4749-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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3
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Wang J, Zhang J, Arbogast B, Maier CS. Tandem mass spectrometric characterization of thiol peptides modified by the chemoselective cationic sulfhydryl reagent (4-iodobutyl)triphenylphosphonium--effects of a cationic thiol derivatization on peptide fragmentation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:1771-83. [PMID: 21952891 PMCID: PMC3187551 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fixed charge chemical modifications on peptides and proteins can impact fragmentation behaviors in tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). In this study, we employed a thiol-specific cationic alkylation reagent, (4-iodobutyl)triphenylphosphonium (IBTP), to selectively modify cysteine thiol groups in mitochondrial proteome samples. Tandem mass spectrometric characteristics of butyltriphenylphosphonium (BTP)-modified peptides were evaluated by comparison to their carbamidomethylated (CAM) analogues using a quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) instrument under low energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) conditions. Introduction of the fixed charge modification resulted in the observation of peptide and fragment (b(n) and y(n)) ions with higher charge states than those observed for CAM-modified analogues. The charged BTP moiety had a significant effect on the neighboring amide bond fragmentation products. A decrease in relative abundances of the product ions at the corresponding cleavage sites was observed compared with those from the CAM-modified derivatives. This effect was particularly noticeable when an Xxx-Pro bond was in the vicinity of a BTP group. We hypothesized that the presence of a phosphonium moiety will reduce the tendency for protonation of the proximal amide bonds in the peptide backbone. Indeed, calculations indicated that proton affinities of backbone amide bonds close to the modified cysteine residues were generally 20-50 kcal/mol lower for BTP-modified peptides than for the unmodified or CAM-modified analogues with the sequence motif -Ala-Cys-Ala(n)-Ala(2)-, -Ala-Cys-Ala(n)-Pro-Ala-, and -Ala-Pro-Ala(n)-Cys-Ala-, n=0-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | | | - Claudia S. Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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4
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Beneito-Cambra M, Herrero-Martínez J, Ramis-Ramos G, Lindner W, Lämmerhofer M. Comparison of monolithic and microparticulate columns for reversed-phase liquid chromatography of tryptic digests of industrial enzymes in cleaning products. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7275-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Hartson SD, Matts RL. Approaches for defining the Hsp90-dependent proteome. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1823:656-67. [PMID: 21906632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Hsp90 is the target of ongoing drug discovery studies seeking new compounds to treat cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and protein folding disorders. To better understand Hsp90's roles in cellular pathologies and in normal cells, numerous studies have utilized proteomics assays and related high-throughput tools to characterize its physical and functional protein partnerships. This review surveys these studies, and summarizes the strengths and limitations of the individual attacks. We also include downloadable spreadsheets compiling all of the Hsp90-interacting proteins identified in more than 23 studies. These tools include cross-references among gene aliases, human homologues of yeast Hsp90-interacting proteins, hyperlinks to database entries, summaries of canonical pathways that are enriched in the Hsp90 interactome, and additional bioinformatic annotations. In addition to summarizing Hsp90 proteomics studies performed to date and the insights they have provided, we identify gaps in our current understanding of Hsp90-mediated proteostasis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Hartson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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6
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Matta A, Ralhan R, DeSouza LV, Siu KWM. Mass spectrometry-based clinical proteomics: head-and-neck cancer biomarkers and drug-targets discovery. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:945-961. [PMID: 20945361 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics is a rapidly developing technology for both qualitative and quantitative analyses of proteins, and investigations into protein posttranslational modifications, subcellular localization, and interactions. Recent advancements in MS have made tremendous impact on the throughput and comprehensiveness of cancer proteomics, paving the way to unraveling deregulated cellular pathway networks in human malignancies. In turn, this knowledge is rapidly being translated into the discovery of novel potential cancer markers (PCMs) and targets for molecular therapeutics. Head-and-neck cancer is one of the most morbid human malignancies with an overall poor prognosis and severely compromised quality of life. Early detection and novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed for more effective disease management. The characterizations of protein profiles of head-and-neck cancers and non-malignant tissues, with unprecedented sensitivity and precision, are providing technology platforms for identification of novel PCMs and drug targets. Importantly, low-abundance proteins are being identified and characterized, not only from the tumor tissues, but also from bodily fluids (plasma, saliva, and urine) in a high-throughput and unbiased manner. This review is a critical appraisal of recent advances in MS-based proteomic technologies and platforms for facilitating the discovery of biomarkers and novel drug targets in head-and-neck cancer. A major challenge in the discovery and verification of these cancer biomarkers is the typically limited availability of well-characterized and adequately stored clinical samples in tumor and sera banks, collected using recommended procedures, and with detailed information on clinical, pathological parameters, and follow-up. Most biomarker discovery studies use limited number of clinical samples and verification of cancer markers in large number of samples is beyond the scope of a single laboratory. The validation of these potential markers in large sample cohorts in multicentric studies is needed for their translation from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Matta
