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García-Cano I, Rocha-Mendoza D, Kosmerl E, Zhang L, Jiménez-Flores R. Technically relevant enzymes and proteins produced by LAB suitable for industrial and biological activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:1401-1422. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kumar A, Singh S. Directed evolution: tailoring biocatalysts for industrial applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2012; 33:365-78. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2012.716810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Hernáiz M, Alcántara A, García J, Sinisterra J. Applied Biotransformations in Green Solvents. Chemistry 2010; 16:9422-37. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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4
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Schmidt M, Böttcher D, Bornscheuer UT. Directed Evolution of Industrial Biocatalysts. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527630233.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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5
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Technical methods to improve yield, activity and stability in the development of microbial lipases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Verma ML, Azmi W, Kanwar SS. Microbial lipases: at the interface of aqueous and non-aqueous media. A review. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2008; 55:265-94. [PMID: 18800594 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.55.2008.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent times, biotechnological applications of microbial lipases in synthesis of many organic molecules have rapidly increased in non-aqueous media. Microbial lipases are the 'working horses' in biocatalysis and have been extensively studied when their exceptionally high stability in non-aqueous media has been discovered. Stability of lipases in organic solvents makes them commercially feasibile in the enzymatic esterification reactions. Their stability is affected by temperature, reaction medium, water concentration and by the biocatalyst's preparation. An optimization process for ester synthesis from pilot scale to industrial scale in the reaction medium is discussed. The water released during the esterification process can be controlled over a wide range and has a profound effect on the activity of the lipases. Approaches to lipase catalysis like protein engineering, directed evolution and metagenome approach were studied. This review reports the recent development in the field ofnon-aqueous microbial lipase catalysis and factors controlling the esterification/transesterification processes in organic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer-Hill, Shimla 171 005, India
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De Maria L, Vind J, Oxenbøll KM, Svendsen A, Patkar S. Phospholipases and their industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 74:290-300. [PMID: 17221199 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids are present in all living organisms. They are a major component of all biological membranes, along with glycolipids and cholesterol. Enzymes aimed at modifying phospholipids, namely, phospholipases, are consequently widespread in nature, playing very diverse roles from aggression in snake venom to signal transduction and digestion in humans. In this review, we give a general overview of phospholipases A1, A2, C and D from a sequence and structural perspective and their industrial application. The use of phospholipases in industrial processes has grown hand-in-hand with our ability to clone and express the genes in microbial hosts with commercially attractive amounts. Further, the use in industrial processes is increasing by optimizing the enzymes by protein engineering. Here, we give a perspective on the work done to date to express phospholipases in heterologous hosts and the efforts to optimize them by protein engineering. We will draw attention to the industrial processes where phospholipases play a key role and show how the use of a phospholipase for oil degumming leads to substantial environmental benefits. This illustrates a very general trend: the use of enzymes as an alternative to chemical processes to make products often provides a cleaner solution for the industrial processes. In a world with great demands on non-polluting, energy saving technical solutions--white biotechnology is a strong alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- L De Maria
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark,
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8
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Phospholipases: Occurrence and production in microorganisms, assay for high-throughput screening, and gene discovery from natural and man-made diversity. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-005-1131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Guo Z, Vikbjerg AF, Xu X. Enzymatic modification of phospholipids for functional applications and human nutrition. Biotechnol Adv 2005; 23:203-59. [PMID: 15763405 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2004] [Accepted: 02/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rapid progress in biochemistry of phospholipids and evolution of modern bioengineering has brought forth a number of novel concepts and technical advancements in the modification of phospholipids for industrial applications and human nutrition. Highlights cover preparation of novel phospholipid analogs based on the latest understanding of pivotal role of phospholipids in manifold biological processes, exploration of remarkable application potentials of phospholipids in meliorating human health, as well as development of new chemical and biotechnological approaches applied to the modification of phospholipids. This work reviews the natural occurrence and structural characteristics of phospholipids, their updated knowledge on manifold biological and nutritional functions, traditional and novel physical and chemical approaches to modify phospholipids as well as their applications to obtain novel phospholipids, and brief introduction of the efforts focusing on de novo syntheses of phospholipids. Special attention is given to the summary of molecular structural characteristics and catalytic properties of multiple phospholipases, which helps to interpret experimental phenomena and to improve reaction design. This will of course provide fundamental bases also for the development of enzymatic technology to produce structured or modified phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Guo
- Food Biotechnology and Engineering Group, BioCentrum-DTU, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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10
