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Tang L, Xu H, Wu T, Wu W, Lu Y, Gu J, Wang X, Zhou M, Chen Q, Sun X, Cai H. Advances in tumor microenvironment and underlying molecular mechanisms of bladder cancer: a systematic review. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:111. [PMID: 38602556 PMCID: PMC11009183 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-00902-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most frequent malignant tumors of the urinary system. The prevalence of bladder cancer among men and women is roughly 5:2, and both its incidence and death have been rising steadily over the past few years. At the moment, metastasis and recurrence of advanced bladder cancer-which are believed to be connected to the malfunction of multigene and multilevel cell signaling network-remain the leading causes of bladder cancer-related death. The therapeutic treatment of bladder cancer will be greatly aided by the elucidation of these mechanisms. New concepts for the treatment of bladder cancer have been made possible by the advancement of research technologies and a number of new treatment options, including immunotherapy and targeted therapy. In this paper, we will extensively review the development of the tumor microenvironment and the possible molecular mechanisms of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Tang
- Department of Nursing, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haifei Xu
- Department of Urology, Nantong Tumor Hospital and Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Medical University The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenhao Wu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Medical University The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuhao Lu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Medical University The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jijia Gu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Medical University The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Department of Urology, Nantong Tumor Hospital and Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Department of Nursing, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qiuyang Chen
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Medical University The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xuan Sun
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Medical University The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongzhou Cai
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Hannouneh ZA, Hijazi A, Alsaleem AA, Hami S, Kheyrbek N, Tanous F, Khaddour K, Abbas A, Alshehabi Z. Novel immunotherapeutic options for BCG-unresponsive high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cancer Med 2023; 12:21944-21968. [PMID: 38037752 PMCID: PMC10757155 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (HR-NMIBC) presents a challenge to many physicians due to its ability to resist Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) intravesical therapy and the substantial rate of progression into muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Patients who are BCG-unresponsive have worse prognosis and thus require further management including radical cystectomy (RC), which significantly impacts quality of life. Moreover, the ongoing worldwide shortage of BCG warrants the need for policies that prioritize drug use and utilize alternative treatment strategies. Hence, there is a significant unmet need for bladder preserving therapy in this subset of patients. METHODS To address this issue, we searched the relevant literature in PUBMED for articles published from 2019 through May of 2023 using appropriate keywords. All clinical trials of patients with HR-NMIBC treated with immune-related agents were retrieved from clinicaltrials.gov. FINDINGS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES Exploratory treatments for BCG-Unresponsive HR-NMIBC included immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), oncolytic viral therapy, cytokine agonists, and other immunomodulators targeting TLR, EpCaM, FGFR, MetAP2, and IDO1. Some combination therapies have been found to work synergistically and are preferred therapeutically over monotherapy. Three drugs-pembrolizumab, valrubicin, and most recently, nadofaragene firadenovec-vncg-have been FDA approved for the treatment of BCG-unresponsive NMIBC in patients who are ineligible for or decline RC. However, all explored treatment options tend to postpone RC rather than provide long-term disease control. Additional combination strategies need to be studied to enhance the effects of immunotherapy. Despite the challenges faced in finding effective therapies, many potential treatments are currently under investigation. Addressing the landscape of biomarkers, mechanisms of progression, BCG resistance, and trial design challenges in HR-NMIBC is essential for the discovery of new targets and the development of effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zein Alabdin Hannouneh
- Faculty of MedicineAl Andalus University for Medical SciencesTartusSyrian Arab Republic
- Cancer Research CenterTishreen UniversityLattakiaSyrian Arab Republic
| | - Amjad Hijazi
- Faculty of MedicineAl Andalus University for Medical SciencesTartusSyrian Arab Republic
- Cancer Research CenterTishreen UniversityLattakiaSyrian Arab Republic
| | - Alaa Aldeen Alsaleem
- Faculty of MedicineAl Andalus University for Medical SciencesTartusSyrian Arab Republic
- Cancer Research CenterTishreen UniversityLattakiaSyrian Arab Republic
| | - Siwan Hami
- Faculty of MedicineAl Andalus University for Medical SciencesTartusSyrian Arab Republic
- Cancer Research CenterTishreen UniversityLattakiaSyrian Arab Republic
| | - Nina Kheyrbek
- Cancer Research CenterTishreen UniversityLattakiaSyrian Arab Republic
- Faculty of MedicineTishreen UniversityLattakiaSyrian Arab Republic
| | - Fadi Tanous
- Cancer Research CenterTishreen UniversityLattakiaSyrian Arab Republic
- Faculty of MedicineAl‐Baath UniversityHomsSyrian Arab Republic
| | - Karam Khaddour
- Department of Medical OncologyDana‐Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Abdulfattah Abbas
- Professor of Nephrology, Faculty of MedicineAl Andalus University for Medical SciencesTartusSyrian Arab Republic
| | - Zuheir Alshehabi
- Cancer Research CenterTishreen UniversityLattakiaSyrian Arab Republic
- Department of PathologyTishreen University HospitalLattakiaSyrian Arab Republic
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Heer R, Lewis R, Duncan A, Penegar S, Vadiveloo T, Clark E, Yu G, Mariappan P, Cresswell J, McGrath J, N'Dow J, Nabi G, Mostafid H, Kelly J, Ramsay C, Lazarowicz H, Allan A, Breckons M, Campbell K, Campbell L, Feber A, McDonald A, Norrie J, Orozco-Leal G, Rice S, Tandogdu Z, Taylor E, Wilson L, Vale L, MacLennan G, Hall E. Photodynamic versus white-light-guided resection of first-diagnosis non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: PHOTO RCT. Health Technol Assess 2022; 26:1-144. [PMID: 36300825 PMCID: PMC9639219 DOI: 10.3310/plpu1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around 7500 people are diagnosed with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer in the UK annually. Recurrence following transurethral resection of bladder tumour is common, and the intensive monitoring schedule required after initial treatment has associated costs for patients and the NHS. In photodynamic diagnosis, before transurethral resection of bladder tumour, a photosensitiser that is preferentially absorbed by tumour cells is instilled intravesically. Transurethral resection of bladder tumour is then conducted under blue light, causing the photosensitiser to fluoresce. Photodynamic diagnosis-guided transurethral resection of bladder tumour offers better diagnostic accuracy than standard white-light-guided transurethral resection of bladder tumour, potentially reducing the chance of subsequent recurrence. OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of photodynamic diagnosis-guided transurethral resection of bladder tumour. DESIGN This was a multicentre, pragmatic, open-label, parallel-group, non-masked, superiority randomised controlled trial. Allocation was by remote web-based service, using a 1 : 1 ratio and a minimisation algorithm balanced by centre and sex. SETTING The setting was 22 NHS hospitals. PARTICIPANTS Patients aged ≥ 16 years with a suspected first diagnosis of high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, no contraindications to photodynamic diagnosis and written informed consent were eligible. INTERVENTIONS Photodynamic diagnosis-guided transurethral resection of bladder tumour and standard white-light cystoscopy transurethral resection of bladder tumour. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary clinical outcome measure was the time to recurrence from the date of randomisation to the date of pathologically proven first recurrence (or intercurrent bladder cancer death). The primary health economic outcome was the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained at 3 years. RESULTS We enrolled 538 participants from 22 UK hospitals between 11 November 2014 and 6 February 2018. Of these, 269 were allocated to photodynamic diagnosis and 269 were allocated to white light. A total of 112 participants were excluded from the analysis because of ineligibility (n = 5), lack of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer diagnosis following transurethral resection of bladder tumour (n = 89) or early cystectomy (n = 18). In total, 209 photodynamic diagnosis and 217 white-light participants were included in the clinical end-point analysis population. All randomised participants were included in the cost-effectiveness analysis. Over a median follow-up period of 21 months for the photodynamic diagnosis group and 22 months for the white-light group, there were 86 recurrences (3-year recurrence-free survival rate 57.8%, 95% confidence interval 50.7% to 64.2%) in the photodynamic diagnosis group and 84 recurrences (3-year recurrence-free survival rate 61.6%, 95% confidence interval 54.7% to 67.8%) in the white-light group (hazard ratio 0.94, 95% confidence interval 0.69 to 1.28; p = 0.70). Adverse event frequency was low and similar in both groups [12 (5.7%) in the photodynamic diagnosis group vs. 12 (5.5%) in the white-light group]. At 3 years, the total cost was £12,881 for photodynamic diagnosis-guided transurethral resection of bladder tumour and £12,005 for white light. There was no evidence of differences in the use of health services or total cost at 3 years. At 3 years, the quality-adjusted life-years gain was 2.094 in the photodynamic diagnosis transurethral resection of bladder tumour group and 2.087 in the white light group. The probability that photodynamic diagnosis-guided transurethral resection of bladder tumour was cost-effective was never > 30% over the range of society's cost-effectiveness thresholds. LIMITATIONS Fewer patients than anticipated were correctly diagnosed with intermediate- to high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer before transurethral resection of bladder tumour and the ratio of intermediate- to high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer was higher than expected, reducing the number of observed recurrences and the statistical power. CONCLUSIONS Photodynamic diagnosis-guided transurethral resection of bladder tumour did not reduce recurrences, nor was it likely to be cost-effective compared with white light at 3 years. Photodynamic diagnosis-guided transurethral resection of bladder tumour is not supported in the management of primary intermediate- to high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. FUTURE WORK Further work should include the modelling of appropriate surveillance schedules and exploring predictive and prognostic biomarkers. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial is registered as ISRCTN84013636. FUNDING This project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research ( NIHR ) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 26, No. 40. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Heer
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rebecca Lewis
- Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Anne Duncan
- Centre for Healthcare Randomised Trials (CHaRT), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Steven Penegar
- Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Thenmalar Vadiveloo
- Centre for Healthcare Randomised Trials (CHaRT), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Emma Clark
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ge Yu
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Joanne Cresswell
- Department of Urology, South Tees Hospitals NHS Trust, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - John McGrath
- Department of Urology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - James N'Dow
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Hugh Mostafid
- Department of Urology, Basingstoke and North Hampshire NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke, UK
| | - John Kelly
- University College London Cancer Institute, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Craig Ramsay
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Henry Lazarowicz
- Department of Urology, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Angela Allan
- Department of Urology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Matthew Breckons
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Karen Campbell
- Centre for Healthcare Randomised Trials (CHaRT), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Louise Campbell
- Centre for Healthcare Randomised Trials (CHaRT), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Andy Feber
- University College London Cancer Institute, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alison McDonald
- Centre for Healthcare Randomised Trials (CHaRT), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - John Norrie
- Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giovany Orozco-Leal
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Stephen Rice
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Zafer Tandogdu
- University College London Cancer Institute, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Laura Wilson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Luke Vale
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Graeme MacLennan
- Centre for Healthcare Randomised Trials (CHaRT), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Emma Hall
- Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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Jiang S, Redelman-Sidi G. BCG in Bladder Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3073. [PMID: 35804844 PMCID: PMC9264881 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BCG is a live attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis that is primarily used as a vaccine against tuberculosis. In the past four decades, BCG has also been used for the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). In patients with NMIBC, BCG reduces the risk of tumor recurrence and decreases the likelihood of progression to more invasive disease. Despite the long-term clinical experience with BCG, its mechanism of action is still being elucidated. Data from animal models and from human studies suggests that BCG activates both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system eventually leading to tumor destruction. Herein, we review the current data regarding the mechanism of BCG and summarize the evidence for its clinical efficacy and recommended indications and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Jiang
- Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Gil Redelman-Sidi
- Infectious Diseases Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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5
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Adjuvant therapies for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: advances during BCG shortage. World J Urol 2022; 40:1111-1124. [PMID: 35083522 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-021-03908-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) represents a significant global therapeutic challenge, particularly in the era of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) shortage. High-risk NMIBC can progress to muscle invasive or metastatic disease in 25% of patients. Optimal treatment selection, according to risk stratification, is imperative. International guidelines slightly differ in their categorisation of low, intermediate and high-risk NMIBC. Nonetheless, a single post-operative instillation of chemotherapy with Mitomycin C (MMC) or Gemcitabine improves relapse-free survival (RFS) in low-risk NMIBC. Induction and maintenance intravesical BCG remains the historical gold standard for patients with intermediate or high-risk NMIBC. However, clinicians may be forced to consider alternatives given the current BCG shortage. Both intravesical MMC and Gemcitabine have been associated with similar efficacy to BCG, albeit in smaller studies. MMC may also be manipulated using a variety of methods to potentiate its effects. BCG treatment delivery may also be modified without affecting efficacy through dose reduction and abbreviation or omission of maintenance therapy. Preliminary data also highlight that directly proceeding to radical cystectomy may not adversely affect long-term quality of life measures. Access to new systemic and intravesical therapies must be prioritised for patients with BCG recurrent or unresponsive disease. When used in conjunction with molecularly defined biomarkers, these agents herald the potential for improved survival outcomes and alleviation of the current BCG shortage.
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6
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Lutz CT, Livas L, Presnell SR, Sexton M, Wang P. Gender Differences in Urothelial Bladder Cancer: Effects of Natural Killer Lymphocyte Immunity. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10215163. [PMID: 34768683 PMCID: PMC8584838 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10215163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Men are more likely to develop cancer than women. In fact, male predominance is one of the most consistent cancer epidemiology findings. Additionally, men have a poorer prognosis and an increased risk of secondary malignancies compared to women. These differences have been investigated in order to better understand cancer and to better treat both men and women. In this review, we discuss factors that may cause this gender difference, focusing on urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) pathogenesis. We consider physiological factors that may cause higher male cancer rates, including differences in X chromosome gene expression. We discuss how androgens may promote bladder cancer development directly by stimulating bladder urothelium and indirectly by suppressing immunity. We are particularly interested in the role of natural killer (NK) cells in anti-cancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T. Lutz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (L.L.); (S.R.P.); (M.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Lydia Livas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (L.L.); (S.R.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Steven R. Presnell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (L.L.); (S.R.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Morgan Sexton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (L.L.); (S.R.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Peng Wang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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7
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Salehi-Pourmehr H, Naseri A, Mostafaei A, Vahedi L, Sajjadi S, Tayebi S, Mostafaei H, Hajebrahimi S. Misconduct in research integrity: Assessment the quality of systematic reviews in Cochrane urological cancer review group. Turk J Urol 2021; 47:392-419. [PMID: 35118979 PMCID: PMC9612768 DOI: 10.5152/tud.2021.21038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cochrane Library provides a powerful and authoritative database to aid medical decision making. We aimed to evaluate the quality of clinical trials and systematic reviews recorded in the Cochrane urology cancers group. MATERIAL AND METHODS This analytic cross-sectional study was conducted on 44 published systematic reviews of the Cochrane urology group which were published until May 2020. In the current study, we selected the urological cancer reviews. All types of biases in the understudied randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs of these systematic reviews were evaluated using the Cochrane appraisal checklist. We also separated and stratified the types of biases in the included studies. In addition, the quality of systematic reviews was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) appraisal checklist. RESULTS A total of 44 systematic reviews and their understudied 340 RCTs were evaluated. On the basis of the JBI appraisal checklist results, 93.2% of systematic reviews had high quality. In terms of the quality of understudied RCTs in these reviews, the common prevalent risk of bias of the understudied RCTs or quasi- RCTs was unclear selection bias (allocation concealment and random sequence generation). The highest risk of bias was seen in the blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias). CONCLUSION Although most Cochrane urological cancer reviews had high quality, performance bias was the highest one in their understudied RCTs. Regarding it and considering the increasing unclear risk of detection, attrition, and reporting biases, it is obvious that they have structural deficiencies; therefore, it is recommended to observe integrity principles for preventing research misconduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Salehi-Pourmehr
- Research Center for Evidence Based-Medicine, Iranian EBM Center: A Joanna Briggs Institute Center of Excellence, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Leila Vahedi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sana Sajjadi
- Islamic Azad University Marand Branch, Marand, Iran
| | - Sona Tayebi
- Department of Urology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Mostafaei
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Jaber TM, Samiullah M, Surti A. Vertebral Osteomyelitis Secondary to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Instillation Therapy for Transitional Cell Carcinoma In Situ. Cureus 2021; 13:e14589. [PMID: 34036007 PMCID: PMC8136454 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transitional cell carcinoma is the sixth most common cancer among men and the 17th most common cancer in women. The treatment methods for the condition range from noninvasive chemotherapy to more invasive procedures like cystectomy and complete transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) followed by intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy (BCG). Intravesical BCG treatment is known to be effective as it is associated with increased survivability and long-term benefits, especially in early-stage, minimally-invasive disease. It is generally considered to be safe, even though some adverse reactions have been described. Vertebral osteomyelitis secondary to intravesical BCG therapy is a rare complication but one that has been reported in the literature. Although our patient had multiple comorbidities, including a previous vertebral compression fracture prior to treatment, complications from intravesical BCG treatment should always be considered in the differential. Further multi-center retrospective studies are needed to better ascertain its true risk given its increasing use as a treatment modality for transitional cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq M Jaber
- Infectious Diseases, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | - Amy Surti
- Critical Care Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, USA
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9
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Pham STD, Lee A, Struminger JS, Belkoff KM, Mendoza B, Berman SS. Mycotic infrarenal aortic aneurysm due to mycobacterium after intravesical treatment for bladder cancer. JOURNAL OF VASCULAR SURGERY CASES INNOVATIONS AND TECHNIQUES 2021; 7:354-356. [PMID: 34095641 PMCID: PMC8163880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvscit.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Intravesical instillation of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, a live-attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis, is a common adjuvant therapy for bladder cancer with a low incidence of serious adverse events. The case described herein illustrates a rare complication of intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin instillation that resulted from invasion of the mycobacterium into tissue outside of the bladder lining, also known as microbial dissemination, leading to infection of the aortic wall and development of a mycotic aneurysm, and highlights the therapeutic challenges presented by the aortic pathology in this clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Scott S. Berman
- Pima Heart and Vascular, Tucson, Ariz
- Correspondence: Scott S. Berman, MD, MHA, FACS, DFSVS, Pima Heart and Vascular, 1815 W. St. Mary's Rd, Tucson, AZ 85745
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10
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Graham CH, Paré JF, Cotechini T, Hopman W, Hindmarch CCT, Ghaffari A, Marginean D, Chenard S, Koti M, Siemens DR. Innate immune memory is associated with increased disease-free survival in bladder cancer patients treated with bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Can Urol Assoc J 2021; 15:E412-E417. [PMID: 33410746 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.7066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While studies suggest that innate immune memory acquired by circulating monocytes may mediate the benefit of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in the treatment of patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), prospective studies are lacking. Innate immune memory is defined by enhanced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by innate immune cells following a secondary challenge with pattern recognition receptor (PRR) ligands. METHODS Peripheral blood monocytes isolated from 33 patients with intermediate- or high-risk NMIBC before and after two or five induction BCG instillations were stimulated with the PRR ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Inflammatory cytokine levels in the culture medium were measured. Extent of innate immune memory acquisition was determined by dividing the levels of cytokines released after BCG instillation by the levels released prior to BCG therapy. RESULTS Monocytes secreted variable levels of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IFNγ, IL-12, and IL-10. Compared with patients with recurrences, the post-BCG:pre-BCG ratio of IL-12 in monocyte cultures from patients without recurrences after five BCG instillations was significantly increased. Patients with no innate immune memory (based on IL-12 ratios) had significantly shorter time to recurrence than patients with innate immune memory (p<0.001). Eighty-four percent (16/19) of patients with innate immune memory vs. only 22% (2/9) of patients without memory had disease-free survival of over 500 days. CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrate a potential link between BCG-induced innate immune memory peripherally and local anti-tumor responses. Further validation will increase our understanding of the mode of action of BCG and, therefore, will be used to enhance its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Graham
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Department of Urology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jean-François Paré
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Tiziana Cotechini
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Wilma Hopman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Abdi Ghaffari
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Diana Marginean
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Chenard
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Madhuri Koti
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Department of Urology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - D Robert Siemens
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Department of Urology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Boorjian SA, Alemozaffar M, Konety BR, Shore ND, Gomella LG, Kamat AM, Bivalacqua TJ, Montgomery JS, Lerner SP, Busby JE, Poch M, Crispen PL, Steinberg GD, Schuckman AK, Downs TM, Svatek RS, Mashni J, Lane BR, Guzzo TJ, Bratslavsky G, Karsh LI, Woods ME, Brown G, Canter D, Luchey A, Lotan Y, Krupski T, Inman BA, Williams MB, Cookson MS, Keegan KA, Andriole GL, Sankin AI, Boyd A, O'Donnell MA, Sawutz D, Philipson R, Coll R, Narayan VM, Treasure FP, Yla-Herttuala S, Parker NR, Dinney CPN. Intravesical nadofaragene firadenovec gene therapy for BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a single-arm, open-label, repeat-dose clinical trial. Lancet Oncol 2021; 22:107-117. [PMID: 33253641 PMCID: PMC7988888 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30540-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BCG is the most effective therapy for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Nadofaragene firadenovec (also known as rAd-IFNa/Syn3) is a replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus that delivers human interferon alfa-2b cDNA into the bladder epithelium, and a novel intravesical therapy for BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. We aimed to evaluate its efficacy in patients with BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. METHODS In this phase 3, multicentre, open-label, repeat-dose study done in 33 centres (hospitals and clinics) in the USA, we recruited patients aged 18 years or older, with BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group status of 2 or less. Patients were excluded if they had upper urinary tract disease, urothelial carcinoma within the prostatic urethra, lymphovascular invasion, micropapillary disease, or hydronephrosis. Eligible patients received a single intravesical 75 mL dose of nadofaragene firadenovec (3 × 1011 viral particles per mL). Repeat dosing at months 3, 6, and 9 was done in the absence of high-grade recurrence. The primary endpoint was complete response at any time in patients with carcinoma in situ (with or without a high-grade Ta or T1 tumour). The null hypothesis specified a complete response rate of less than 27% in this cohort. Efficacy analyses were done on the per-protocol population, to include only patients strictly meeting the BCG-unresponsive definition. Safety analyses were done in all patients who received at least one dose of treatment. The study is ongoing, with a planned 4-year treatment and monitoring phase. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02773849. FINDINGS Between Sept 19, 2016, and May 24, 2019, 198 patients were assessed for eligibility. 41 patients were excluded, and 157 were enrolled and received at least one dose of the study drug. Six patients did not meet the definition of BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and were therefore excluded from efficacy analyses; the remaining 151 patients were included in the per-protocol efficacy analyses. 55 (53·4%) of 103 patients with carcinoma in situ (with or without a high-grade Ta or T1 tumour) had a complete response within 3 months of the first dose and this response was maintained in 25 (45·5%) of 55 patients at 12 months. Micturition urgency was the most common grade 3-4 study drug-related adverse event (two [1%] of 157 patients, both grade 3), and there were no treatment-related deaths. INTERPRETATION Intravesical nadofaragene firadenovec was efficacious, with a favourable benefit:risk ratio, in patients with BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. This represents a novel treatment option in a therapeutically challenging disease state. FUNDING FKD Therapies Oy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Neal D Shore
- Carolina Urologic Research Center, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA
| | - Leonard G Gomella
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Trinity J Bivalacqua
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Seth P Lerner
- Scott Department of Urology, Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph E Busby
- Cancer Centers of the Carolinas, Greenville Hospital System, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Michael Poch
- Department of GU Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Paul L Crispen
- Department of Urology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gary D Steinberg
- Department of Urology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne K Schuckman
- USC Institute of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tracy M Downs
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Robert S Svatek
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Brian R Lane
- Division of Urology, Spectrum Health, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Thomas J Guzzo
- Division of Urology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael E Woods
- Department of Urology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Adam Luchey
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Yair Lotan
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tracey Krupski
- Department of Urology, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Brant A Inman
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Michael S Cookson
- Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kirk A Keegan
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gerald L Andriole
- Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vikram M Narayan
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Seppo Yla-Herttuala
- AI Virtanen Institute University of Eastern Finland and Science Service Center and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nigel R Parker
- AI Virtanen Institute University of Eastern Finland and Science Service Center and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Colin P N Dinney
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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12
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Lenfant L, Seisen T, Loriot Y, Rouprêt M. Adjustments in the Use of Intravesical Instillations of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin for High-risk Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Eur Urol 2020; 78:1-3. [PMID: 32349928 PMCID: PMC7180366 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients with COVID-19 are more likely to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome. Thus, several adjustments to the use of intravesical instillations of bacillus Calmette-Guérin should be made during the current pandemic to limit the risk of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Lenfant
- Sorbonne University, GRC 5 Predictive onco-uro, APHP, Urology, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Seisen
- Sorbonne University, GRC 5 Predictive onco-uro, APHP, Urology, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Yohann Loriot
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy Institute, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Morgan Rouprêt
- Sorbonne University, GRC 5 Predictive onco-uro, APHP, Urology, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France.
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13
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Waked R, Choucair J, Chehata N, Haddad E, Saliba G. Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) treatment's severe complications: A single institution review of incidence, presentation and treatment outcome. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2020; 19:100149. [PMID: 32099909 PMCID: PMC7016447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2020.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) treatment for superficial bladder cancer is interrupted in approximatively 8% of cases as a result of complications. The objective is to report the severe related complications of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) following an intravesical instillation for bladder tumor encountered at our institution for the past 5 years. METHODS Medical records of a tertiary teaching hospital, located in Beirut, Lebanon, were retrospectively analyzed from June 2014 to June 2019 searching for severe related complications of BCG. A comprehensive review of articles on this subject was conducted. RESULTS The incidence of severe systemic adverse events related to BCG instillation was 1.5% (5 out of 332 patients). A total of five patients were found to have a severe BCG related complication, with fever, chills, and irritative urinary signs being the most frequent symptoms. All patients received antituberculosis therapy (Isoniazid, Rifampin and Ethambutol). Two were put on add-on corticosteroids. Three patients had a computed tomography scan image in favor of an infection. Two patients had a favorable outcome, three patients died. CONCLUSION BCG severe adverse events were mostly seen in patients with a traumatic instillation. Treatment used at our institution was similar to most cases reported in the literature. A standardized diagnostic and treatment approach should be implemented to help physicians tackle these life-threatening complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Waked
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Damascus street, PO BOX 11-5076, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon
| | - J. Choucair
- Coordinator of the Infectious Diseases department, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - N. Chehata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Damascus street, PO BOX 11-5076, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon
| | - E. Haddad
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Damascus street, PO BOX 11-5076, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon
| | - G. Saliba
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Damascus street, PO BOX 11-5076, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon
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14
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Matulewicz RS, Steinberg GD. Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: Overview and Contemporary Treatment Landscape of Neoadjuvant Chemoablative Therapies. Rev Urol 2020; 22:43-51. [PMID: 32760227 PMCID: PMC7393683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is a heterogeneous subclassification of urothelial carcinoma with significant variation in individual risk of recurrence and progression to muscle-invasive disease. Risk stratification by American Urological Association (AUA) and European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines or by using nomograms/risk calculators developed from clinical trial data can help inform patient treatment decisions but may not accurately classify all patients. Risk-adapted adjuvant (post-transurethral resection of bladder tumor [TURBT]) treatment strategies using intravesical therapies are an important means of balancing disease control with potential adverse effects. Adjuvant intravesical instillation with various chemotherapy agents and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is well studied and associated with excellent outcomes for most patients. However, upwards of 40% of patients recur within 2 years and roughly 10% progress to muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Novel approaches and agents that aim to reduce the treatment burden associated with NMIBC are increasingly needed. We review the current landscape of NMIBC as it pertains to the use of and rationale for emerging neoadjuvant chemoablative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Matulewicz
- Department of Urology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health New York, NY
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health New York, NY
| | - Gary D Steinberg
- Department of Urology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health New York, NY
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15
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Samannodi M, Villavicencio A, Zhao A, Chavez V, Ericsson CD. Case report: Mycobacterium bovis orchitis post intravesical Bacillus Calmette Guerin. IDCases 2018; 14:e00465. [PMID: 30479960 PMCID: PMC6251782 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2018.e00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy is a common adjunctive therapy for superficial bladder carcinoma but there has been noted to be complications from this treatment ranging from general disseminated infections to osteomuscular involvement. We report a case regarding a 63 year old gentleman who presented with right testicular swelling and pain and later found to have evidence consistent with Mycobacterium bovis orchitis. We also detail a literature review regarding genitourinary infections secondary to BCG therapy and discussion regarding current testing modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Samannodi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UT Health McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Aasith Villavicencio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UT Health McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Andrew Zhao
- Family Medicine Residency, La Crosse-Mayo Clinic, La Crosse, WI, United States
- Corresponding author.
| | - Violeta Chavez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Charles D. Ericsson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UT Health McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
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Chraa D, Naim A, Olive D, Badou A. T lymphocyte subsets in cancer immunity: Friends or foes. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:243-255. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0318-097r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dounia Chraa
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology LaboratoryFaculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of CasablancaHassan II University Casablanca Morocco
- Team Immunity and Cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm, U1068, CNRS, UMR7258Institut Paoli‐CalmettesAix‐Marseille University, UM 105 Marseille France
| | - Asmaa Naim
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology LaboratoryFaculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of CasablancaHassan II University Casablanca Morocco
- University Mohammed VI for Health ScienceCheick Khalifa Hospital Casablanca Morocco
| | - Daniel Olive
- Team Immunity and Cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm, U1068, CNRS, UMR7258Institut Paoli‐CalmettesAix‐Marseille University, UM 105 Marseille France
| | - Abdallah Badou
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology LaboratoryFaculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of CasablancaHassan II University Casablanca Morocco
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The optimal management of high-grade T1 (HGT1) urothelial carcinoma (UC) is complex given its high rate of recurrence, progression, and cancer-specific mortality as well as its clinical variability. Our current treatment paradigm has been supplemented by recent data describing the expanding options for salvage intravesical therapy, bladder preservation, and the promising role of molecular epidemiology. In the current review, we attempt to summarize and critically analyze these studies. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence describing new intravesical therapies has demonstrated an adequate safety profile and some efficacy in BCG-unresponsive patients who desire bladder preservation. However, response rates are still poor in this high-risk patient population, and it is important to keep these data in perspective when counseling patients. Concomitantly, the continued molecular characterization of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer may suggest potential therapeutic targets as well as predictors of treatment response in the future. The integration of new intravesical therapies and molecular data into the current treatment paradigm for HGT1 urothelial carcinoma will be critical to improving oncologic outcomes in this particularly high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Reisz
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, A-1302 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Aaron A Laviana
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, A-1302 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sam S Chang
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, A-1302 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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18
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Wadhwani A, Moore RD, Bakshi D, Mirakhur A. Mycotic aortic aneurysms post-Intravesical BCG treatment for early-stage bladder carcinoma. CVIR Endovasc 2018; 1:28. [PMID: 30652159 PMCID: PMC6319523 DOI: 10.1186/s42155-018-0036-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intravesicular Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is an effective adjunctive therapy for superficial bladder cancer that has been shown to delay recurrence and progression of disease. Serious side effects are relatively rare but are difficult to diagnose and are often overlooked. Vascular complications are particularly rare. Case presentation We report two cases of mycotic aortic aneurysms secondary to BCG treatment, one managed with endovascular stent-graft placement and the other with open surgical repair. The present understanding of disseminated BCGosis, including a literature review, will be discussed. Conclusion The incidence of mycotic aneurysms from BCG treatment is rare and very few cases have been reported in the literature. These cases further expand the current knowledge on vascular complications related to BCG treatment. In the absence of formal guidelines, we recommend a multidisciplinary approach involving vascular surgery, diagnostic and interventional radiology, and infectious disease to manage these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Wadhwani
- 1Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada.,4Foothills Medical Centre, G29, 1403-29th street NW, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9 Canada
| | - Randy D Moore
- 2Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Darshan Bakshi
- 3Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Anirudh Mirakhur
- 3Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
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19
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Ye Z, Chen J, Hong Y, Xin W, Yang S, Rao Y. The efficacy and safety of intravesical gemcitabine vs Bacille Calmette-Guérin for adjuvant treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:4641-4649. [PMID: 30122955 PMCID: PMC6087023 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s170477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Several studies have compared the safety and efficacy of intravesical gemcitabine (Gem) with Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. However, the results are not consistent. We carried out a meta-analysis to provide a more comprehensive analysis of the efficacy and safety of these 2 drugs. Methods We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and reference lists. Randomized controlled trials and retrospective controlled trials comparing intravesical Gem and BCG in adjuvant therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer published in Eng-lish were included in this study. The strength of association was weighed by pooled risk ratio (RR) with 95% CIs. Sensitivity analysis was performed to examine whether the findings of the meta-analysis were robust. Results We analyzed 386 subjects from 5 pooled trials. Compared with BCG, intravesical Gem had lower incidence of dysuria (overall RR =0.31, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.61, I2=0%, p=0.001) and hematuria (overall RR =0.27, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.71, I2=0%, p=0.008). There were no statistical differences in risk of recurrence, progression, incidence of fever, and any adverse events between intravesical Gem and BCG therapy (p>0.05). No publication bias was found. Conclusion This meta-analysis suggests that intravesical Gem may have similar efficacy and lower incidence of dysuria and hematuria compared with BCG. Nevertheless, we recommend additional high-quality randomized controlled trials to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jie Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Hong
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China,
| | - Wenxiu Xin
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yuefeng Rao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China,
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20
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Hendry S, Salgado R, Gevaert T, Russell PA, John T, Thapa B, Christie M, van de Vijver K, Estrada MV, Gonzalez-Ericsson PI, Sanders M, Solomon B, Solinas C, Van den Eynden GGGM, Allory Y, Preusser M, Hainfellner J, Pruneri G, Vingiani A, Demaria S, Symmans F, Nuciforo P, Comerma L, Thompson EA, Lakhani S, Kim SR, Schnitt S, Colpaert C, Sotiriou C, Scherer SJ, Ignatiadis M, Badve S, Pierce RH, Viale G, Sirtaine N, Penault-Llorca F, Sugie T, Fineberg S, Paik S, Srinivasan A, Richardson A, Wang Y, Chmielik E, Brock J, Johnson DB, Balko J, Wienert S, Bossuyt V, Michiels S, Ternes N, Burchardi N, Luen SJ, Savas P, Klauschen F, Watson PH, Nelson BH, Criscitiello C, O’Toole S, Larsimont D, de Wind R, Curigliano G, André F, Lacroix-Triki M, van de Vijver M, Rojo F, Floris G, Bedri S, Sparano J, Rimm D, Nielsen T, Kos Z, Hewitt S, Singh B, Farshid G, Loibl S, Allison KH, Tung N, Adams S, Willard-Gallo K, Horlings HM, Gandhi L, Moreira A, Hirsch F, Dieci MV, Urbanowicz M, Brcic I, Korski K, Gaire F, Koeppen H, Lo A, Giltnane J, Ziai J, Rebelatto MC, Steele KE, Zha J, Emancipator K, Juco JW, Denkert C, Reis-Filho J, Loi S, Fox SB. Assessing Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Solid Tumors: A Practical Review for Pathologists and Proposal for a Standardized Method from the International Immuno-Oncology Biomarkers Working Group: Part 2: TILs in Melanoma, Gastrointestinal Tract Carcinomas, Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma and Mesothelioma, Endometrial and Ovarian Carcinomas, Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck, Genitourinary Carcinomas, and Primary Brain Tumors. Adv Anat Pathol 2017; 24:311-335. [PMID: 28777143 PMCID: PMC5638696 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of the immune response to tumors is growing in importance as the prognostic implications of this response are increasingly recognized, and as immunotherapies are evaluated and implemented in different tumor types. However, many different approaches can be used to assess and describe the immune response, which limits efforts at implementation as a routine clinical biomarker. In part 1 of this review, we have proposed a standardized methodology to assess tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in solid tumors, based on the International Immuno-Oncology Biomarkers Working Group guidelines for invasive breast carcinoma. In part 2 of this review, we discuss the available evidence for the prognostic and predictive value of TILs in common solid tumors, including carcinomas of the lung, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system, gynecologic system, and head and neck, as well as primary brain tumors, mesothelioma and melanoma. The particularities and different emphases in TIL assessment in different tumor types are discussed. The standardized methodology we propose can be adapted to different tumor types and may be used as a standard against which other approaches can be compared. Standardization of TIL assessment will help clinicians, researchers and pathologists to conclusively evaluate the utility of this simple biomarker in the current era of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona Hendry
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Roberto Salgado
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory/Breast International Group, Institut Jules Bordet, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pathology and TCRU, GZA, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thomas Gevaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Experimental Urology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, AZ Klina, Brasschaat, Belgium
| | - Prudence A. Russell
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Tom John
- Department of Medical Oncology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Bibhusal Thapa
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michael Christie
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Koen van de Vijver
- Divisions of Diagnostic Oncology & Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Valeria Estrada
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | | | - Melinda Sanders
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Benjamin Solomon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cinzia Solinas
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert GGM Van den Eynden
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, GZA Ziekenhuizen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yves Allory
- Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- INSERM, UMR 955, Créteil, France
- Département de pathologie, APHP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Division of Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Hainfellner
- Institute of Neurology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giancarlo Pruneri
- European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- University of Milan, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Vingiani
- European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- University of Milan, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandra Demaria
- New York University Medical School, New York, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Fraser Symmans
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Paolo Nuciforo
- Molecular Oncology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Comerma
- Molecular Oncology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sunil Lakhani
- Centre for Clinical Research and School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Seong-Rim Kim
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stuart Schnitt
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Cecile Colpaert
- Department of Pathology, GZA Ziekenhuizen, Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Christos Sotiriou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan J. Scherer
- Academic Medical Innovation, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, USA
| | - Michail Ignatiadis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sunil Badve
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Robert H. Pierce
- Cancer Immunotherapy Trials Network, Central Laboratory and Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Giuseppe Viale
- Department of Pathology, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolas Sirtaine
- Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frederique Penault-Llorca
- Department of Surgical Pathology and Biopathology, Jean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- University of Auvergne UMR1240, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Tomohagu Sugie
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical School, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Susan Fineberg
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Soonmyung Paik
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Department of Medical Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ashok Srinivasan
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea Richardson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Yihong Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Lifespan Medical Center, Providence, USA
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Ewa Chmielik
- Tumor Pathology Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center, Gliwice, Poland
- Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jane Brock
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Douglas B. Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Justin Balko
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Stephan Wienert
- Institute of Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- VMscope GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veerle Bossuyt
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Stefan Michiels
- Service de Biostatistique et d’Epidémiologie, Gustave Roussy, CESP, Inserm U1018, Université-Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Nils Ternes
- Service de Biostatistique et d’Epidémiologie, Gustave Roussy, CESP, Inserm U1018, Université-Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Stephen J. Luen
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Savas
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Peter H. Watson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Trev & Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brad H. Nelson
- Trev & Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
- Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Sandra O’Toole
- The Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Australian Clinical Labs, Bella Vista, Australia
| | - Denis Larsimont
- Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roland de Wind
- Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Fabrice André
- INSERM Unit U981, and Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Magali Lacroix-Triki
- INSERM Unit U981, and Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Mark van de Vijver
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Rojo
- Pathology Department, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Floris
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shahinaz Bedri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Joseph Sparano
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Centre, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA
| | - David Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Torsten Nielsen
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zuzana Kos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Stephen Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Baljit Singh
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Centre, New York, USA
| | - Gelareh Farshid
- Directorate of Surgical Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | - Nadine Tung
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Sylvia Adams
- New York University Medical School, New York, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Karen Willard-Gallo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hugo M. Horlings
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leena Gandhi
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Andre Moreira
- Pulmonary Pathology, New York University Center for Biospecimen Research and Development, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Fred Hirsch
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Maria Vittoria Dieci
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Medical Oncology 2, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Urbanowicz
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Iva Brcic
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Konstanty Korski
- Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Roche Innovation Centre Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Fabien Gaire
- Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Roche Innovation Centre Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Koeppen
- Research Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Amy Lo
- Research Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, USA
| | | | - James Ziai
- Research Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | - Jiping Zha
- Translational Sciences, MedImmune, Gaithersberg, USA
| | | | | | - Carsten Denkert
- Institute of Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jorge Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Sherene Loi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen B. Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Takizawa T, Kojima M, Suzuki S, Osada T, Kitagawa S, Nakahara J, Takahashi S, Suzuki N. New onset of myasthenia gravis after intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8757. [PMID: 29145329 PMCID: PMC5704874 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Recently, drug-related myasthenia gravis (MG) has received attention, because the number of reported cases involving MG associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, a new immunotherapy, is increasing. We present a case involving the new onset of MG, in which the symptoms started shortly after intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for bladder cancer. PATIENT CONCERNS A 69-year-old male with bladder cancer developed ptosis and diplopia 4 days after the completion of a treatment regimen with intravesical BCG weekly for 6 weeks. DIAGNOSES Ocular MG was confirmed by a positive serum anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody test. INTERVENTIONS Treatment with high-dose methylprednisolone pulse therapy was given, after insufficient treatment with pyridostigmine bromide and 10 mg/d prednisolone. OUTCOMES Symptoms resolved completely 12 days after high-dose methylprednisolone pulse therapy. LESSONS Intravesical BCG could be listed as a novel drug that may induce a new onset of MG along with drugs such as D-penicillamine and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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22
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Alhogbani MM, Picard JA, Fassi-Fehri MH, Badet JL, Colombel CM. Prognostic impact of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin interruption at the time of induction and consolidation. Urol Ann 2017; 9:315-320. [PMID: 29118530 PMCID: PMC5656953 DOI: 10.4103/ua.ua_115_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a cause of bladder and systemic toxicity that is difficult to prevent and is responsible for treatment drop out in bladder cancer patients. More recently, BCG shortage has become the main cause of incomplete treatment. AIMS The aim of this study was to examine the impact on long-term prognosis of bladder cancer patients following discontinuation of BCG instillations. SETTINGS AND DESIGN In this retrospective study, data were examined from 333 consecutive nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer patients treated from 2005 to 2015 by transurethral resection (TUR) and had undergone adjuvant BCG therapy after TUR. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Rate of complete cure, the reason for the interruption, toxicity, and the associations between discontinuance of BCG therapy, tumor characteristics, association with carcinoma in situ and tumor recurrence or progression were analyzed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Recurrence and progression-free survival rate curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and were compared using the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazards model. Differences among groups were considered as statistically significant when P < 0.05. RESULTS Overall, 303 patients were eligible for analysis. Median follow up was 36 (confidence interval: 7-120) months. A total of 55 (18.1%) had <6 installations (Group I); 87 (28.7%) completed induction and 1-year maintenance (Group III); and 161 (53.1%) completed the induction course, but not the 1-year maintenance (Group II). Grade III-IV toxicity rates were significantly higher in Group I than Group II and III. Interruption for BCG shortage was the main cause of interrupting BCG in Group II. Multivariate analysis showed that discontinuation of BCG induction therapy was an independent predictor for tumor recurrence (P < 0.001) and 1-year BCG maintenance therapy for tumor progression (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Discontinuation of BCG therapy has a significantly deleterious effect on tumor recurrence and progression rates. Although BCG toxicity is a major cause of drop out, BCG shortage became a major cause of discontinuation. All effort must be done today to restore normal production of BCG worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mofarej Alhogbani
- Department of Urology and Transplant Surgery, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - J. Aude Picard
- Department of Urology and Transplant Surgery, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - M. Hakim Fassi-Fehri
- Department of Urology and Transplant Surgery, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - J. Lionel Badet
- Department of Urology and Transplant Surgery, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - C. Marc Colombel
- Department of Urology and Transplant Surgery, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
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23
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Jung JH, Gudeloglu A, Kiziloz H, Kuntz GM, Miller A, Konety BR, Dahm P. Intravesical electromotive drug administration for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 9:CD011864. [PMID: 28898400 PMCID: PMC6483767 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011864.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electromotive drug administration (EMDA) is the use of electrical current to improve the delivery of intravesical agents to reduce the risk of recurrence in people with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). It is unclear how effective this is in comparison to other forms of intravesical therapy. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of intravesical EMDA for the treatment of NMIBC. SEARCH METHODS We performed a comprehensive search using multiple databases (CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE), two clinical trial registries and a grey literature repository. We searched reference lists of relevant publications and abstract proceedings. We applied no language restrictions. The last search was February 2017. SELECTION CRITERIA We searched for randomised studies comparing EMDA of any intravesical agent used to reduce bladder cancer recurrence in conjunction with transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened the literature, extracted data, assessed risk of bias and rated quality of evidence (QoE) according to GRADE on a per outcome basis. MAIN RESULTS We included three trials with 672 participants that described five distinct comparisons. The same principal investigator conducted all three trials. All studies used mitomycin C (MMC) as the chemotherapeutic agent for EMDA. 1. Postoperative MMC-EMDA induction versus postoperative Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) induction: based on one study with 72 participants with carcinoma in situ (CIS) and concurrent pT1 urothelial carcinoma, we are uncertain (very low QoE) about the effect of MMC-EMDA on time to recurrence (risk ratio (RR) 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64 to 1.76; corresponding to 30 more per 1000 participants, 95% CI 180 fewer to 380 more). There was no disease progression in either treatment arm at three months' follow-up. We are uncertain (very low QoE) about serious adverse events (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.18 to 3.11). 2. Postoperative MMC-EMDA induction versus MMC-passive diffusion (PD) induction: based on one study with 72 participants with CIS and concurrent pT1 urothelial carcinoma, postoperative MMC-EMDA may (low QoE) reduce disease recurrence (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.98; corresponding to 147 fewer per 1000 participants, 95% CI 235 fewer to 8 fewer). There was no disease progression in either treatment arm at three months' follow-up. We are uncertain (very low QoE) about the effect of MMC-EMDA on serious adverse events (RR 1.50, 95% CI 0.27 to 8.45). 3. Postoperative MMC-EMDA with sequential BCG induction and maintenance versus postoperative BCG induction and maintenance: based on one study with 212 participants with pT1 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder with or without CIS, postoperative MMC-EMDA with sequential BCG may result (low QoE) in a longer time to recurrence (hazard ratio (HR) 0.51, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.77; corresponding to 181 fewer per 1000 participants, 95% CI 256 fewer to 79 fewer) and time to progression (HR 0.36, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.75; corresponding to 63 fewer per 1000 participants, 95% CI 82 fewer to 24 fewer). We are uncertain (very low QoE) about the effect of MMC-EMDA on serious adverse events (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.21 to 4.94). 4. Single-dose, preoperative MMC-EMDA versus single-dose, postoperative MMC-PD: based on one study with 236 participants with primary pTa and pT1 urothelial carcinoma, preoperative MMC-EMDA likely (moderate QoE) results in a longer time to recurrence (HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.69; corresponding to 247 fewer per 1000 participants, 95% CI 341 fewer to 130 fewer) for a median follow-up of 86 months. We are uncertain (very low QoE) about the effect of MMC-EMDA on time to progression (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.00 to 259.93; corresponding to 34 fewer per 1000 participants, 95% CI 193 fewer to 807 more) and serious adverse events (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.30 to 2.05). 5. Single-dose, preoperative MMC-EMDA versus TURBT alone: based on one study with 233 participants with primary pTa and pT1 urothelial carcinoma, preoperative MMC-EMDA likely (moderate QoE) results in a longer time to recurrence (HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.57; corresponding to 304 fewer per 1000 participants, 95% CI 390 fewer to 198 fewer) for a median follow-up of 86 months. We are uncertain (very low QoE) about the effect of MMC-EMDA on time to progression (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.00 to 247.93; corresponding to 49 fewer per 1000 participants, 95% CI 207 fewer to 793 more) or serious adverse events (HR 1.74, 95% CI 0.52 to 5.77). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS While the use of EMDA to administer intravesical MMC may result in a delay in time to recurrence in select patient populations, we are uncertain about its impact on serious adverse events in all settings. Common reasons for downgrading the QoE were study limitations and imprecision. A potential role for EMDA-based administration of MMC may lie in settings where more established agents (such as BCG) are not available. In the setting of low or very low QoE for most comparisons, our confidence in the effect estimates is limited and the true effect sizes may be substantially different from those reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hung Jung
- Yonsei University Wonju College of MedicineDepartment of Urology20 Ilsan‐roWonjuGangwonKorea, South26426
- University of MinnesotaDepartment of UrologyMinneapolis, MinnesotaUSA
- Minneapolis VA Health Care SystemUrology SectionMinneapolis, MinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Halil Kiziloz
- Hacettepe UniversityDepartment of UrologyAnkaraTurkey
| | - Gretchen M Kuntz
- University of Florida‐JacksonvilleBorland Health Sciences Library653‐1 West Eight St.2nd FL LRCJacksonvilleFloridaUSA32209
| | - Alea Miller
- Minneapolis VA Health Care SystemUrology SectionMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Philipp Dahm
- Minneapolis VA Health Care SystemUrology SectionMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- University of MinnesotaDepartment of UrologyMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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Liaw F, Tan YY, Hendry D. Systemic BCG-osis following intravesical BCG instillation for bladder carcinoma. Clin Case Rep 2017; 5:1569-1572. [PMID: 29026546 PMCID: PMC5628231 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravesical instillation of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been shown to be an effective form of immunotherapy for bladder cancer. This case report describes a patient who develops systemic BCG-osis following intravesical BCG instillation and demonstrates the importance of being aware of more severe complications associated with BCG immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Liaw
- Department of Urology Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Glasgow G51 4TF UK
| | - Yan Yu Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology Monklands Hospital Airdrie ML6 0JS UK
| | - David Hendry
- Department of Urology Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Glasgow G51 4TF UK
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25
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Whang YM, Jin SB, Park SI, Chang IH. MEK inhibition enhances efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guérin on bladder cancer cells by reducing release of Toll-like receptor 2-activated antimicrobial peptides. Oncotarget 2017; 8:53168-53179. [PMID: 28881802 PMCID: PMC5581101 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is one of the standard treatment options for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The details of the biological defense mechanisms against BCG remain unclear. Here, we investigated whether BCG-induced release of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs; e.g., human β-defensin-2, -3, and cathelicidin) is involved with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, and investigated the enhanced anticancer effect of BCG through the down-regulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and MAPK pathways in bladder cancer cells. BCG-infected bladder cancer cells produced AMPs as a defense mechanism against BCG, which were reduced by MEK inhibitors by blocking phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2 or MEK) and c-Jun. MEK inhibitors enhanced inhibition of bladder cancer cell growth by decreased binding of c-Jun, p65 and Pol II to the activated protein-1 promoter. Knockdown of TLR2 and TLR4 reduced ERK phosphorylation. Knockdown of TLR 2 decreased release of AMPs, which was similar to the efficacy of MEK inhibitor on BCG-infected cells. BCG-infected bladder cancer cells were more prone to induction of AMP release following TLR2 activation via ERK and c-Jun pathway mediators. In conclusion, our data suggest that the BCG-induced release of AMPs in bladder cancer cells is a promising molecular target for enhancing the immunotherapeutic efficacy of BCG in bladder cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Mi Whang
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Bin Jin
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Serk In Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and BK21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - In Ho Chang
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Shepherd ARH, Shepherd E, Brook NR. Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin with interferon-alpha versus intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin for treating non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 3:CD012112. [PMID: 28268259 PMCID: PMC6464648 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012112.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite local therapies, commonly transurethral resection (TUR) followed by adjuvant treatments, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) has a high rate of recurrence and progression. Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been shown to reduce recurrence and progression in people with NMIBC following TUR, however many people do not respond to treatment, have recurrence shortly after, or cannot tolerate standard-dose therapy. The potential for synergistic antitumour activity of interferon (IFN)-alpha (α) and BCG provides some rationale for combination therapy for people who do not tolerate or respond to standard-dose BCG therapy. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of intravesically administered BCG plus IFN-α compared with BCG alone for treating non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (Issue 8, 2016), MEDLINE (OvidSP) (1946 to 2016), Embase (OvidSP) (1974 to 2016), ClinicalTrials.gov, the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) as well as reference lists of retrieved articles and handsearched abstract proceedings of relevant conferences for the past three years. We applied no language restrictions. The date of last search of all databases was 25 August 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and pseudo-randomised trials assessing intravesically administered BCG plus IFN-α versus BCG alone in adults of either gender with histologically confirmed Ta and T1 superficial bladder cancer, with or without carcinoma in situ, treated with TUR. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed study eligibility, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. We used Review Manager 5 for data synthesis and employed the random-effects model for meta-analyses. For prespecified outcomes, where we were unable to derive time-to-event information (e.g. time-to-recurrence), we assessed dichotomous outcomes (e.g. recurrence) instead. We assessed the quality of the evidence for the main comparisons using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS We included five RCTs involving a total of 1231 participants with NMIBC in this review. Due to poor reporting, the risk of bias in the included studies was often unclear. We assessed the studies under two main comparisons: intravesical BCG plus IFN-α versus intravesical BCG alone (four RCTs), and intravesical BCG alternating with IFN-α versus intravesical BCG alone (one RCT). Intravesical BCG plus IFN-α versus intravesical BCG alone (four RCTs): We observed no clear difference between BCG plus IFN-α and BCG alone for recurrence (average risk ratio (RR) 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44 to 1.32; 4 RCTs; 925 participants; very low-quality evidence) or progression (average RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.04 to 1.87; 2 RCTs; 219 participants; low-quality evidence). The included RCTs did not report on the other primary outcome of this review, discontinuation of therapy due to adverse events. Regarding secondary outcomes, we observed no clear difference for disease-specific mortality (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.05 to 3.05; 1 RCT; 99 participants; very low-quality evidence). Two RCTs reporting contradictory findings for adverse events could not be pooled due to variation in definitions. There were no data from the included RCTs on time-to-death or disease-specific quality of life. Intravesical BCG alternating with IFN-α versus intravesical BCG alone (one RCT): We observed shorter time-to-recurrence for participants in the BCG alternating with IFN-α group compared with the BCG alone group (hazard ratio (HR) 2.86, 95% CI 1.98 to 4.13; 1 RCT; 205 participants; low-quality evidence), but no clear differences in time-to-progression (HR 2.39, 95% CI 0.92 to 6.21; 1 RCT; 205 participants; low-quality evidence) and discontinuation of therapy due to adverse events (RR 2.97, 95% CI 0.31 to 28.09; 1 RCT; 205 participants; low-quality evidence). Regarding secondary outcomes, there were no clear differences between the BCG alternating with IFN-α and BCG alone groups for disease-specific mortality (HR 2.74, 95% CI 0.73 to 10.28; 1 RCT; 205 participants; low-quality evidence), time-to-death (overall survival) (HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.47; 1 RCT; 205 participants; low-quality evidence), or systemic or local adverse events (RR 1.65, 95% CI 0.41 to 6.73; 1 RCT; 205 participants; low-quality evidence). There were no data on disease-specific quality of life. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found low- to very low-quality evidence suggesting no clear differences in recurrence or progression with BCG plus IFN-α compared with BCG alone for people with NMIBC; there was no information to determine the effect on discontinuation of therapy due to adverse events. Low-quality evidence suggests BCG alternating with IFN-α compared with BCG alone may increase time-to-recurrence, however low-quality evidence also suggests no clear differences for time-to-progression or discontinuation of therapy due to adverse events.Additional high-quality, adequately powered trials using standardised instillation regimens and doses of both BCG and IFN-α, reporting outcomes in subgroups stratified by patient and tumour characteristics, and on long-term outcomes related not only to recurrence but also to progression, discontinuation due to adverse events, and mortality may help to clarify the ideal treatment strategy and provide a more definitive result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew RH Shepherd
- Royal Adelaide HospitalDepartment of UrologyNorth TerraceAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia5000
- The University of AdelaideSchool of MedicineAdelaideAustralia
| | - Emily Shepherd
- The University of AdelaideARCH: Australian Research Centre for Health of Women and Babies, Robinson Research Institute, Discipline of Obstetrics and GynaecologyAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia5006
| | - Nicholas R Brook
- Royal Adelaide HospitalDepartment of UrologyNorth TerraceAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia5000
- The University of AdelaideSchool of MedicineAdelaideAustralia
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Mycotic Aneurysm after Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Treatment: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Urol 2017; 2017:4508583. [PMID: 28316859 PMCID: PMC5337836 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4508583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Intravesicular Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is an effective adjunctive therapy for superficial bladder cancer that has been shown to delay recurrence and progression of disease. Serious side effects are relatively rare but are difficult to diagnosis and commonly overlooked. Case Presentation. We report the case of a patient who was found to have mycotic aortic aneurysms secondary to treatment with BCG after a prolonged course with multiple intervening hospitalizations. Conclusion. Through this report, we discuss our present understanding of BCG infection following treatment and review the literature regarding this particular rare manifestation.
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Botta GP, Granowicz E, Costantini C. Advances on immunotherapy in genitourinary and renal cell carcinoma. Transl Cancer Res 2017; 6:17-29. [PMID: 28966917 PMCID: PMC5617347 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2017.02.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Genitourinary (GU) cancers are a group of epithelial malignancies associated with the organs involved in the excretion of urine. Renal cell, urothelial, and prostatic carcinoma are the overwhelming subtypes diagnosed by oncologists. Each of these was traditionally treated surgically when local and non-invasive. When these carcinomas spread, invade, or metastasize, surgical control lacks in efficacy. Chemotherapeutic regimens have been implemented for decades and have increased overall survival but many patients progress. Molecular targeting through tyrosine kinase inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has emerged as a frontline therapy in kidney cancer with more durable responses. More recently, immunotherapy has begun to find efficacy in many other solid tumors including melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. The inherent genetic instability of this group of cancers makes them ideal solid tumors for immune modulation. Vaccines manufactured to initiate T-Cell regulation through neoplastic-antigen presentation are available for prostate cancer and are currently on trial in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) are intricate members of cellular immunity against neoplastic cells. In an activated, unbound state, these molecules permit T-cell activation and cytotoxic killing of cancer cells. However, when they are linked, cellular immunity is attenuated and local cancer cells are permitted the opportunity to proliferate and invade. A novel class of monoclonal antibodies have been developed which stop PD-1 linkage and thus uncouple the 'stop' signal of these neoplastic regulatory cells. The increased overall and progression free survival have made them attractive options alone as well as in combination with anti-VEGF inhibitors for patients. Although more tolerable than chemotherapy, immunotherapeutics have adverse potential toxicities. Overall, the use of immunomodulatory medications have opened a new paradigm in the anti-neoplastic regimen of GU cancers and further developments will determine the appropriate patient to treat for optimum tumor burden eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P. Botta
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Scripps Mercy Cancer Center, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
| | - Eric Granowicz
- Department of Medicine, Scripps Mercy Hospital, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
| | - Carrie Costantini
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Scripps Mercy Cancer Center, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
- Department of Medicine, Scripps Mercy Hospital, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
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29
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Hahn NM, Bivalacqua TJ, Ross AE, Netto GJ, Baras A, Park JC, Chapman C, Masterson TA, Koch MO, Bihrle R, Foster RS, Gardner TA, Cheng L, Jones DR, McElyea K, Sandusky GE, Breen T, Liu Z, Albany C, Moore ML, Loman RL, Reed A, Turner SA, De Abreu FB, Gallagher T, Tsongalis GJ, Plimack ER, Greenberg RE, Geynisman DM. A Phase II Trial of Dovitinib in BCG-Unresponsive Urothelial Carcinoma with FGFR3 Mutations or Overexpression: Hoosier Cancer Research Network Trial HCRN 12-157. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:3003-3011. [PMID: 27932416 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To assess the clinical and pharmacodynamic activity of dovitinib in a treatment-resistant, molecularly enriched non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (NMIUC) population.Experimental Design: A multi-site pilot phase II trial was conducted. Key eligibility criteria included the following: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-unresponsive NMIUC (>2 prior intravesical regimens) with increased phosphorylated FGFR3 (pFGFR3) expression by centrally analyzed immunohistochemistry (IHC+) or FGFR3 mutations (Mut+) assessed in a CLIA-licensed laboratory. Patients received oral dovitinib 500 mg daily (5 days on/2 days off). The primary endpoint was 6-month TURBT-confirmed complete response (CR) rate.Results: Between 11/2013 and 10/2014, 13 patients enrolled (10 IHC+ Mut-, 3 IHC+ Mut+). Accrual ended prematurely due to cessation of dovitinib clinical development. Demographics included the following: median age 70 years; 85% male; carcinoma in situ (CIS; 3 patients), Ta/T1 (8 patients), and Ta/T1 + CIS (2 patients); median prior regimens 3. Toxicity was frequent with all patients experiencing at least one grade 3-4 event. Six-month CR rate was 8% (0% in IHC+ Mut-; 33% in IHC+ Mut+). The primary endpoint was not met. Pharmacodynamically active (94-5,812 nmol/L) dovitinib concentrations in urothelial tissue were observed in all evaluable patients. Reductions in pFGFR3 IHC staining were observed post-dovitinib treatment.Conclusions: Dovitinib consistently achieved biologically active concentrations within the urothelium and demonstrated pharmacodynamic pFGFR3 inhibition. These results support systemic administration as a viable approach to clinical trials in patients with NMIUC. Long-term dovitinib administration was not feasible due to frequent toxicity. Absent clinical activity suggests that patient selection by pFGFR3 IHC alone does not enrich for response to FGFR3 kinase inhibitors in urothelial carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res; 23(12); 3003-11. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah M Hahn
- Johns Hopkins University Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland. .,The Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Baltimore, Maryland.,The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Trinity J Bivalacqua
- Johns Hopkins University Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Baltimore, Maryland.,The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ashley E Ross
- Johns Hopkins University Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Baltimore, Maryland.,The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - George J Netto
- Johns Hopkins University Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Baltimore, Maryland.,The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alex Baras
- Johns Hopkins University Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Baltimore, Maryland.,The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jong Chul Park
- Johns Hopkins University Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carolyn Chapman
- Johns Hopkins University Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Timothy A Masterson
- Department of Urology, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Michael O Koch
- Department of Urology, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Richard Bihrle
- Department of Urology, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Richard S Foster
- Department of Urology, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Thomas A Gardner
- Department of Urology, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David R Jones
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kyle McElyea
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - George E Sandusky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Timothy Breen
- Hoosier Cancer Research Network, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ziyue Liu
- Indiana University Department of Biostatistics, Schools of Public Health and Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Costantine Albany
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Marietta L Moore
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Rhoda L Loman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Angela Reed
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Scott A Turner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Francine B De Abreu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Torrey Gallagher
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Gregory J Tsongalis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Elizabeth R Plimack
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Daniel M Geynisman
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Djulbegovic M, Mhaskar R, Reljic T, Ackerman RS, Miladinovic B, Lai A, Hozo I, Dahm P, Kumar A. Intravesical therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a network meta-analysis. Hippokratia 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mia Djulbegovic
- University of South Florida; Morsani College of Medicine; Tampa Florida USA
| | - Rahul Mhaskar
- University of South Florida; Center for Evidence Based Medicine and Health Outcomes Research; Tampa Florida USA
| | - Tea Reljic
- University of South Florida; Center for Evidence Based Medicine and Health Outcomes Research; Tampa Florida USA
| | - Robert S Ackerman
- University of South Florida; Morsani College of Medicine; Tampa Florida USA
| | - Branko Miladinovic
- University of South Florida; Center for Evidence Based Medicine and Health Outcomes Research; Tampa Florida USA
| | - Andrew Lai
- University of South Florida; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Evidence Based Medicine and Outcomes Research; 3515 East Fletcher Avenue, MDT 1202 Tampa FL USA 33612
| | - Iztok Hozo
- Indiana University Northwest; Department of Mathematics and Actuarial Science; 3400 Broadway Gary Indiana USA 46408
| | - Philipp Dahm
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System; Urology Section; One Veterans Drive Mail Code 112D Minneapolis Minnesota USA 55417
- University of Minnesota; Department of Urology; 420 Delaware Street SE MMC 394 Minneapolis Minnesota USA 55455
| | - Ambuj Kumar
- University of South Florida; Center for Evidence Based Medicine and Health Outcomes Research; Tampa Florida USA
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Kassouf W, Aprikian A, Black P, Kulkarni G, Izawa J, Eapen L, Fairey A, So A, North S, Rendon R, Sridhar SS, Alam T, Brimo F, Blais N, Booth C, Chin J, Chung P, Drachenberg D, Fradet Y, Jewett M, Moore R, Morash C, Shayegan B, Gotto G, Fleshner N, Saad F, Siemens DR. Recommendations for the improvement of bladder cancer quality of care in Canada: A consensus document reviewed and endorsed by Bladder Cancer Canada (BCC), Canadian Urologic Oncology Group (CUOG), and Canadian Urological Association (CUA), December 2015. Can Urol Assoc J 2016; 10:E46-80. [PMID: 26977213 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.3583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This initiative was undertaken in response to concerns regarding the variation in management and in outcomes of patients with bladder cancer throughout centres and geographical areas in Canada. Population-based data have also revealed that real-life survival is lower than expected based on data from clinical trials and/or academic centres. To address these perceived shortcomings and attempt to streamline and unify treatment approaches to bladder cancer in Canada, a multidisciplinary panel of expert clinicians was convened last fall for a two-day working group consensus meeting. The panelists included urologic oncologists, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, patient representatives, a genitourinary pathologist, and an enterostomal therapy nurse. The following recommendations and summaries of supporting evidence represent the results of the presentations, debates, and discussions. Methodology
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassim Kassouf
- Department of urology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Armen Aprikian
- Department of urology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Peter Black
- Department of urology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Girish Kulkarni
- Department of surgery (urology) and surgical oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan Izawa
- Division of urology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Libni Eapen
- Division of radiation oncology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Adrian Fairey
- Division of urology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alan So
- Department of urology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Scott North
- Medical oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ricardo Rendon
- Division of urology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Srikala S Sridhar
- Medical oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tarik Alam
- School of nursing, Dawson College, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fadi Brimo
- Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Normand Blais
- Division of medical oncology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Chris Booth
- Departments of oncology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph Chin
- Division of urology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Chung
- Radiation oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Yves Fradet
- Division of urology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Michael Jewett
- Department of surgery (urology) and surgical oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ron Moore
- Division of urology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Chris Morash
- Urology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bobby Shayegan
- Division of urology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Gotto
- Division of urology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Neil Fleshner
- Department of surgery (urology) and surgical oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fred Saad
- Urology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - D Robert Siemens
- Departments of oncology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada;; Urology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Shelley M, Court JB, Kynaston HG, Wilt TJ, Coles B, Mason M. WITHDRAWN: Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin versus mitomycin C for Ta and T I bladder cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015:CD003231. [PMID: 26544085 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003231.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Shelley
- Cochrane Prostatic Diseases and Urological Cancers Unit, Research Dept, Velindre NHS Trust, Velindre Road, Whitchurch, Cardiff, Wales, UK, CF4 7XL
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Oncological outcomes of a single but extensive transurethral resection followed by appropriate intra-vesical instillation therapy for newly diagnosed non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Int Urol Nephrol 2015; 47:1509-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-015-1048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Buchwald ZS, Efstathiou JA. Immunotherapy and Radiation - A New Combined Treatment Approach for Bladder Cancer? Bladder Cancer 2015; 1:15-27. [PMID: 30561443 PMCID: PMC6218185 DOI: 10.3233/blc-150014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recently, immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has been showing promise in clinical trials for stage IV bladder cancer. Herein, we review the literature regarding the role for radiation therapy, the role for immunotherapy, and the potential synergy of these treatments combined in bladder cancer. There is ample pre-clinical data in a number of different tumor models, coupled with a growing body of clinical evidence in melanoma and other malignancies to suggest combining radiation and immunotherapy could lead to substantial advances in treatment outcomes for bladder cancer. Yet, these data for bladder cancer remain at the pre-clinical stage, and further study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason A Efstathiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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35
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Breau RH, Karnes RJ, Farmer SA, Thapa P, Cagiannos I, Morash C, Frank I. Progression to detrusor muscle invasion during urothelial carcinoma surveillance is associated with poor prognosis. BJU Int 2013; 113:900-6. [DOI: 10.1111/bju.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney H. Breau
- Division of Urology; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
| | | | - Sara A. Farmer
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | - Prabin Thapa
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | - Ilias Cagiannos
- Division of Urology; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Christopher Morash
- Division of Urology; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Igor Frank
- Department of Urology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
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36
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Spencer BA, McBride RB, Hershman DL, Buono D, Herr HW, Benson MC, Gupta-Mohile S, Neugut AI. Adjuvant intravesical bacillus calmette-guérin therapy and survival among elderly patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. J Oncol Pract 2012; 9:92-8. [PMID: 23814517 DOI: 10.1200/jop.2011.000480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE National guidelines recommend adjuvant intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy for higher-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Although a survival benefit has not been demonstrated, randomized trials have shown reduced recurrence and delayed progression after its use. We investigated predictors of BCG receipt and its association with survival for older patients with NMIBC. PATIENTS AND METHODS We identified individuals with NMIBC registered in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database from 1991 to 2003. We used logistic regression to compare those treated with BCG within 6 months of initial diagnosis with those not treated, adjusting for demographic and clinical factors. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to analyze the association between BCG and overall survival (OS) and bladder cancer-specific survival (BCSS) for the entire cohort and within tumor grades. RESULTS Of 23,932 patients with NMIBC identified, 22% received adjuvant intravesical BCG. Predictors of receipt were stages Tis and T1, higher grade, and urban residence. Age > 80 years, fewer than two comorbidities, and not being married were associated with decreased use. In the survival analysis, BCG use was associated with better OS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.87; 95% CI, 0.83 to 0.92) in the entire cohort and BCSS among higher-grade cancers (poorly differentiated: HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.72 to 0.85; undifferentiated: HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.77). CONCLUSION Despite guidelines recommending its use, BCG is administered to less than one quarter of eligible patients. This large population-based study found improved OS and BCSS were associated with use of adjuvant intravesical BCG among older patients with NMIBC. Better-designed clinical trials focusing on higher-grade cancers are needed to confirm these findings.
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Effects of P-MAPA Immunomodulator on Toll-Like Receptors and p53: Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Infectious Diseases and Cancer. Infect Agent Cancer 2012; 7:14. [PMID: 22709446 PMCID: PMC3408364 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-7-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Compounds that can act as agonists for toll-like receptors (TLRs) may be promising candidates for the development of drugs against infectious diseases and cancer. The present study aimed to characterize the immunomodulatory effects of P-MAPA on TLRs in vitro and in vivo, as well as to investigate its potential as adjuvant therapy in infectious diseases and cancer. Methods For these purposes, the activity of P-MAPA on TLRs was assayed in vitro through NF-κB activation in HEK293 cells expressing a given TLR, and using an in vivo animal model for bladder cancer (BC). The antimicrobial activity of P-MAPA was tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) in vitro in an MIC assay, and in vivo using an aerosol infection model of murine tuberculosis. Antitumor effects of P-MAPA were tested in an animal model with experimentally induced BC. Moxifloxacin (MXF) and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) were used as positive controls in the animal models. Results The results showed that P-MAPA, administered alone or in combination with MXF, induced significant responses in vivo against TB. In contrast, the compound did not show antimicrobial activity in vitro. P-MAPA showed a significant stimulatory effect on human TLR2 and TLR4 in vitro. In BC, TLR2, TLR4 and p53 protein levels were significantly higher in the P-MAPA group than in the BCG group. The most common histopathological changes in each group were papillary carcinoma in BC group, low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia in BCG group and simple hyperplasia in P-MAPA group. Concerning the toxicological analysis performed during BC treatment, P-MAPA did not show evidence for hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Conclusions In conclusion, P-MAPA acted as TLR ligand in vitro and improved the immunological status in BC, increasing TLR2 and TLR4 protein levels. P-MAPA immunotherapy was more effective in restoring p53 and TLRs reactivities and showed significantly greater antitumor activity than BCG. The activation of TLRs and p53 may provide a hypothetical mechanism for the therapeutic effects in both cancer and infectious diseases. Taken together data obtained will encourage the further investigation of P-MAPA as a potential candidate for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases.
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Bazarbashi S, Soudy H, Abdelsalam M, Al-Jubran A, Akhtar S, Memon M, Aslam M, Kattan S, Shoukri M. Co-administration of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin and interferon α-2B as first line in treating superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. BJU Int 2011; 108:1115-8. [PMID: 21332904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2010.10040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE • To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of the combination of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and interferon α-2B (IFNα-2B) in treating superficial bladder cancer (SBC). The mentioned combination has shown synergism in pre-clinical studies. PATIENTS AND METHODS • The present study is a single-arm, open-label, single-institution prospective trial. Patients with Ta, T1 or in situ carcinoma and no previous intravesical therapy were included between July 2002 and June 2009. • Patients were treated with weekly intravesical instillation of 27 mg of BCG mixed with 10 million units (MU) of IFNα-2B for six consecutive weeks followed by 3-weekly booster instillations at 3 months if there was no recurrence. • The primary endpoint was disease recurrence. Secondary endpoints were disease progression and toxicity. • Patients were followed-up with cystoscopy and urine cytology every 3 months. RESULTS • In all, 50 patients were included. • At a median follow-up of 55.8 months, 31 (62%) patients were recurrence-free. • Progression to muscle invasion occurred in two (4%) and metastasis occurred in two (4%) patients. • Treatment was well tolerated, with grade III dysuria and frequency occurring in 18 and 14% of patients, respectively, and with 74% of patients being able to complete the maintenance dosage. CONCLUSION • The combination of BCG and IFNα-2B in the patient population with SBC has similar efficacy and toxicity to BCG monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouki Bazarbashi
- Section of Medical Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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A Case of Acquired Rifampin Resistance in Mycobacterium Bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-induced Cystitis: Necessity for Treatment Guidelines. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2011; 17:183-5. [PMID: 18418497 DOI: 10.1155/2006/263932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A case of presumed bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) cystitis in an elderly female patient following direct intravesical BCG instillation treatment for papillary transitional cell carcinoma is reported. The organism cultured from urine samples was eventually identified as a rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium bovis BCG isolate. Because the patient had received rifampin monotherapy during the course of treatment for presumed BCG disease, the clinical picture favoured acquired rifampin resistance. Sequencing of the target gene for rifampin (rpoB) confirmed a known mutation responsible for conferring high levels of resistance to both rifampin and rifabutin (Ser531Tyr). To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of M bovis BCG disease in a non-HIV patient where the organism had acquired drug resistance to rifampin, and the second reported case of M bovis BCG that had acquired drug resistance. The present case demonstrates the necessity to re-evaluate appropriate guidelines for the effective treatment of BCG disease.
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Shang PF, Kwong J, Wang ZP, Tian J, Jiang L, Yang K, Yue ZJ, Tian JQ. Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin versus epirubicin for Ta and T1 bladder cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011:CD006885. [PMID: 21563157 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006885.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer accounts for approximately 4.4% of adult malignancies, and approximately 80% of bladder cancer presents initially as transitional cell carcinoma that is confined to the urothelium (stage Ta) or lamina propria (stage T1). Intravesical administration of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and epirubicin (EPI) has been proven to reduce tumour recurrence and prevent or delay progression to muscle invasion and metastases. However, comparison of the effectiveness and safety of intravesical BCG and EPI in bladder cancer has yet to be explored. OBJECTIVES To compare the effectiveness and safety of BCG with EPI in the treatment of Ta and T1 bladder cancer. SEARCH STRATEGY A comprehensive search of MEDLINE (1966 to April 2010), EMBASE (1980 to April 2010), Health Services Technology, Administration, and Research (HealthSTAR), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), CancerLit, and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE), was performed, and handsearching of relevant journals was undertaken. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised or quasi-randomised trials (in which allocation was obtained by alternation - e.g., alternate medical records, date of birth, or other predictable methods) in patients with Ta or T1 bladder cancer that compared intravesical BCG with EPI were included. No language restrictions were applied. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Trial eligibility, methodological quality and data extraction were assessed independently by two reviewers. We compared dichotomous outcomes (frequency of tumour recurrence, progressive disease by stage, mortality, distant metastases, local and systemic adverse effects, treatment delayed or stopped due to adverse effects) using risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS Five trials of 1111 participants were included in this review. For BCG, 549 patients were treated, and 562 with EPI. Of the evaluated patients, 35.5% (195/549) in the BCG group and 51.4% (289/562) in the EPI group had tumour recurrence (P < 0.05). For disease progression (BCG, 44/549; EPI, 58/562) and distant metastases (BCG, 23/487; EPI, 31/495), there were no significant differences (P = 0.19 and P = 0.29, respectively). Only two trials, including 769 patients, had sufficient data for us to analyze disease-specific (BCG, 22/383; EPI, 26/386) and overall mortality (BCG, 125/383; EPI, 147/386). Neither comparison was significant (P = 0.93 and P = 0.12, respectively). In four studies reporting toxicity, BCG was associated with significantly more drug-induced cystitis [BCG, 54.1% (232/429); EPI, 31.7% (140/441)] and haematuria [BCG, 30.8% (132/429); EPI, 16.1% (71/440)]. Similarly, in three studies reporting systemic toxicity, BCG had significantly higher toxicity than the EPI (34.8% (134/385) versus 1.3% (5/393), respectively). In a meta-analysis comparing 'treatment delayed or stopped' (BCG, 40/431; EPI, 33/441), there was no significant difference between BCG and EPI treatments (P = 0.82). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The data from the present meta-analysis indicate that intravesical BCG treatment is more efficacious than EPI in reducing tumour recurrence for Ta and T1 bladder cancer. However, BCG appears to be associated with a higher incidence of adverse effects, such as drug-induced cystitis, haematuria and systemic toxicity, than EPI. The overall quality of the evidence is rather low. Well-designed, high quality randomised controlled trials with good allocation concealment are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Feng Shang
- Department of Urology, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, No. 82, Cui Ying Men Street, Lanzhou City, Gansu, China, 730030
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De Berardinis E, Busetto GM, Antonini G, Giovannone R, Gentile V. T1G3 high-risk NMIBC (non-muscle invasive bladder cancer): conservative treatment versus immediate cystectomy. Int Urol Nephrol 2011; 43:1047-57. [PMID: 21442469 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-011-9941-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of stage T1 poorly differentiated G3 bladder cancer invading the lamina propria continues to be debated. These tumours are associated with a high risk of recurrence and progression; concomitant carcinoma in situ and/or multifocality are negative prognostic factors. Choosing between a preserving approach such as trans-urethral resection of the bladder (TURB) followed by maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and an invasive approach like cystectomy is critical. PATIENTS AND METHODS Overall, 80 patients underwent TURB and RE-TURB followed by intra-vesical induction treatment with BCG plus maintenance (Group A) while 72 patients underwent immediate radical cystectomy with extended lymphadenectomy (Group B). Patients were divided into 3 subgroups: uni-focal tumours, multi-focal tumours and carcinoma in situ associated lesions. In Group A, time to first recurrence and time to progression were analysed. A comparison was made between Group A and Group B regarding progression-free survival, cancer-specific survival and overall survival with a median follow-up time of 8.3 years. RESULTS As far as concerns Group A patients, 42 recurrences (52.5%) were reported in a median time of 10.4 months (range 3-26) and 25 progressions (31.2%) in a median time of 25 months (range 3-68). As far as concerns time to first recurrence and time to progression, both the Kaplan-Meier survival curves obtained are significant and P values are, respectively, 0.0263 and 0.0011. Comparing Groups A and B patients, 25 progressions (31.2%) in a median time of 25 months (range 3-68) and 18 progressions (25%) in a median time of 25.9 months (range 4-72), respectively, were recorded. