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First-Principles Characterization of the Elusive I Fluorescent State and the Structural Evolution of Retinal Protonated Schiff Base in Bacteriorhodopsin. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18193-18203. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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2
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Agathangelou D, Orozco-Gonzalez Y, Del Carmen Marín M, Roy PP, Brazard J, Kandori H, Jung KH, Léonard J, Buckup T, Ferré N, Olivucci M, Haacke S. Effect of point mutations on the ultrafast photo-isomerization of Anabaena sensory rhodopsin. Faraday Discuss 2019; 207:55-75. [PMID: 29388996 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00200a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anabaena sensory rhodopsin (ASR) is a particular microbial retinal protein for which light-adaptation leads to the ability to bind both the all-trans, 15-anti (AT) and the 13-cis, 15-syn (13C) isomers of the protonated Schiff base of retinal (PSBR). In the context of obtaining insight into the mechanisms by which retinal proteins catalyse the PSBR photo-isomerization reaction, ASR is a model system allowing to study, within the same protein, the protein-PSBR interactions for two different PSBR conformers at the same time. A detailed analysis of the vibrational spectra of AT and 13C, and their photo-products in wild-type ASR obtained through femtosecond (pump-) four-wave-mixing is reported for the first time, and compared to bacterio- and channelrhodopsin. As part of an extensive study of ASR mutants with blue-shifted absorption spectra, we present here a detailed computational analysis of the origin of the mutation-induced blue-shift of the absorption spectra, and identify electrostatic interactions as dominating steric effects that would entail a red-shift. The excited state lifetimes and isomerization reaction times (IRT) for the three mutants V112N, W76F, and L83Q are studied experimentally by femtosecond broadband transient absorption spectroscopy. Interestingly, in all three mutants, isomerization is accelerated for AT with respect to wild-type ASR, and this the more, the shorter the wavelength of maximum absorption. On the contrary, the 13C photo-reaction is slightly slowed down, leading to an inversion of the ESLs of AT and 13C, with respect to wt-ASR, in the blue-most absorbing mutant L83Q. Possible mechanisms for these mutation effects, and their steric and electrostatic origins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Agathangelou
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Inst. de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
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3
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Cheminal A, Léonard J, Kim SY, Jung KH, Kandori H, Haacke S. 100 fs photo-isomerization with vibrational coherences but low quantum yield in Anabaena Sensory Rhodopsin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:25429-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04353k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Counter-intuitive photochemistry: in Anabaena Sensory Rhodopsin, the retinal 13-cis isomer isomerizes much faster than all-trans ASR, but with a 3-times lower quantum yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Cheminal
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg & Labex NIE
- Université de Strasbourg – CNRS
- 67034 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Jérémie Léonard
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg & Labex NIE
- Université de Strasbourg – CNRS
- 67034 Strasbourg
- France
| | - So-Young Kim
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biological Interfaces
- Sogang University
- Mapo-Gu
- South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hwan Jung
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biological Interfaces
- Sogang University
- Mapo-Gu
- South Korea
| | - Hideki Kandori
- Department of Frontier Materials
- Nagoya Institute of Technology
- Showa-ku
- Japan
| | - Stefan Haacke
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg & Labex NIE
- Université de Strasbourg – CNRS
- 67034 Strasbourg
- France
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4
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Cheminal A, Léonard J, Kim S, Jung KH, Kandori H, Haacke S. Steady state emission of the fluorescent intermediate of Anabaena Sensory Rhodopsin as a function of light adaptation conditions. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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5
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El Hadj K, Bertoncini P, Chauvet O. pH-Sensitive photoinduced energy transfer from bacteriorhodopsin to single-walled carbon nanotubes in SWNT-bR hybrids. ACS NANO 2013; 7:8743-8752. [PMID: 24011351 DOI: 10.1021/nn403092r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Energy transfer mechanisms in noncovalently bound bacteriorhodopsin/single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) hybrids are investigated using optical absorption and photoluminescence excitation measurements. The morphology of the hybrids was investigated by atomic force microscopy. In this study, proteins are immobilized onto the sidewall of the carbon nanotubes using a sodium cholate suspension-dialysis method that maintains the intrinsic optical and fluorescence properties of both molecules. The hybrids are stable in aqueous solutions for pH ranging from 4.2 to 9 and exhibit photoluminescence properties that are pH-dependent. The study reveals that energy transfer from bacteriorhodopsin to carbon nanotubes takes place. So, at pH higher than 5 and up to 9, the SWNTs absorb the photons emitted by the aromatic residues of the protein, inducing a strong increase in intensity of the E11 emissions of SWNTs through their E33 and E44 excitations. From pH = 4.2 to pH = 5, the protein fluorescence is strongly quenched whatever the emission wavelengths, while additional fluorescence features appear at excitation wavelengths ranging from 660 to 680 nm and at 330 nm. The presence of these features is attributed to a resonance energy transfer mechanism that has an efficiency of 0.94 ± 0.02. More, by increasing the pH of the dispersion, the fluorescence characteristics become those observed at higher pH values and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim El Hadj