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Fujii R, Nakagawa Y, Hiratake J, Sogabe A, Sakata K. Directed evolution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipase for improved amide-hydrolyzing activity. Protein Eng Des Sel 2005; 18:93-101. [PMID: 15788423 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzi001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A lipase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was subjected to directed molecular evolution for increased amide-hydrolyzing (amidase) activity. A single round of random mutagenesis followed by screening for hydrolytic activity for oleoyl 2-naphthylamide as compared with that for oleoyl 2-naphthyl ester identified five mutants with 1.7-2.0-fold increased relative amidase activities. Three mutational sites (F207S, A213D and F265L) were found to affect the amidase/esterase activity ratios. The combination of these mutations further improved the amidase activity. Active-site titration using a fluorescent phosphonic acid ester allowed the molecular activities for the amide and the ester to be determined for each mutant without purification of the lipase. A double mutant F207S/A213D gave the highest molecular activity of 1.1 min(-1) for the amide, corresponding to a 2-fold increase compared with that of the wild-type lipase. A structural model of the lipase indicated that the mutations occurred at the sites near the surface and remote from the catalytic triad, but close to the calcium binding site. This study is a first step towards understanding why lipases do not hydrolyze amides despite the similarities to serine proteases in the active site structure and the reaction mechanism and towards the preparation of a general acyl transfer catalyst for the biotransformation of amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Fujii
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan and Tsuruga Institute of Biotechnology, Toyobo Co., Ltd, 10-24 Toyo-Cho, Tsuruga, Fukui 914-0047, Japan
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11
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Panda T, Gowrishankar BS. Production and applications of esterases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 67:160-9. [PMID: 15630579 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1840-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Revised: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Esterase plays a major role in the degradation of natural materials and industrial pollutants, viz., cereal wastes, plastics, and other toxic chemicals. It is useful in the synthesis of optically pure compounds, perfumes, and antioxidants. The potential applications of esterase with reference to agriculture, food, and pharmaceutical industries, are discussed in this review. Promising applications in this avenue can be supported by appropriate production strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Panda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
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Schmidt M, Baumann M, Henke E, Konarzycka-Bessler M, Bornscheuer UT. Directed Evolution of Lipases and Esterases. Methods Enzymol 2004; 388:199-207. [PMID: 15289073 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(04)88018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlen Schmidt
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Technical Chemistry and Biotechnology, Greifswald University, Germany
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Fujii R, Utsunomiya Y, Hiratake J, Sogabe A, Sakata K. Highly sensitive active-site titration of lipase in microscale culture media using fluorescent organophosphorus ester. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1631:197-205. [PMID: 12633686 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(03)00006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescent organophosphorus esters, diethyl 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate (1), ethyl hexyl 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate (2) and ethyl 4-methylumbelliferyl heptylphosphonate (3) have been synthesized and evaluated as a sensitive active-site titrant of lipase. The phosphorus esters 1, 2 and 3 inactivated the lipase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (LPL-312) with a second-order rate constant for enzyme inactivation (k(on)) of 1.8, 32 and 5600 s(-1) M(-1), respectively. The long-chain phosphonate 3 turned out to be the most potent inactivator of the lipase to release a stoichiometric amount of highly fluorescent 4-methylumbelliferone (4MU) as a leaving group. By using the phosphate 3 as an active-site titrant, the low concentration (4.5 nM) of the active lipase was titrated successfully. The highly sensitive active-site titration with 3 enabled the direct determination of the concentration of the active lipase expressed in a microscale culture medium. Although the expression level differed significantly from one culture to another, the titrated concentration of the active lipase was proportional to the apparent activity for all the independent cultures. The molecular activity calculated for the expressed lipase was found to be the same as that of the purified lipase. The present active-site titration method is widely applicable to the biocatalytic engineering of lipases such as directed evolution, site-directed mutagenesis, chemical modification and immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Fujii
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Song JK, Chung B, Oh YH, Rhee JS. Construction of DNA-shuffled and incrementally truncated libraries by a mutagenic and unidirectional reassembly method: changing from a substrate specificity of phospholipase to that of lipase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:6146-51. [PMID: 12450839 PMCID: PMC134436 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.12.6146-6151.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A method of mutagenic and unidirectional reassembly (MURA) that can generate libraries of DNA-shuffled and randomly truncated proteins was developed. The method involved fragmenting the template gene(s) randomly by DNase I and reassembling the small fragments with a unidirectional primer by PCR. The MURA products were treated with T4 DNA polymerase and subsequently with a restriction enzyme whose site was located on the region of the MURA primer. The N-terminal-truncated and DNA-shuffled library of a Serratia sp. phospholipase A(1) prepared by this method had an essentially random variation of truncated size and also showed point mutations associated with DNA shuffling. After high-throughput screening on triglyceride-emulsified plates, several mutants exhibiting absolute lipase activity (NPL variants) were obtained. The sequence analysis and the lipase activity assay on the NPL variants revealed that N-terminal truncations at a region beginning with amino acids 61 to 71, together with amino acid substitutions, resulted in the change of substrate specificity from a phospholipase to a lipase. We therefore suggest that the MURA method, which combines incremental truncation with DNA shuffling, can contribute to expanding the searchable sequence space in directed evolution experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kwang Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1, Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejon 305-701, Korea