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
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7
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Tran JC, Doucette AA. Multiplexed size separation of intact proteins in solution phase for mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 81:6201-9. [PMID: 19572727 DOI: 10.1021/ac900729r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reliable size-based protein separation is an invaluable biological technique. Unfortunately, size separation in solution is underutilized, owing perhaps to the poor resolution of conventional techniques. Here, we report an enhanced multiplexed GELFrEE (gel-eluted liquid fraction entrapment electrophoresis) device which incorporates eight independent separation channels, operating with high repeatability. This enables simultaneous size separation of independent proteome samples, each into 16 well resolved liquid fractions, covering 10-150 kDa in 1.5 h. A novel strategy to increase sample loads while maintaining electrophoretic resolution is presented by distributing the sample among the eight channels with subsequent pooling of collected fractions. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of the S. cerevisiae proteome following GELFrEE separation and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) removal demonstrates the resolution and high correlation achieved between molecular weight and fraction number for the identified proteins. This device is highly orthogonal to solution isoelectric focusing, enabling our disclosure of a fully multiplexed high-throughput two-dimensional liquid electrophoretic (2D LE) platform that separates analogously to 2D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). With 2D LE, a total of 128 well-resolved liquid fractions are obtained from 1 mg of S. cerevisiae proteins covering ranges 3.8 < pI < 7.8 and 10 kDa < MW < 150 kDa in an unprecedented 3.25 h total separation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J3
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8
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Basu J, Romney SL, Angeletti RH, Vermund SH, Nieves E, Kadish AS, Mikhail MS, Orr GA. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigens and RNA in HIV-seronegative women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009; 25:249-59. [PMID: 19292595 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2008.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While investigating whether proteins retrieved by cervicovaginal lavages (CVL) from women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) might correlate with risk of progression to invasive cervical cancer, we unexpectedly identified HIV gag and env glycoprotein in CVL from women with HIV-negative serology. HIV antigens were consistently identified by mass spectrometry (MS) in CVL from 4 women but were absent in CVL from the remaining 16 women. HIV serologies of all 20 patients were negative for both HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies. To validate the unexpected MS findings we performed Western blot (WB) and immunoaffinity chromatography (IC) analysis of CVL for HIV proteins, viral load assays of paired CVL and blood samples, and immunohistochemical HIV p24 expression in cervical biopsy specimens. WB analysis of CVL for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was performed to exclude semen contamination as the source of HIV proteins. WB and IC results demonstrated the presence of HIV-1 gp41 and p24 antigens in four CVL that were identified by MS to have the HIV proteins. Despite negative serology, HIV RNA in CVL and HIV p24 in cervix biopsies were detected in patients with HIV antigen-positive CVL. HIV p24-positive CVL were PSA negative. All 20 subjects remained HIV seronegative throughout the study. Women with HIV proteins and RNA were comparatively older. Our findings suggest that CVL HIV proteins in women with CIN could be markers for unrecognized HIV exposure or subclinical infection. Proteomic screening of cervical secretions may be useful in identifying seronegative women exposed to HIV and/or at risk for AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayasri Basu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Seymour L. Romney
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Ruth H. Angeletti
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Sten H. Vermund
- Institute of Global Health and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0242
| | - Edward Nieves
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Anna S. Kadish
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Magdy S. Mikhail
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - George A. Orr
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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9
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Tran JC, Doucette AA. Gel-Eluted Liquid Fraction Entrapment Electrophoresis: An Electrophoretic Method for Broad Molecular Weight Range Proteome Separation. Anal Chem 2008; 80:1568-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ac702197w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John C. Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J3
| | - Alan A. Doucette
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J3
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10
