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Castro TG, Melle-Franco M, Sousa CEA, Cavaco-Paulo A, Marcos JC. Non-Canonical Amino Acids as Building Blocks for Peptidomimetics: Structure, Function, and Applications. Biomolecules 2023; 13:981. [PMID: 37371561 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides a fresh overview of non-canonical amino acids and their applications in the design of peptidomimetics. Non-canonical amino acids appear widely distributed in nature and are known to enhance the stability of specific secondary structures and/or biological function. Contrary to the ubiquitous DNA-encoded amino acids, the structure and function of these residues are not fully understood. Here, results from experimental and molecular modelling approaches are gathered to classify several classes of non-canonical amino acids according to their ability to induce specific secondary structures yielding different biological functions and improved stability. Regarding side-chain modifications, symmetrical and asymmetrical α,α-dialkyl glycines, Cα to Cα cyclized amino acids, proline analogues, β-substituted amino acids, and α,β-dehydro amino acids are some of the non-canonical representatives addressed. Backbone modifications were also examined, especially those that result in retro-inverso peptidomimetics and depsipeptides. All this knowledge has an important application in the field of peptidomimetics, which is in continuous progress and promises to deliver new biologically active molecules and new materials in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarsila G Castro
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Manuel Melle-Franco
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cristina E A Sousa
- BioMark Sensor Research-School of Engineering of the Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João C Marcos
- Centre of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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2
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Yin G, Zhang S, Wang S, Zhang B, Wang Y. Crystal structure of poly[tetrakis(μ 2-cyanido-κ 2
N: O)-cyanido-tris(pyridine)dicobalt(II/III)], C 20H 15Co 2N 8. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2016-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C20H15Co2N8, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 7.2692(3) Å, b = 20.5546(10) Å, c = 13.7394(6) Å, β = 90.001(1)°, V = 2052.88(16) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0415, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0822, T = 173K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Yin
- Department of Environment Engineering and Chemistry , Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology , 471023 , Luoyang , People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaowen Zhang
- Department of Environment Engineering and Chemistry , Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology , 471023 , Luoyang , People’s Republic of China
| | - Shimin Wang
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering , Henan Institute of Engineering , Zhengzhou , Henan 451191 , People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University , 450052, Zhengzhou , People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Luoyang Tianjiao Industry and Trade Company, LTD , 471300, Luoyang , People’s Republic of China
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Yin GJ. Crystal structure of 5,5-bis(4-iodophenyl)-5 H-cyclopenta[2,1- b:3,4- b′]dipyridine, C 23H 14I 2N 2. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2015-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C23H14I2N2, tetragonal, P41212, a = 11.86217(15) Å, b = 11.86217(15) Å, c = 13.9664(3) Å, V = 1965.23(7) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.0387, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.1035, T = 293 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-jie Yin
- Department of Environment Engineering and Chemistry , Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology , 471023, Luoyang, People's Republic of China
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4
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Zolfigol MA, Azadbakht T, Khakyzadeh V, Nejatyami R, Perrin DM. C(sp2)–C(sp2) cross coupling reactions catalyzed by an active and highly stable magnetically separable Pd-nanocatalyst in aqueous media. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06097k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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5
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Zhao JP, Zhao R, Yang Q, Hu BW, Liu FC, Bu XH. Magnetocaloric effect and slow magnetic relaxation in two only azido bridged ferromagnetic tetranuclear metal clusters. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:14509-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51655e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiong-Peng Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
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6
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Pinto FC, Pereira-Lima SM, Maia HL. Straightforward, racemization-free synthesis of peptides with fairly to very bulky di- and trisubstituted glycines. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Maguire L, Seward CM, Baljak S, Reumann T, Ortin Y, Banide E, Nikitin K, Müller-Bunz H, McGlinchey MJ. A Synthetic and X-ray Crystallographic Study of Zinc and Platinum Complexes of 4,5-Diazafluoren-9-one (Dafone) and Dicobalt Hexacarbonyl Derivatives of 9-Phenylethynyl-4,5-Diazafluoren-9-ol: Chelation versus Monocoordination. Eur J Inorg Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200900161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Plater MJ, Barnes P, McDonald LK, Wallace S, Archer N, Gelbrich T, Horton PN, Hursthouse MB. Hidden signatures: new reagents for developing latent fingerprints. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:1633-41. [DOI: 10.1039/b820257e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Ventura C, Jiang WQ, Albuquerque L, Gonçalves-Maia R, Maia HLS. Effect of temperature on the acidolysis of N-acyl-N,alpha,alpha-trialkyl glycine amides as related to the nature of substituents. J Pept Sci 2006; 12:239-42. [PMID: 16114105 DOI: 10.1002/psc.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The C-terminal amide bond of N-acyl-N,alpha,alpha-trialkyl glycine amides is labile to acid and this has been currently assigned to steric crowding within the amino acid residue. However, our previous work has shown that in the acidolysis of some of these compounds steric hindrance seems to play a less important role than what one would expect. Thus, the cleavage of two sets of such compounds bearing different degrees of crowding was investigated at five different temperatures in order to clarify the effect of structure on reactivity in terms of enthalpy and entropy of activation. The compounds exhibited an Arrhenius-type behaviour, and both enthalpies and entropies of activation were calculated by taking advantage of the transition state theory. In addition, the kinetic data were analysed in terms of isokinetic relationships in order to find evidence to support that the compounds react under the same mechanism. The changes in the reaction rate are governed by the changes in both the enthalpy and the entropy of activation, which are related to bond energy and steric hindrance, respectively. In general, the entropies of activation are very negative for all compounds investigated, which reflects large steric constrictions associated with the formation of the transition state. In addition, they are very sensitive to the structure of the substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ventura
- Advanced Institute of Education and Sciences, Alameda das Linhas de Torres, 179, P-1750-142 Lisboa, Portugal
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Wong KT, Chen RT, Fang FC, Wu CC, Lin YT. 4,5-Diazafluorene-Incorporated Ter(9,9-diarylfluorene): A Novel Molecular Doping Strategy for Improving the Electron Injection Property of a Highly Efficient OLED Blue Emitter. Org Lett 2005; 7:1979-82. [PMID: 15876034 DOI: 10.1021/ol050547o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A more efficient OLED device with blue emission characteristic of terfluorene has been achieved by using a novel molecular doping strategy, in which 4,5-diazafluorene was incorporated as the substitution group of terfluorene to facilitate electron injection from the metal cathode yet without altering emission characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Tsung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei
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11
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Jiang WQ, Costa SPG, Maia HLS. Synthesis of N-acyl-N,alpha,alpha-trialkyl and N-acyl-alpha,alpha-dialkyl glycines by selective cleavage of Ugi-Passerini adducts. Qualitative assessment of the effect of substituents on the path and yield of reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2004; 1:3804-10. [PMID: 14649912 DOI: 10.1039/b307111c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several symmetric N-acyl-N,alpha,alpha-trialkyl glycine amides were synthesised by the Ugi-Passerini four-component reaction and subjected to selective cleavage with trifluoroacetic acid. In almost all cases it was possible to obtain the corresponding N-acyl-N,alpha,alpha-trialkyl and N-acyl-alpha,alpha-dialkyl glycines in fair to good yields directly from the reaction adducts. With some of the bulkier compounds our results show that the selectivity of cleavage is concentration dependent with respect to the acid, which suggests kinetically controlled processes. The isolation of a stable oxazolone as the product of some of the reactions seems to confirm that amide cleavage involves in all cases formation of an oxazolone-type derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Qun Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minho, Gualtar, P-4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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12
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Yamada T, Ichino T, Hanyu M, Ninomiya D, Yanagihara R, Miyazawa T, Murashima T. A novel intramolecular hydrogen bonding between a side-chain pyridine ring and an amide hydrogen of the peptide backbone in tripeptides containing the new amino acid, α,α-di(2-pyridyl)glycine. Org Biomol Chem 2004; 2:2335-9. [PMID: 15305215 DOI: 10.1039/b406545j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four tripeptides (Z-AA1-2Dpy-AA3-OMe; AA1, AA3 = Gly, Aib) containing a novel amino acid, alpha, alpha-di(2-pyridyl)glycine (2Dpy), were synthesized by the modified Ugi reaction. NMR analysis clearly indicated that the 2Dpy-containing tripeptides except the peptide in which AA1, AA3 = Aib, adopt a unique conformation with two intramolecular hydrogen bonds between 2Dpy-NH and a pyridine nitrogen and between AA3-NH and another pyridine nitrogen. This conformation has so far not been reported. On the other hand, the peptide Z-Aib-2Dpy-Aib-OMe probably adopts a beta-turn structure which is stabilized by two intramolecular hydrogen bonds between 2Dpy-NH and a pyridine nitrogen and between AA3-NH and the C=O of the Z group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Japan.
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13
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Nguyen Van Nhien A, Ducatel H, Len C, Postel D. Novel conformationally restricted glycoamino acids from glyco-α-aminonitriles as potent turn mimics in peptide synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Peggion C, Crisma M, Formaggio F, Toniolo C, Wright K, Wakselman M, Mazaleyrat JP. Synthesis, conformational analysis, and spectroscopic characterization of peptides based on Daf, the first rigid transition-metal receptor, cyclic C(alpha,alpha)-disubstituted glycine. Biopolymers 2002; 63:314-24. [PMID: 11877741 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Three series of terminally protected model oligopeptides to the nonamer level, based on 9-amino-4,5-diazafluorene-9-carboxylic acid, the first rigid bipyridine-type C(alpha,alpha)-disubstituted glycine, and either Gly, L-Ala, or Aib residues were synthesized by solution methods and fully characterized. The molecular structures of two derivatives and one tripeptide were determined in the crystal state by x-ray diffraction. Moreover, the solution preferred conformations of these peptides were assessed by Fourier transform infrared absorption and (1)H-NMR techniques. A comparison with the known structural tendencies of the strictly related C(alpha,alpha)-disubstituted glycyl residues 1-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid and 9-aminofluorene-9-carboxylic acid is made, and the implications for the use of the 9-amino-4,5-diazafluorene-9-carboxylic acid residue in conformationally constrained analogs of bioactive peptides are briefly examined. A spectroscopic (uv absorption, fluorescence, CD) characterization of this novel heteroaromatic C(alpha,alpha)-disubstituted glycine is also reported. Finally, preliminary conformational data and membrane activity measurements are discussed for an analog of the lipopeptaibol antibiotic [L-Leu(11)-OMe] trichogin GA IV in which a 9-amino-4,5-diazafluorene-9-carboxylic acid residue was synthetically incorporated in position 1 (replacing the original Aib residue).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Peggion
- Biopolymer Research Center, CNR, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padua, Italy
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