1
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Guo W, Kong WY, Tantillo DJ. Revisiting a classic carbocation - DFT, coupled-cluster, and ab initio molecular dynamics computations on barbaralyl cation formation and rearrangements. Chem Sci 2024; 15:d4sc04829f. [PMID: 39268206 PMCID: PMC11385376 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04829f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory computations were used to model the formation and rearrangement of the barbaralyl cation (C9H+ 9). Two highly delocalized minima were located for C9H+ 9, one of C s symmetry and the other of D 3h symmetry, with the former having lower energy. Quantum chemistry-based NMR predictions affirm that the lower energy structure is the best match with experimental spectra. Partial scrambling was found to proceed through a C 2 symmetric transition structure associated with a barrier of only 2.3 kcal mol-1. The full scrambling was found to involve a C 2v symmetric transition structure associated with a 5.0 kcal mol-1 barrier. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations initiated from the D 3h C9H+ 9 structure revealed its connection to six minima, due to the six-fold symmetry of the potential energy surface. The effects of tunneling and boron substitution on this complex reaction network were also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Univeristy of California Davis USA
| | - Wang-Yeuk Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Univeristy of California Davis USA
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2
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Halabi EA, Pinotsi D, Rivera-Fuentes P. Photoregulated fluxional fluorophores for live-cell super-resolution microscopy with no apparent photobleaching. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1232. [PMID: 30874551 PMCID: PMC6420572 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoswitchable molecules have multiple applications in the physical and life sciences because their properties can be modulated with light. Fluxional molecules, which undergo rapid degenerate rearrangements in the electronic ground state, also exhibit switching behavior. The stochastic nature of fluxional switching, however, has hampered its application in the development of functional molecules and materials. Here we combine photoswitching and fluxionality to develop a fluorophore that enables very long (>30 min) time-lapse single-molecule localization microscopy in living cells with minimal phototoxicity and no apparent photobleaching. These long time-lapse experiments allow us to track intracellular organelles with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution, revealing new information of the three-dimensional compartmentalization of synaptic vesicle trafficking in live human neurons. Super-resolution microscopy with spontaneously blinking dyes is dependent on pH and polarity of the medium. Here the authors introduce a photoactivatable fluxional fluorophore for live cell imaging that allows control over the fraction of spontaneously blinking molecules independently of medium properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias A Halabi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Dorothea Pinotsi
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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3
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Williams RV, Aring AJ, Bonifacio MC, Blumenfeld A. 4,6-Barbaralanedicarboxy-2,8-dicarboxylic anhydride and 1,5-dimethyl-4,6-semibullvalenedicarboxy-2,8-dicarboxylic anhydride: examples of unusual barbaralanes and semibullvalenes that do not undergo the Cope rearrangement. They are locked as the closed tau. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Vaughan Williams
- Department of Chemistry; University of Idaho; 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2343 Moscow ID 83844-2343 USA
| | - Andrew J. Aring
- Department of Chemistry; University of Idaho; 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2343 Moscow ID 83844-2343 USA
| | - Margel C. Bonifacio
- Department of Chemistry; University of Idaho; 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2343 Moscow ID 83844-2343 USA
| | - Alexander Blumenfeld
- Department of Chemistry; University of Idaho; 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2343 Moscow ID 83844-2343 USA
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4
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Huang Z, Zhan M, Zhang S, Luo Q, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Synthesis of dibromo- and tetrabromo-bipyrrolines and their corresponding 2,6-diazasemibullvalene derivatives. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00287d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of Δ1-dipyrrolines with NBS afforded α,α′-dibromo-Δ1-bipyrrolines and α,α,α′,α′-tetrabromo-Δ1-bipyrrolines, which were efficiently transformed into 2,6-diazasemibullvalene derivatives via reduction with lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Ming Zhan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Shaoguang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Qian Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
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5
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Gillick-Healy MW, Jennings EV, Müller-Bunz H, Ortin Y, Nikitin K, Gilheany DG. Two Independent Orthogonal Stereomutations at a Single Asymmetric Center: A Narcissistic Couple. Chemistry 2016; 23:2332-2339. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yannick Ortin
- School of Chemistry; University College Dublin; Ireland
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6
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Petraglia R, Nicolaï A, Wodrich MD, Ceriotti M, Corminboeuf C. Beyond static structures: Putting forth REMD as a tool to solve problems in computational organic chemistry. J Comput Chem 2016; 37:83-92. [PMID: 26228927 PMCID: PMC5324590 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Computational studies of organic systems are frequently limited to static pictures that closely align with textbook style presentations of reaction mechanisms and isomerization processes. Of course, in reality chemical systems are dynamic entities where a multitude of molecular conformations exists on incredibly complex potential energy surfaces (PES). Here, we borrow a computational technique originally conceived to be used in the context of biological simulations, together with empirical force fields, and apply it to organic chemical problems. Replica-exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) permits thorough exploration of the PES. We combined REMD with density functional tight binding (DFTB), thereby establishing the level of accuracy necessary to analyze small molecular systems. Through the study of four prototypical problems: isomer identification, reaction mechanisms, temperature-dependent rotational processes, and catalysis, we reveal new insights and chemistry that likely would be missed using static electronic structure computations. The REMD-DFTB methodology at the heart of this study is powered by i-PI, which efficiently handles the interface between the DFTB and REMD codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Petraglia
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adrien Nicolaï
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew D Wodrich
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Ceriotti
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modelling, Institut des Materiaux, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clemence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Zhang S, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Semibullvalene and diazasemibullvalene: recent advances in the synthesis, reaction chemistry, and synthetic applications. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:1823-31. [PMID: 26061608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Semibullvalene (SBV) and its aza analogue 2,6-diazasemibullvalene (NSBV) are theoretically interesting and experimentally challenging organic molecules because of four unique features: highly strained ring systems, intramolecular skeletal rearrangement, extremely rapid degenerate (aza-)Cope rearrangement, and the predicted existence of neutral homoaromatic delocalized structures. SBV has received much attention in the past 50 years. In contrast, after NSBV was predicted in 1971 and the first in situ synthesis was realized in 1982, no progress on NSBV chemistry was made until our results in 2012. We have been interested in the reaction chemistry of 1,4-dilithio-1,3-butadienes (dilithio reagents for short), especially for their applications in the synthesis of SBV and NSBV, because (i) the cyclodimerization of dilithio reagents could provide the potential eight-carbon skeleton of SBV from four-carbon butadiene units and (ii) the insertion reaction of dilithio reagents with C≡N bonds of two nitriles could provide a 6C + 2N skeleton that might be a good precursor for the synthesis of NSBV. Therefore, we initiated a journey into the synthesis and reaction chemistry of SBV and NSBV starting from dilithio reagents that has been ongoing since 2006. In this Account, we outline mainly our recent achievements in the synthesis, structural characterization, reaction chemistry, synthetic application, and theoretical/computational analysis of NSBV. Two efficient strategies for the synthesis of NSBV from dilithio reagents and nitriles via oxidant-induced C-N bond formation are described. Structural investigations of NSBV, including X-ray crystal structure analysis, determination of the activation barrier for the aza-Cope rearrangement, and theoretical analysis, show that the localized structure of NSBV is the predominant form and that the homoaromatic delocalized structure exists as a minor component in the equilibrium. We also discuss the reaction chemistry and synthetic applications of NSBV. Several novel reaction patterns have been explored, including thermolysis, C-N bond insertion, rearrangement-cycloaddition, oxidation, and nucleophilic ring-opening reactions. Diverse and interesting N-containing polycyclic skeletons can be constructed, such as nickelaazetidine, 1,5-diazatriquinacenes, and triazabrexadienes, which are not available by other means. Our results show that NSBV not only features a rapid aza-Cope rearrangement with a low activation barrier but also acts as unique synthetic reagent that is significantly different from aziridine. The strained rigid ring systems as a whole can be involved in the reactions. Our achievements highlight two significant advances: (i) the well-established efficient synthesis and isolation of NSBV has greatly accelerated the development of NSBV chemistry, and (ii) the previously unattainable molecules have become "normal" and routine starting materials for the synthesis of otherwise unavailable but interesting structures. We expect that our pursuits will inspire and help direct future chemical and physical research on NSBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoguang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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8
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Zhan M, Zhang S, Huang Z, Xi Z. Synthesis of α,α,α′,α′-Tetrachloro-Δ1-bipyrrolines and 4,8-Dichloro-2,6-diazasemibuvallenes. Org Lett 2015; 17:1026-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhan
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shaoguang Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhe Huang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, Shanghai 200032, China
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9
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Bredtmann T, Diestler DJ, Li SD, Manz J, Pérez-Torres JF, Tian WJ, Wu YB, Yang Y, Zhai HJ. Quantum theory of concerted electronic and nuclear fluxes associated with adiabatic intramolecular processes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:29421-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03982g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Example of concerted electronic (right) and nuclear (left) fluxes: isomerization of B4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Bredtmann
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices
- Institute of Laser Spectroscopy
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Dennis J. Diestler
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln
| | - Si-Dian Li
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Jörn Manz
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices
- Institute of Laser Spectroscopy
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | | | - Wen-Juan Tian
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Yonggang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices
- Institute of Laser Spectroscopy
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
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10
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Zhang S, Zhan M, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Diastereoselective Nucleophilic Ring-Opening Reactions of 2,6-Diazasemibullvalenes for the Synthesis of Diverse Functionalized Δ1-Bipyrroline Derivatives. Chemistry 2014; 20:9744-52. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Zhang S, Zhan M, Wang Q, Wang C, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Synthesis of semibullvalene derivatives via Co2(CO)8-mediated cyclodimerization of 1,4-dilithio-1,3-butadienes. Org Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3qo00019b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Quast H, Seidenspinner HM, Stawitz JW. 2,2′-Bis-azonia-Cope Rearrangements of 2,3-Homo-6 H-1,4-diazepinium Dications. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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14
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González-Navarrete P, Andrés J, Berski S. How a Quantum Chemical Topology Analysis Enables Prediction of Electron Density Transfers in Chemical Reactions. The Degenerated Cope Rearrangement of Semibullvalene. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:2500-2505. [PMID: 26292140 DOI: 10.1021/jz300974v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent works on the reaction mechanism for the degenerated Cope rearrangement (DCR) of semibullvalene (SBV) in the ground state prompted us to investigate this complex rearrangement in order to assign experimentally observed contrast features in the simulated electron distribution. We present a joint use of the electron localization function (ELF) and Thom's catastrophe theory (CT) as a powerful tool to analyze the electron density transfers along the DCR. The progress of the reaction is monitored by the structural stability domains of the topology of ELF, while the change between them is controlled by turning points derived from CT. The ELF topological analysis shows that the DCR of SBV corresponds to asynchronous electron density rearrangement taking place in three consecutive stages. We show how the pictures anticipated by drawing Lewis structures of the rearrangement correlate with the experimental data and time-dependent quantum description of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Andrés
- †Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Slawomir Berski
- ‡Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
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15
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Zhang S, Wei J, Zhan M, Luo Q, Wang C, Zhang WX, Xi Z. 2,6-Diazasemibullvalenes: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, Reaction Chemistry, and Theoretical Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:11964-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja305581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoguang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of
Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of
Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
| | - Ming Zhan
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of
Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
| | - Qian Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of
Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
| | - Chao Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of
Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of
Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of
Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871,
China
- State Key Laboratory
of Organometallic
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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16
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17
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Ichikawa Y, Sakai S. Theoretical study on the Cope rearrangement mechanisms and the homoaromaticity of semibullvalene, barbaralane, and 1,5-methanosemibullvalene. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ichikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido; Gifu; 501-1193; Japan
| | - Shogo Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido; Gifu; 501-1193; Japan
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18
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Griffiths PR, Pivonka DE, Williams RV. The Experimental Realization of a Neutral Homoaromatic Carbocycle. Chemistry 2011; 17:9193-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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19
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Andrae D, Barth I, Bredtmann T, Hege HC, Manz J, Marquardt F, Paulus B. Electronic Quantum Fluxes during Pericyclic Reactions Exemplified for the Cope Rearrangement of Semibullvalene. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:5476-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jp110365g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Andrae
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Barth
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Timm Bredtmann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Hege
- Visualisierung und Datenanalyse, Zuse-Institut Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Manz
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Falko Marquardt
- Visualisierung und Datenanalyse, Zuse-Institut Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Mathematik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Paulus
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Graulich N. The Cope rearrangement—the first born of a great family. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Graulich
- Justus‐Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
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21
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Zhang X, Hrovat DA, Borden WT. Calculations predict that carbon tunneling allows the degenerate cope rearrangement of semibullvalene to occur rapidly at cryogenic temperatures. Org Lett 2010; 12:2798-801. [PMID: 20507087 DOI: 10.1021/ol100879t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Calculations on the role of tunneling in the degenerate Cope rearrangements of semibullvalene (1) and barbaralane (3) predict that, at temperatures below 40 K, tunneling from the lowest vibrational level should make the temperature-independent rate constants k = 1.43 x 10(-3) s(-1) and k = 7.28 x 10(-9) s(-1), respectively. An experiment, using semibullvalene-2(4)-d(1), is proposed to test the prediction of rapid tunneling by 1 at cryogenic temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, USA
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22
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Greve DR. Homoaromaticity in aza- and phosphasemibullvalenes. A computational study. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Kleinpeter E, Koch A. Visualization of homoaromaticity in cations, neutral molecules and anions by spatial magnetic properties (through space NMR shieldings)—an 1H/13C NMR chemical shift study. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Zhang Q, Yue S, Lu X, Chen Z, Huang R, Zheng L, Schleyer PVR. Homoconjugation/Homoaromaticity in Main Group Inorganic Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:9789-99. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9029285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Center for Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Shiping Yue
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Center for Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Center for Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Zhongfang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Center for Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Rongbin Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Center for Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Lansun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Center for Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Paul von Ragué Schleyer
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Center for Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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25
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Brown EC, Bader RFW, Werstiuk NH. QTAIM Study on the Degenerate Cope Rearrangements of 1,5-Hexadiene and Semibullvalene. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:3254-65. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8109385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois, and Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard F. W. Bader
- Department of Chemistry, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois, and Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nick H. Werstiuk
- Department of Chemistry, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois, and Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Mitchell RH, Zhang R, Berg DJ, Twamley B, Williams RV. Measuring Aromaticity with the Dimethyldihydropyrene Ring Current Probe. Experimental and Computational Studies of the Fulvenes and the Strongly Antiaromatic Cyclopentadienone Reveal Large Mills−Nixon-Type Bond Localization Effects. Synthesis of Fulvene-Fused Dihydropyrenes. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 131:189-99. [DOI: 10.1021/ja806427n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reginald H. Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3V6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, P.O. Box 442343, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3V6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, P.O. Box 442343, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
| | - David J. Berg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3V6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, P.O. Box 442343, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
| | - Brendan Twamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3V6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, P.O. Box 442343, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
| | - Richard Vaughan Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3V6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, P.O. Box 442343, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
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27
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Wang C, Xi Z. Metal mediated synthesis of substituted cyclooctatetraenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:5119-33. [DOI: 10.1039/b709839a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Jabbari A, Houk KN. Hetero-Cope Rearrangements of Nitrosobutenes. DFT Studies of Thermal and Acid-Catalyzed Reactions. Org Lett 2006; 8:5975-8. [PMID: 17165908 DOI: 10.1021/ol062454s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[Structure: see text] Density functional theory studies of the hetero-Cope reactions of 4-nitroso-1-butenes and nitrosobicyclo[2.2.2]hexenes are reported. The reactions proceed via concerted mechanisms. The electron-withdrawing methoxycarbonyl group alpha- to the nitroso group decreases the activation barrier. Lewis acids such as SbF5 and TiCl4 accelerate the reactions, as has been found experimentally by Zakarian and Lu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Jabbari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
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29
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Wu HS, Jia J, Jiao H. Localized and delocalized perfluorosemibullvalenes. J Mol Model 2006; 13:133-6. [PMID: 16953441 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-006-0142-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the experimental Gibbs free-energy barrier of the degenerate Cope arrangement in semibullvalene, B3P86 shows the best agreement, while B3LYP and MP2 underestimate and CCSD(T) overestimates the barrier. The substituent effect proposal by Hoffmann has been verified. In contrast to semibullvalenes with either localized energy-minimum structures or delocalized transition-state structures, perfluorosemibullvalene has both localized and delocalized energy-minimum structures that are very close in energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Shun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004, China.
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30
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Seefelder M, Heubes M, Quast H, Edwards WD, Armantrout JR, Williams RV, Cramer CJ, Goren AC, Hrovat DA, Borden WT. Experimental and Theoretical Study of Stabilization of Delocalized Forms of Semibullvalenes and Barbaralanes by Dipolar and Polarizable Solvents. Observation of a Delocalized Structure that Is Lower in Free Energy than the Localized Form. J Org Chem 2005; 70:3437-49. [PMID: 15844976 DOI: 10.1021/jo0502089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] UV/vis spectra of thermochromic semibullvalenes 1 and barbaralanes 2, which undergo rapid degenerate Cope rearrangements, display temperature-dependent shoulders (1b, 1d, 1e) or absorption maxima (1c, 2c, 2f) at the low-energy side of their strong UV bands. These long-wavelength absorptions are ascribed to Franck-Condon transitions from delocalized structures 1(deloc) and 2(deloc). Gibbs free energy differences, DeltaG*, between delocalized and localized forms were calculated from the temperature dependence of the long-wavelength absorptions. Dipolar and polarizable solvents strongly affect and even may reverse the relative stabilities of the localized and delocalized forms of 1c, 2c, and 2f. For example, DeltaG*(2c) = 8 kJ mol(-)(1) in cyclohexane, 2 kJ mol(-)(1) in dimethylformamide, and -3 kJ mol(-)(1) in N,N'-dimethylpropylene urea (DMPU), so that (2c(deloc))(DMPU) becomes the global minimum. In contrast to the case for 2c, the intensities of the long-wavelength shoulders of the yellow semibullvalenes 1b, 1d, and 1e are only moderately influenced by solvents, and the rates of Cope rearrangements of the nonthermochromic, colorless barbaralanes 2a and 2b, determined by NMR methods, are almost solvent-invariant. In search of the solute properties that are decisive in determining the influence of solvent upon DeltaG*, electrical dipole and quadrupole moments and molecular polarizabilities have been calculated using the B3LYP/6-31G* method and solvation energies have been computed with the conductorlike polarized continuum model (CPCM). The results of these calculations indicate that the solvent effects are due to the greater polarity and polarizability of the delocalized structures relative to the localized structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Seefelder
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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31
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Hrovat DA, Brown EC, Williams RV, Quast H, Borden WT. How Important Is Bishomoaromatic Stabilization in Determining the Relative Barrier Heights for the Degenerate Cope Rearrangements of Semibullvalene, Barbaralane, Bullvalene, and Dihydrobullvalene? J Org Chem 2005; 70:2627-32. [PMID: 15787553 DOI: 10.1021/jo048268m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] B3LYP/6-31G* calculations have been used to investigate the origins of the relative barrier heights for the degenerate Cope rearrangements of semibullvalene (1), barbaralane (2), bullvalene (3), and dihydrobullvalene (4). We conclude from our calculations that, of the four transition structures (TSs), that for rearrangement of 1 has the smallest amount of interallylic bonding. Nevertheless, relief of strain in the reactant confers on 1 the lowest barrier to Cope rearrangement. Conjugation between the cyclopropane ring and the pi bond of the etheno bridge in 3 makes the barrier for its Cope rearrangement higher than that for 4 and also contributes to making the barrier for 3 higher than that for 2. However, the relatively low barrier to the Cope rearrangement of 2 is largely due to the TS for this reaction having the largest amount of interallylic bonding of all four TSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hrovat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, P.O. Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
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32
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Storsberg J, Yao ML, Ocal N, de Meijere A, Adam AEW, Kaufmann DE. Palladium-catalyzed, stereoselective rearrangement of a tetracyclic allyl cyclopropane under arylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:5665-6. [PMID: 16292383 DOI: 10.1039/b507732j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first example of a pi,sigma domino-Heck reaction under concomitant rearrangement of the tetracyclic allylcyclopropane endo,exo-bishomobarrelene (5) is reported; the stereoselective reaction proceeds via an intramolecular insertion of a primarily-formed carbopalladation intermediate into a strained cyclopropane C-C sigma-bond, giving 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Storsberg
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität Clausthal, Leibnizstr. 6, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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33
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Seiler R, Dick B. 1,6-Methano[10]annulen hat eine delokalisierte Struktur in S0 und S1: hochaufgelöste Spektroskopie im Überschall-Düsenstrahl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20011105)113:21<4144::aid-ange4144>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Hrovat DA, Williams RV, Goren AC, Borden WT. B3LYP calculations on bishomoaromaticity in substituted semibullvalenes*. J Comput Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, P.O. Box 442343, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, USA
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