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Yu CJ, Tseng WL. Online concentration and separation of basic proteins using a cationic polyelectrolyte in the presence of reversed electroosmotic flow. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:3569-77. [PMID: 16915567 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report an online concentration and separation method for basic proteins using poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) solutions in the presence of reversed EOF. Using a capillary dynamically coated with 2% PDDA containing 0.1 M NaCl and filled with 1.2% PDDA under neutral conditions (10 mM phosphate, pH 7.0), we have demonstrated the separation of six basic proteins with peak efficiencies ranging from 175 000 to 616 000 plates/m and RSDs of migration time less than 0.4%. Additionally, high-speed separation of six basic proteins (<7 min) was achieved using a short capillary filled with 0.6% PDDA solutions. Under injection of the large-volume sample (210 nL), the LODs at S/N of 3 for basic proteins are down to nanomolar range. For example, the LOD for lysozyme is 1.2 nM, which is a 260-fold sensitivity enhancement compared with conventional injection method. The proposed method has been applied to the stacking of lysozyme in human saliva samples. Without any pretreatment, we also demonstrated the capability of this method to detect low amounts of peptide samples through the stacking of tryptic peptide of myoglobin. The experimental results indicate that our proposed method has great potential for use in clinical diagnosis and proteomics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ju Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National SunYat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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11
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Ren D, Julka S, Inerowicz HD, Regnier FE. Enrichment of cysteine-containing peptides from tryptic digests using a quaternary amine tag. Anal Chem 2006; 76:4522-30. [PMID: 15283597 DOI: 10.1021/ac0354645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy for specifically targeting cysteine-containing peptides in a tryptic digest is described. The method is based on quantitatively derivatizing cysteine residues with a quaternary amine tag (QAT). Tags were introduced into proteins following reduction of disulfide bonds through derivatization of cysteine residues with (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride. After trypsin digestion, derivatized cysteine-containing peptides were enriched by strong cation exchange chromatography. The method was validated using model peptides and a protein. The QAT strategy has several advantages over other methods for the selection of cysteine-containing peptides. One is that it increases the ionization efficiency of cysteine-containing peptides. The other is that chromatographic selection is achieved with simple, robust cation exchange chromatography columns. As a result, this new strategy provides a simple way to facilitate enrichment of cysteine-containing peptides, thereby reducing sample complexity in bottom-up proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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12
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Long XH, Lin JF, Zhang YZ. A novel droplet-tap sample-loading method for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 384:1578-83. [PMID: 16554959 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0304-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Revised: 12/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel procedure, droplet-tap mode, has been devised for sample application for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) expression profiles. The sample was loaded by evenly distributed tapping of droplets of the sample on to the rehydration buffer (RB) and then lowering the strip on to the solution surface. At normal loading concentrations, the number of spots obtained was increased by approximately one-third by this new approach compared with the rehydration loading procedure. The method also resulted in significantly improved resolution compared with cup loading when high concentrations of proteins were present, indicating its potential usefulness in micropreparative separation. In addition, recovery of the proteins confirmed that protein uptake was enhanced by use of this method. By enabling improved performances in 2DE, the proposed procedure has much potential for sample loading to meet the requirements of global proteome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-H Long
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, P.R. China
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13
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America AHP, Cordewener JHG, van Geffen MHA, Lommen A, Vissers JPC, Bino RJ, Hall RD. Alignment and statistical difference analysis of complex peptide data sets generated by multidimensional LC-MS. Proteomics 2006; 6:641-53. [PMID: 16372275 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A method for high-resolution proteomics analyses of complex protein mixtures is presented using multidimensional HPLC coupled to MS (MDLC-MS). The method was applied to identify proteins that are differentially expressed during fruit ripening of tomato. Protein extracts from red and green tomato fruits were digested by trypsin. The resulting highly complex peptide mixtures were separated by strong cation exchange chromatography (SCX), and subsequently analyzed by RP nano-LC coupled to quadrupole-TOF MS. For detailed quantitative comparison, triplicate RP-LC-MS runs were performed for each SCX fraction. The resulting data sets were analyzed using MetAlign software for noise and data reduction, multiple alignment and statistical variance analysis. For each RP-LC-MS chromatogram, up to 7000 mass components were detected. Peak intensity data were compared by multivariate and statistical analysis. This revealed a clear separation between the green and red tomato samples, and a clear separation of the different SCX fractions. MS/MS spectra were collected using the data-dependent acquisition mode from a selected set of differentially detected peptide masses, enabling the identification of proteins that were differentially expressed during ripening of tomato fruits. Our approach is a highly sensitive method to analyze proteins in complex mixtures without the need of isotope labeling.
