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Öztürk E, Okumuş A, Kılıç Z, Kılıç A, Kayalak H, Açık L, Aytuna Çerçi N, Türk M, Hökelek T. Phosphorus-nitrogen compounds. Part 44. The syntheses of N,N-spiro bridged cyclotriphosphazene derivatives with (4-fluorobenzyl) pendant arms: Structural and stereogenic properties, DNA interactions, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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2
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Cano R, Zakarian A, McGlacken GP. Direct Asymmetric Alkylation of Ketones: Still Unconquered. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:9278-9290. [PMID: 28497890 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The alkylation of ketones is taught at basic undergraduate level. In many cases this transformation leads to the formation of a new stereogenic center. However, the apparent simplicity of the transformation is belied by a number of problems. So much so, that a general method for the direct asymmetric alkylation of ketones remains an unmet target. Despite the advancement of organocatalysis and transition-metal catalysis, neither field has provided an adequate solution. Indeed, even use of an efficient and general stoichiometric chiral reagent has yet to be reported. Herein we describe the state-of-the-art in terms of direct alkylation reactions of some carbonyl groups. We outline the limited progress that has been made with ketones, and potential routes towards ultimately achieving a widely applicable methodology for the asymmetric alkylation of ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cano
- Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Gerard P McGlacken
- Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Cano R, Zakarian A, McGlacken GP. Direkte asymmetrische Alkylierung von Ketonen: noch immer ein unerreichtes Ziel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cano
- Department of Chemistry; University College Cork; Cork Irland
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility; University College Cork; Cork Irland
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Gerard P. McGlacken
- Department of Chemistry; University College Cork; Cork Irland
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility; University College Cork; Cork Irland
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Carswell EL, Kerr WJ, McArthur D, Pažický M, Watson AJ. Development of chiral heteroleptic magnesium amides; asymmetric deprotonations mediated by six-membered metallocyclic amidomagnesium naphtholates. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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5
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Prestly MR, Simpkins NS. Chiral Bases as Useful Probes of Lithium Amide Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Prestly MR, Simpkins NS. Chiral Bases as Useful Probes of Lithium Amide Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:12068-71. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Beşli S, Coles SJ, Davies DB, Kılıç A, Shaw RA. Bridged cyclophosphazenes resulting from deprotonation reactions of cyclotriphophazenes bearing a P–NH group. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:5307-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10073d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Dinér P. Catalytic asymmetric chiral lithium amide-promoted epoxide rearrangement: a NMR spectroscopic and kinetic investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2010.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Florio S, Luisi R. Aziridinyl Anions: Generation, Reactivity, and Use in Modern Synthetic Chemistry. Chem Rev 2010; 110:5128-57. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100032b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Florio
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Bari, Consorzio Interuniversitario C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Bari, Consorzio Interuniversitario C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
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Hodgson DM, Bray CD, Kindon ND, Reynolds NJ, Coote SJ, Um JM, Houk KN. Synthesis and C-Alkylation of Hindered Aldehyde Enamines. J Org Chem 2008; 74:1019-28. [DOI: 10.1021/jo802016t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Christopher D. Bray
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Nicholas D. Kindon
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Nigel J. Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Steven J. Coote
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Joann M. Um
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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12
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Chiral phosphine oxide BINAPO as a Lewis base catalyst for asymmetric allylation and aldol reaction of trichlorosilyl compounds. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Granander J, Sott R, Hilmersson G. Correlation between the6Li,15N Coupling Constant and the Coordination Number at Lithium. Chemistry 2006; 12:4191-7. [PMID: 16526078 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The 6Li,15N coupling constants of lithium amide dimers and their mixed complexes with n-butyllithium, formed from five different chiral amines derived from (S)-[15N]phenylalanine, were determined in diethyl ether (Et2O), tetrahydrofuran (THF) and toluene. Results of NMR spectroscopy studies of these complexes show a clear difference in 6Li,15N coupling constants between di-, tri- and tetracoordinated lithium atoms. The lithium amide dimers with a chelating ether group exhibit 6Li,15N coupling constants of approximately 3.8 and approximately 5.5 Hz for the tetracoordinated and tricoordinated lithium atoms, respectively. The lithium amide dimers with a chelating thioether group show distinctly larger 6Li,15N coupling constants of approximately 4.4 Hz for the tetracoordinated lithium atoms, and the tricoordinated lithium atoms have smaller 6Li,15N coupling constants, approximately 4.9 Hz, than their ether analogues. In diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran, mixed dimeric complexes between the lithium amides and n-butyllithium are formed. The tetracoordinated lithium atoms of these complexes have 6Li,15N coupling constants of approximately 4.0 Hz, and the 6Li,15N coupling constants of the tricoordinated lithium atoms differ somewhat, depending on whether the chelating group is an ether or a thioether; approximately 5.1 and approximately 4.6 Hz, respectively. In toluene, mixed trimeric complexes are formed from two lithium amide moieties and one n-butyllithium. In these trimers, two lithium atoms are tricoordinated with 6Li,15N coupling constants of approximately 4.6 Hz and one lithium is dicoordinated with 6Li,15N coupling constants of approximately 6.5 Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Granander
- Department of Chemistry, Göteborg University, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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Belen’kii L, Gramenitskaya V, Evdokimenkova Y. The Literature of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Part IX, 2002–2004. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(06)92004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Begum M, Chavda S, Coumbarides GS, Dingan M, Eames J, Suggate MJ, Weerasooriya N. Probing the regioselectiveC-deuteriation of lithium enolates derived from 2-methyl-tetralone in the presence of substituted tertiary amines. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Scope and limitations of the catalytic asymmetric rearrangement of epoxides to allylic alcohols using chiral lithium amide bases/lithiated imidazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.09.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Oxenford SJ, O’Brien P, Shipton MR. Chiral base route to functionalised cyclopentenyl amines: formal synthesis of the cyclopentene core of nucleoside Q. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Seki A, Ishiwata F, Takizawa Y, Asami M. Crossed aldol reaction using cross-linked polymer-bound lithium dialkylamide. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Enantioselective catalytic rearrangement of cyclohexene oxide with new homochiral bis-lithium amide bases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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O'Brien P, Rosser CM, Caine D. On the α-lithiation-rearrangement of N-toluensulfonyl aziridines: mechanistic and synthetic aspects. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dechoux L, Agami C, Doris E, Mioskowski C. Metalated epoxides as carbenoids. Competing C–H and CC insertion in α-alkoxy epoxide systems. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pakulski Z, Koprowski M, Michał Pietrusiewicz K. Chiral base promoted enantioselective rearrangement of organophosphorus epoxides. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Muñoz-Muñiz O, Juaristi E. Enantioselective alkylation and protonation of prochiral enolates in the asymmetric synthesis of β-amino acids. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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de Sousa SE, O'Brien P, Pilgram CD. Optimisation of enantioselectivity for the chiral base-mediated rearrangement of bis-protected meso-4,5-dihydroxycyclohexene oxides: asymmetric synthesis of 4-deoxyconduritols and conduritol F. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Catalytic enantioselective rearrangement of meso-epoxides mediated by chiral lithium amides in the presence of excess cross-linked polymer-bound lithium amides. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Flinois K, Yuan Y, Bastide C, Harrison-Marchand A, Maddaluno J. Enantioselective protonation and alkylation of non-covalent mixed aggregates of chiral 3-aminopyrrolidine lithium amides. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Coumbarides GS, Eames J, Weerasooriya N. Investigations into the regioselectiveC-deuteriation of enolates using a diisopropylammonium salt. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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