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, Nantes Université , CNRS 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes, France
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6
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Valsson O, Campomanes P, Tavernelli I, Rothlisberger U, Filippi C. Rhodopsin Absorption from First Principles: Bypassing Common Pitfalls. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:2441-54. [PMID: 26583734 DOI: 10.1021/ct3010408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine rhodopsin is the most extensively studied retinal protein and is considered the prototype of this important class of photosensitive biosystems involved in the process of vision. Many theoretical investigations have attempted to elucidate the role of the protein matrix in modulating the absorption of retinal chromophore in rhodopsin, but, while generally agreeing in predicting the correct location of the absorption maximum, they often reached contradicting conclusions on how the environment tunes the spectrum. To address this controversial issue, we combine here a thorough structural and dynamical characterization of rhodopsin with a careful validation of its excited-state properties via the use of a wide range of state-of-the-art quantum chemical approaches including various flavors of time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), different multireference perturbative schemes (CASPT2 and NEVPT2), and quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) methods. Through extensive quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) molecular dynamics simulations, we obtain a comprehensive structural description of the chromophore-protein system and sample a wide range of thermally accessible configurations. We show that, in order to obtain reliable excitation properties, it is crucial to employ a sufficient number of representative configurations of the system. In fact, the common use of a single, ad hoc structure can easily lead to an incorrect model and an agreement with experimental absorption spectra due to cancelation of errors. Finally, we show that, to properly account for polarization effects on the chromophore and to quench the large blue-shift induced by the counterion on the excitation energies, it is necessary to adopt an enhanced description of the protein environment as given by a large quantum region including as many as 250 atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Valsson
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Pablo Campomanes
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ivano Tavernelli
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Rothlisberger
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Filippi
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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7
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Wand A, Loevsky B, Friedman N, Sheves M, Ruhman S. Probing Ultrafast Photochemistry of Retinal Proteins in the Near-IR: Bacteriorhodopsin and Anabaena Sensory Rhodopsin vs Retinal Protonated Schiff Base in Solution. J Phys Chem B 2012; 117:4670-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp309189y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Wand
- Institute of Chemistry
and the Farkas Center for Light-Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra
Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Boris Loevsky
- Institute of Chemistry
and the Farkas Center for Light-Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra
Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Noga Friedman
- Department of Organic
Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Mordechai Sheves
- Department of Organic
Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sanford Ruhman
- Institute of Chemistry
and the Farkas Center for Light-Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra
Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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8
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Wand A, Friedman N, Sheves M, Ruhman S. Ultrafast Photochemistry of Light-Adapted and Dark-Adapted Bacteriorhodopsin: Effects of the Initial Retinal Configuration. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:10444-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2125284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Wand
- Institute of Chemistry and the
Farkash Center for Light-Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat
Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Noga Friedman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Mordechai Sheves
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sanford Ruhman
- Institute of Chemistry and the
Farkash Center for Light-Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat
Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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9
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Van Stokkum IHM, Van Oort B, Van Mourik F, Gobets B, Van Amerongen H. (Sub)-Picosecond Spectral Evolution of Fluorescence Studied with a Synchroscan Streak-Camera System and Target Analysis. BIOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8250-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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10
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11
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Complex excited dynamics around a plateau on a retinal-like potential surface: chaos, multi-exponential decays and quantum/classical differences. Theor Chem Acc 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-006-0220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Kahan A, Nahmias O, Friedman N, Sheves M, Ruhman S. Following Photoinduced Dynamics in Bacteriorhodopsin with 7-fs Impulsive Vibrational Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 129:537-46. [PMID: 17227016 DOI: 10.1021/ja064910d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sub-10-fs laser pulses are used to impulsively photoexcite bacteriorhodopsin (BR) suspensions and probe the evolution of the resulting vibrational wave packets. Fourier analysis of the spectral modulations induced by transform-limited as well as linearly chirped excitation pulses allows the delineation of excited- and ground-state contributions to the data. On the basis of amplitude and phase variations of the modulations as a function of the dispersed probe wavelength, periodic modulations in absorption above 540 nm are assigned to ground-state vibrational coherences induced by resonance impulsive Raman spectral activity (RISRS). Probing at wavelengths below 540 nm-the red edge of the intense excited-state absorption band-uncovers new vibrational features which are accordingly assigned to wave packet motions along bound coordinates on the short-lived reactive electronic surface. They consist of high- and low-frequency shoulders adjacent to the strong C=C stretching and methyl rock modes, respectively, which have ground-state frequencies of 1008 and 1530 cm-1. Brief activity centered at approximately 900 cm-1, which is characteristic of ground-state HOOP modes, and strong modulations in the torsional frequency range appear as well. Possible assignments of the bands and their implication to photoinduced reaction dynamics in BR are discussed. Reasons for the absence of similar signatures in the pump-probe spectral modulations at longer probing wavelengths are considered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Kahan
- Department of Physical Chemistry and the Farkas Center for Light Induced Processes, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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13
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Zgrablić G, Voïtchovsky K, Kindermann M, Haacke S, Chergui M. Ultrafast excited state dynamics of the protonated Schiff base of all-trans retinal in solvents. Biophys J 2005; 88:2779-88. [PMID: 15792984 PMCID: PMC1305373 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.046094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a comparative study of the ultrafast photophysics of all-trans retinal in the protonated Schiff base form in solvents with different polarities and viscosities. Steady-state spectra of retinal in the protonated Schiff base form show large absorption-emission Stokes shifts (6500-8100 cm(-1)) for both polar and nonpolar solvents. Using a broadband fluorescence up-conversion experiment, the relaxation kinetics of fluorescence is investigated with 120 fs time resolution. The time-zero spectra already exhibit a Stokes-shift of approximately 6000 cm(-1), indicating depopulation of the Franck-Condon region in < or =100 fs. We attribute it to relaxation along skeletal stretching. A dramatic spectral narrowing is observed on a 150 fs timescale, which we assign to relaxation from the S(2) to the S(1) state. Along with the direct excitation of S(1), this relaxation populates different quasistationary states in S(1), as suggested from the existence of three distinct fluorescence decay times with different decay associated spectra. A 0.5-0.65 ps decay component is observed, which may reflect the direct repopulation of the ground state, in line with the small isomerization yield in solvents. Two longer decay components are observed and are attributed to torsional motion leading to photo-isomerization. The various decay channels show little or no dependence with respect to the viscosity or dielectric constant of the solvents. This suggests that in the protein, the bond selectivity of isomerization is mainly governed by steric effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Zgrablić
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, FSB-BSP, CH-1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
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14
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Olivucci M, Lami A, Santoro F. A Tiny Excited-State Barrier Can Induce a Multiexponential Decay of the Retinal Chromophore: A Quantum Dynamics Investigation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:5118-21. [PMID: 16035016 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200501236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Olivucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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15