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14
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Pal M, Moffa A, Sreekumar A, Ethier SP, Barder TJ, Chinnaiyan A, Lubman DM. Differential Phosphoprotein Mapping in Cancer Cells Using Protein Microarrays Produced from 2-D Liquid Fractionation. Anal Chem 2005; 78:702-10. [PMID: 16448042 DOI: 10.1021/ac0511243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A combination of protein microarrays and two-dimensional liquid-phase separation of proteins has been used for global profiling of the phosphoproteome in human breast cancer cells. This method has been applied to study changes in phosphorylation profile resulting from treatment of the cancer cells with PD173074, a known receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. The proteins separated by 2-D liquid-phase separation were arrayed on epoxy-coated glass slides and first screened for phosphorylation using fluorescent Pro-Q Diamond stain. The candidate proteins were then identified using MALDI/ESI MS/MS analysis. Further, validation was achieved by immunoblot analysis using anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies. A dynamic range of approximately 100 was achieved on the microarray when beta-casein was used as a standard protein for obtaining quantitative data. Importantly, the power of this method lies in its ability to identify a large group of proteins in a single experiment that are coregulated in their posttranslational modifications, upon treatment with the inhibitor. Since proteins are known to form interacting circuits that eventually lead to various signaling events, detection of such global phosphorylation profiles might enable delineation of functional pathways that play an important role during cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Pal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
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15
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Dai J, Wang J, Zhang Y, Lu Z, Yang B, Li X, Cai Y, Qian X. Enrichment and Identification of Cysteine-Containing Peptides from Tryptic Digests of Performic Oxidized Proteins by Strong Cation Exchange LC and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Anal Chem 2005; 77:7594-604. [PMID: 16316166 DOI: 10.1021/ac0506276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The extreme complexity of sample and uninformative fragmentation of peptides in MS/MS experiments are two of several real challenges faced by proteomics. In this work, a strategy aimed at tackling these two problems is presented. Briefly, proteins were first oxidized by performic acid to cleave the disulfide bonds and simultaneously convert cysteine residue into its sulfonic form. Then the resultant sulfonic peptides were enriched by SCX chromatography, exploiting the negative solution charge of sulfonic group. The sulfonic peptide could be easily detected by MALDI-MS in negative mode and showed both enhanced fragmentation efficiency and a simplified spectrum in MALDI-MS/MS experiment in positive mode. The strength of the strategy was demonstrated by applying it to bovine serum albumin. Potential use of the strategy in proteomics was also discussed.