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Abstract
The conventional notion that enzymes are only active in aqueous media has long been discarded, thanks to the numerous studies documenting enzyme activities in nonaqueous media, including pure organic solvents and supercritical fluids. Enzymatic reactions in nonaqueous solvents offer new possibilities for producing useful chemicals (emulsifiers, surfactants, wax esters, chiral drug molecules, biopolymers, peptides and proteins, modified fats and oils, structured lipids and flavor esters). The use of enzymes in both macro- and microaqueous systems has been investigated especially intensively in the last two decades. Although enzymes exhibit considerable activity in nonaqueous media, the activity is low compared to that in water. This observation has led to numerous studies to modify enzymes for specific purposes by various means including protein engineering. This review covers the historical developments, major technological advances and recent trends of enzyme catalysis in nonconventional media. A brief description of different classes of enzymes and their use in industry is provided with representative examples. Recent trends including use of novel solvent systems, role of water activity, stability issues, medium and biocatalyst engineering aspects have been discussed with examples. Special attention is given to protein engineering and directed evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajja Hari Krishna
- AK-Technische Chemie und Biotechnologie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Soldmannstrasse 16, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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Bornscheuer UT, Bessler C, Srinivas R, Krishna SH. Optimizing lipases and related enzymes for efficient application. Trends Biotechnol 2002; 20:433-7. [PMID: 12220906 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(02)02046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous reactions have been performed using lipases and related enzymes (e.g. esterases and phospholipases), it is still a challenge to identify the most suitable biocatalyst and best reaction conditions for an efficient application. Frequently used methods such as immobilization and optimization of the reaction medium cannot be transferred from one reaction system or substrate to another. However, in the past few years, rational protein design and directed evolution have emerged as efficient alternative methods to optimize biocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Institute of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Technical Chemistry & Biotechnology, Greifswald University, Soldmannstr. 16, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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Zhao H, Chockalingam K, Chen Z. Directed evolution of enzymes and pathways for industrial biocatalysis. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2002; 13:104-10. [PMID: 11950559 DOI: 10.1016/s0958-1669(02)00291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Directed evolution has become a powerful tool for developing enzyme and whole cell based biocatalysts. Significant recent advances include the creation of novel enzyme functions and the development of several new efficient directed evolution methods. The combination of directed evolution and rational design promises to accelerate the development of biocatalysts for applications in the pharmaceutical, chemical and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Abstract
Lipases are the most used enzymes in synthetic organic chemistry, catalyzing the hydrolysis of carboxylic acid esters in aqueous medium or the reverse reaction in organic solvents. Recent methodological advancements regarding practical factors affecting lipase activity and enantioselectivity are reviewed. Select practical examples concerning the use of lipases in the production of chiral intermediates are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred T Reetz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brakmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Kauffmann I, Schmidt-Dannert C. Conversion of Bacillus thermocatenulatus lipase into an efficient phospholipase with increased activity towards long-chain fatty acyl substrates by directed evolution and rational design. PROTEIN ENGINEERING 2001; 14:919-28. [PMID: 11742112 DOI: 10.1093/protein/14.11.919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The thermoalkalophilic lipase from Bacillus thermocatenulatus BTL2 exhibits a low phospholipase activity (lecithin/tributyrin ratio 0.03). A single round of random mutagenesis of the BTL2 gene followed by screening of 6000 transformants on egg-yolk plates identified three variants with 10-12-fold increased phospholipase activities, corresponding to lecithin/tributyrin ratios of 0.16-0.36. All variants were specific for the sn-1 acyl ester bond of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Mutations occurred predominantly in the N-terminal part of BTL2 with regions surrounding the predicted helix alpha(4) and lid as hotspots. Two mutations, L184P located in the predicted helix alpha(4) and H15P found in the highly conserved oxy-anion hole motif among hydrolases, were identified to account for increased phospholipase activity. Two of the three variants showed reduced activities towards medium- and long-chain fatty acyl methyl esters compared to the wild-type enzyme. Substitution of Leu353 with Ser, which is located adjacent to the active site histidine and is important for phospholipase activity in the Staphylococcus hyicus lipase, increased the absolute phospholipase activities of the variants, but not of BTL2, approximately 2-fold. The engineered best variant displayed a lecithin/tributyrin ratio of 0.52, corresponding to a 17-fold increase compared to the wild-type enzyme. Moreover, this variant exhibited a 1.5-4-fold higher activity towards long-chain fatty acyl methyl ester (C18:1, C18:2, C18 and C20) compared to BTL2. A second round of mutagenesis and screening on lecithin-plates yielded no new variants with further increased phospholipase/lipase activity ratios, but instead one variant with a 5-fold increased expression rate and two variants with a 3-fold reduced activity towards triolein were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kauffmann
- Institute for Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Abstract
The efficient application of biocatalysts requires the availability of suitable enzymes with high activity and stability under process conditions, desired substrate selectivity and high enantioselectivity. However, wild-type enzymes often need to be optimized to fulfill these requirements. Two rather contradictory tools can be used on a molecular level to create tailor-made biocatalysts: directed evolution and rational protein design.
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Affiliation(s)
- U T Bornscheuer
- Institute for Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Technical Chemistry & Biotechnology, Greifswald University, Germany.
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