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Olivucci M, Lami A, Santoro F. A Tiny Excited-State Barrier Can Induce a Multiexponential Decay of the Retinal Chromophore: A Quantum Dynamics Investigation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200501236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Schmidt B, Sobotta C, Heinz B, Laimgruber S, Braun M, Gilch P. Excited-state dynamics of bacteriorhodopsin probed by broadband femtosecond fluorescence spectroscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2005; 1706:165-73. [PMID: 15620377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2004] [Revised: 10/04/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The impact of varying excitation densities (approximately 0.3 to approximately 40 photons per molecule) on the ultrafast fluorescence dynamics of bacteriorhodopsin has been studied in a wide spectral range (630-900 nm). For low excitation densities, the fluorescence dynamics can be approximated biexponentially with time constants of <0.15 and approximately 0.45 ps. The spectrum associated with the fastest time constant peaks at 650 nm, while the 0.45 ps component is most prominent at 750 nm. Superimposed on these kinetics is a shift of the fluorescence maximum with time (dynamic Stokes shift). Higher excitation densities alter the time constants and their amplitudes. These changes are assigned to multi-photon absorptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schmidt
- Department für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Oettingenstr. 67, D-80538 Munich, Germany
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17
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Cembran A, Bernardi F, Olivucci M, Garavelli M. Excited-state singlet manifold and oscillatory features of a nonatetraeniminium retinal chromophore model. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:12509-19. [PMID: 14531695 DOI: 10.1021/ja030215j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we use ab initio multireference Møller-Plesset second-order perturbation theory computations to map the first five singlet states (S(0), S(1), S(2), S(3), and S(4)) along the initial part of the photoisomerization coordinate for the isolated rhodopsin chromophore model 4-cis-gamma-methylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraeniminium cation. We show that this information not only provides an explanation for the spectral features associated to the chromophore in solution but also, subject to a tentative hypothesis on the effect of the protein cavity, may be employed to explain/assign the ultrafast near-IR excited-state absorption, stimulated emission, and transient excited-state absorption bands observed in rhodopsin proteins (e.g. rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin). We also show that the results of vibrational frequency computations reveal a general structure for the first (S(1)) excited-state energy surface of PSBs that is consistent with the existence of the coherent oscillatory motions observed both in solution and in bacteriorhodopsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cembran
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Siena, via Aldo Moro, Siena, I-53100 Italy
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18
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Haacke S, Schenkl S, Vinzani S, Chergui M. Femtosecond and picosecond fluorescence of native bacteriorhodopsin and a nonisomerizing analog. Biopolymers 2002; 67:306-9. [PMID: 12012454 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The spectrally and temporally resolved fluorescence properties of native bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and bR reconstituted with a nonisomerizing analog of the retinal Schiff base (bR5.12) are examined. The first attempt to experimentally monitor the excited state relaxation processes in both type of pigments using ultrafast fluorescence spectroscopy is reported. The fluorescence is emitted from retinal molecules in an all-trans configuration. Substantial energy relaxation involves very fast intramolecular and intermolecular vibrational modes and these are shown to occur on a time scale faster than isomerization. The possible contribution of dielectric interaction between the retinal Schiff base and the protein environment for the excited state energy relaxation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haacke
- Institut de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Université de Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
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19
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Kennis JTM, Larsen DS, Ohta K, Facciotti MT, Glaeser RM, Fleming GR. Ultrafast Protein Dynamics of Bacteriorhodopsin Probed by Photon Echo and Transient Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp014681b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John T. M. Kennis
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Physical Biosciences Division, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Delmar S. Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Physical Biosciences Division, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Kaoru Ohta
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Physical Biosciences Division, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Marc T. Facciotti
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Physical Biosciences Division, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Robert M. Glaeser
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Physical Biosciences Division, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Physical Biosciences Division, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
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20
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Schenkl S, Portuondo E, Zgrablić G, Chergui M, Haacke S, Friedman N, Sheves M. Ultrafast energy relaxation in bacteriorhodopsin studied by time-integrated fluorescence. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1039/b205453a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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