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16
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Rüetschi U, Zetterberg H, Podust VN, Gottfries J, Li S, Hviid Simonsen A, McGuire J, Karlsson M, Rymo L, Davies H, Minthon L, Blennow K. Identification of CSF biomarkers for frontotemporal dementia using SELDI-TOF. Exp Neurol 2005; 196:273-81. [PMID: 16154129 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Revised: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This investigation describes the discovery of novel possible cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for frontotemporal dementia (FTD) using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). Sixteen clinically diagnosed FTD patients and 12 non-demented controls were included in the study. CSF was collected and analyzed for protein expression by SELDI-TOF MS. The samples were analyzed on four different array surfaces using two different energy-absorbing molecules as matrices. In total each sample was subjected to eight different surface/matrix conditions. About 2000 protein peaks (mass/charge ratios) were detected. Forty-two peaks were differentially expressed in FTD (P < 0.01). After exclusion of peaks with low signal-to-noise ratio and/or poor resolution and peaks representing differentially charged proteins, 10 peaks remained, five of which were increased and five decreased in FTD cases compared to controls. Using partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the combination of these biomarkers discriminated FTD from non-demented controls with a sensitivity of 94%, a specificity of 83% and an accuracy of 89%. Five of the peaks were purified further and identified by tandem MS as a fragment of neurosecretory protein VGF, transthyretin, S-cysteinylated transthyretin, truncated cystatin C and a fragment of chromogranin B. With use of these potential biomarkers, FTD can be distinguished from control subjects with high accuracy in this pilot study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Rüetschi
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Sweden.
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17
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Calleri E, Temporini C, Perani E, De Palma A, Lubda D, Mellerio G, Sala A, Galliano M, Caccialanza G, Massolini G. Trypsin-based monolithic bioreactor coupled on-line with LC/MS/MS system for protein digestion and variant identification in standard solutions and serum samples. J Proteome Res 2005; 4:481-90. [PMID: 15822925 DOI: 10.1021/pr049796h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of a trypsin-based monolithic bioreactor coupled on-line with LC/MS/MS for rapid proteolytic digestion and protein identification is here described. Dilute samples are passed through the bioreactor for generation of proteolytic fragments in less than 10 min. After digestion and peptide separation, electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry is used to generate a peptide map and to identify proteolytic peptides by correlating their fragmentation spectra with amino acid sequences from a protein database. By digesting picomoles of proteins sufficient data from ESI and MS/MS were obtained to unambiguously identify proteins alone and in serum samples. This approach was also extended to locate mutation sites in beta-lactoglobulin A and B variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Calleri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
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18
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Winnik WM. Continuous pH/Salt Gradient and Peptide Score for Strong Cation Exchange Chromatography in 2D-Nano-LC/MS/MS Peptide Identification for Proteomics. Anal Chem 2005; 77:4991-8. [PMID: 16053314 DOI: 10.1021/ac0503714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tryptic digests of human serum albumin and human lung epithelial cell lysates were used as test samples in a novel proteomics study. Peptides were separated and analyzed using 2D-nano-LC/MS/MS with strong cation exchange (SCX) and reversed-phase chromatography and continuous gradient elution. The peptide elution conditions combined simultaneous pH gradient with ammonium acetate salt gradient elution modes. A novel empirical SCX peptide elution score was developed, which accounts for both the number of basic and acidic residues and, in part, their location within a sequence of a peptide. Average scores calculated for the fractionated peptide sequences correlated well with the pH of SCX elution fractions. Multiple peptides with identical amino acid sequences, but differing in cysteine tags possessing different positive charge and different SCX elution properties, were obtained by subjecting the samples to reduction and alkylation with different cysteine alkylating reagents: iodoacetamide, 4-vinylpyridine, and (3-acrylamidopropyl) trimethylammonium chloride. The structurally similar peptides were used as elution standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold M Winnik
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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19
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Massolini G, Calleri E. Immobilized trypsin systems coupled on-line to separation methods: Recent developments and analytical applications. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:7-21. [PMID: 15688626 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200401941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The ability to rapidly and efficiently digest and identify an unknown protein is of great utility for proteome studies. Identification of proteins via peptide mapping is generally accomplished through proteolytic digestion with enzymes such as trypsin. Limitations of this approach consist in manual sample manipulation steps and extended reaction times for proteolytic digestion. The use of immobilized trypsin for cleavage of proteins is advantageous in comparison with application of its soluble form. Enzymes can be immobilized on different supports and used in flow systems such as immobilized enzyme reactors (IMERs). This review reports applications of immobilized trypsin reactors in which the IMER has been integrated into separation systems such as reversed-phase liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis, prior to MS analysis. Immobilization procedures including supports, mode of integration into separation systems, and methods are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Massolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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20
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Buchanan NS, Hamler RL, Leopold PE, Miller FR, Lubman DM. Mass mapping of cancer cell lysates using two-dimensional liquid separations, electrospray-time of flight-mass spectrometry, and automated data processing. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:248-56. [PMID: 15624161 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intact protein masses from immortal, nontransformed MCF10A, a human breast epithelial cell line, and its malignant derivative MCF10CA1a.cl1 have been mapped using a combination of all-liquid separations and automated data interpretation. Preparative liquid isoelectric focusing combined with nonporous silica reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography allows efficient separation of a large number of proteins in complex mixtures such as whole-cell lysates. Molecular weight determination of these proteins is achieved using electrospray-time of flight-mass spectrometry, however, manual data analysis for these separations is both complex and time-consuming. Protein mass mapping can be significantly enhanced by automating deconvolution functions typically performed manually, with resulting reductions in hands-on analysis time from 20-30 h per chromatogram to approximately 15 min. This reduction in analysis time allows for rapid screening of cancer cell lines for potential biomarkers over a wider pI range than would otherwise be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Buchanan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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21
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Bossi A, Guizzardi L, D'Acunto MR, Righetti PG. Controlled enzyme-immobilisation on capillaries for microreactors for peptide mapping. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 378:1722-8. [PMID: 14658028 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-003-2352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2003] [Revised: 10/10/2003] [Accepted: 10/16/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, the covalent immobilisation of the digesting enzyme trypsin has been achieved through photo-immobilisation on a portion of a silica capillary, thus leading to the construction of a capillary electrophoretic (CE)-microreactor for peptide mapping. The CE-microreactor is characterised by being a single piece, thus ensuring no fluidic or electrical leakage. The enzyme was immobilised with a surface density of 15.8 microg/cm(2), the stability was high (80% after 38 days) and the rate of conversion was 0.2 ng/s. On-line protein mapping was tested with proteins of different dimensions, showing competitiveness in terms of time (completed map within 15 min) and exhaustive maps of small proteins. The results of the CE-microreactor and the potential to immobilise biocomponents easily on a desired portion of the capillary indicate further developments towards the construction of a variety of miniaturised enzymatic screening devices for high-throughput screening analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bossi
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 34137, Verona, Italy.
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22
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23
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Thorén K, Gustafsson E, Clevnert A, Larsson T, Bergström J, Nilsson CL. Proteomic study of non-typable Haemophilus influenzae. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 782:219-26. [PMID: 12458008 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00560-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-typable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) are small, gram-negative bacteria and are strictly human pathogens, causing acute otitis media, sinusitis and community-acquired pneumonia. There is no vaccine available for NTHi, as there is for H. influenzae type b. Recent advances in proteomic techniques are finding novel applications in the field of vaccinology. There are several protein separation techniques available today, each with inherent advantages and disadvantages. We employed a combined proteomics approach, including sequential extraction and analytical two-dimensional polyacrylamide electrophoresis (2D PAGE), and two-dimensional semi-preparative electrophoresis (2D PE), in order to study protein expression in the A4 NTHi strain. Although putative vaccine candidates were identified with both techniques, 11 of 15 proteins identified using the 2D PE approach were not identified by 2D PAGE, demonstrating the complementarily of the two methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajsa Thorén
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Göteborg University, Box 440, Sweden
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24
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Gu S, Pan S, Bradbury EM, Chen X. Use of deuterium-labeled lysine for efficient protein identification and peptide de novo sequencing. Anal Chem 2002; 74:5774-85. [PMID: 12463361 DOI: 10.1021/ac0204350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe a method for protein identification and de novo peptide sequencing. Through in vivo cell culturing, the deuterium-labeled lysine residue (Lys-d4) introduces a 4-Da mass tag at the carboxyl terminus of proteolytic peptides when cleaved by certain proteases. The 4-Da mass difference between the unlabeled and the deuterated lysine assigns a mass signature to all lysine-containing peptides in any pool of proteolytic peptides for protein identification directly through peptide mass mapping. Furthermore, it was used to distinguish between N- and C-terminal fragments for accurate assignments of daughter ions in tandem MS/MS spectra for sequence assignment. This technique simplifies the labeling scheme and the interpretation of the MS/MS spectra by assigning different series of fragment ions correctly and easily and is very useful in de novo peptide sequencing. We have also successfully implemented this approach to the analysis of protein mixtures derived from the human proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Gu
- BN-2, MS M888, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
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25
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Hesketh AR, Chandra G, Shaw AD, Rowland JJ, Kell DB, Bibb MJ, Chater KF. Primary and secondary metabolism, and post-translational protein modifications, as portrayed by proteomic analysis of Streptomyces coelicolor. Mol Microbiol 2002; 46:917-32. [PMID: 12421300 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The newly sequenced genome of Streptomyces coelicolor is estimated to encode 7825 theoretical proteins. We have mapped approximately 10% of the theoretical proteome experimentally using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Products from 770 different genes were identified, and the types of proteins represented are discussed in terms of their annotated functional classes. An average of 1.2 proteins per gene was observed, indicating extensive post-translational regulation. Examples of modification by N-acetylation, adenylylation and proteolytic processing were characterized using mass spectrometry. Proteins from both primary and certain secondary metabolic pathways are strongly represented on the map, and a number of these enzymes were identified at more than one two-dimensional gel location. Post-translational modification mechanisms may therefore play a significant role in the regulation of these pathways. Unexpectedly, one of the enzymes for synthesis of the actinorhodin polyketide antibiotic appears to be located outside the cytoplasmic compartment, within the cell wall matrix. Of 20 gene clusters encoding enzymes characteristic of secondary metabolism, eight are represented on the proteome map, including three that specify the production of novel metabolites. This information will be valuable in the characterization of the new metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Hesketh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, UK
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26
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Müller M, Gras R, Binz PA, Hochstrasser DF, Appel RD. Molecular scanner experiment with human plasma: improving protein identification by using intensity distributions of matching peptide masses. Proteomics 2002; 2:1413-25. [PMID: 12422358 DOI: 10.1002/1615-9861(200210)2:10<1413::aid-prot1413>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of high throughput utilities to identify proteins is a major challenge in present research in the field of proteomics. One such utility, the molecular scanner, uses proteins separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that are digested in the gel and during transfer onto a collecting membrane. After adding a matrix, the membrane is inserted into a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometer and a peptide mass fingerprint (PMF) is measured for every scanned site. Since the spacing between scanned sites is much smaller than the size of the most abundant protein spots, there is a certain redundancy in the data that was used in an earlier experiment with Escherichia coli [1] to improve mass calibration and PMF identification results. It was observed that the signal intensity of a peptide mass as a function of the position on the membrane showed similar patterns if peptides stemmed from the same protein. Taking account of these similarities a clustering algorithm was used to find lists of experimental masses with similar intensity distributions, which provided clearer identification of the corresponding proteins. Here, these methods are applied to a human plasma scan, where proteins were highly modified and less separated. The presence of very abundant proteins like albumin and immunoglobulins added another difficulty. The calibration of the initial PMFs was not satisfactory and masses had to be recalibrated. After discarding chemical noise, the membrane was partitioned into regions and for each region protein identification was carried out separately. A new scoring method was used, where the PMF score was multiplied by a factor that measures the similarity of matching peptides. This method proved to be more robust than the method developed in [1] if the region where a protein was found had an extended, nonspherical shape and strong overlap with regions of other proteins. Many proteins annotated on the SWISS-2D PAGE human plasma master gel could be clearly identified and many interesting properties were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Müller
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland.
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27
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Nilsson CL. Bacterial proteomics and vaccine development. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGENOMICS : GENOMICS-RELATED RESEARCH IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2002; 2:59-65. [PMID: 12083954 DOI: 10.2165/00129785-200202010-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, the development of vaccines for use in humans relied on the response to attenuated or whole-cell preparations, or empirically selected antigens. The post-genomic era holds the possibility of rational design of novel vaccines for important human pathogens. The discovery and development of these new vaccines is likely to be accomplished through integrated proteomic strategies. Although most proteomic studies are based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) as a separation technique, new methods have been developed within the past two years that provide complementary information concerning microbial protein expression. The 2D-PAGE technique in combination with Western blotting has been successfully applied in the discovery of antigens from Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia trachomatis and Borrelia garinii. Two-dimensional semi-preparative electrophoresis has provided complementary information regarding membrane protein expression in a strain of H. pylori. Through two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, the most comprehensive information to date regarding protein expression in yeast was obtained. This technique may shortly become an important tool in vaccinology. This review of the current state of bacterial proteomics as applied in vaccinology presents analytical techniques for protein separation, proteomics without gels, reverse vaccinology, and functional approaches to the identification of virulence proteins in microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L Nilsson
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Göteborg University, Box 440, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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28
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Turecek F. Mass spectrometry in coupling with affinity capture-release and isotope-coded affinity tags for quantitative protein analysis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:1-14. [PMID: 11813306 DOI: 10.1002/jms.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Affinity capture-release electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ACESIMS) and isotope-coded affinity tags (ICAT) are two recently introduced techniques for the quantitation of protein activity and content with applications to clinical enzymology and functional proteomics, respectively. One common feature of these methods is that they use biotinylated tags that function as molecular handles for highly selective and reversible affinity capture of conjugates from complex biological mixtures such as cell homogenates and sub-cellular organelles. ACESIMS uses synthetic substrate conjugates specifically to target cellular enzymes that, when deficient, are the cause of genetic diseases. Multiplex determination of enzyme activities is used for the diagnosis of lysosomal storage diseases. The ICAT method relies on selective conjugation of cysteine thiol groups in proteins, followed by enzymatic digestion and quantitative analysis of peptide conjugates by mass spectrometry. Another common feature of the ACESIMS and ICAT approaches is that both use conjugates labeled with stable heavy isotopes as internal standards for quantitation. Selected applications of the ACESIMS and ICAT techniques are presented that include molecular-level diagnosis of genetic diseases in children and quantitative determination of protein expression in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Turecek
- Department of Chemistry, Bagley Hall, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA.
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29
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:976-987. [PMID: 11523099 DOI: 10.1002/jms.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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30
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Washburn MP, Wolters D, Yates JR. Large-scale analysis of the yeast proteome by multidimensional protein identification technology. Nat Biotechnol 2001; 19:242-7. [PMID: 11231557 DOI: 10.1038/85686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3489] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We describe a largely unbiased method for rapid and large-scale proteome analysis by multidimensional liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry, and database searching by the SEQUEST algorithm, named multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT). MudPIT was applied to the proteome of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain BJ5460 grown to mid-log phase and yielded the largest proteome analysis to date. A total of 1,484 proteins were detected and identified. Categorization of these hits demonstrated the ability of this technology to detect and identify proteins rarely seen in proteome analysis, including low-abundance proteins like transcription factors and protein kinases. Furthermore, we identified 131 proteins with three or more predicted transmembrane domains, which allowed us to map the soluble domains of many of the integral membrane proteins. MudPIT is useful for proteome analysis and may be specifically applied to integral membrane proteins to obtain detailed biochemical information on this unwieldy class of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Washburn
- Syngenta Agricultural Discovery Institute, 3115 Merryfield Row, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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31
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Gustafsson E, Thorén K, Larsson T, Davidsson P, Karlsson KA, Nilsson CL. Identification of proteins from Escherichia coli using two-dimensional semi-preparative electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:428-432. [PMID: 11291121 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a gram-negative bacterium that causes sepsis and infections of the nervous system, and the digestive and urinary tracts. The availability of the complete nucleotide sequence encoding the E. coli K-12 genome has made this organism an excellent model for proteomic studies. Semi-preparative two-dimensional electrophoresis, including liquid phase isoelectric focusing (IEF), one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and gel elution, have for the first time been used in combination with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS), electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and database searching for rapid separation of proteins from a uropathogenic strain of E. coli. The identity of 30 proteins, including the membrane protein nmpC, was obtained using this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gustafsson
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Göteborg University, Box 440, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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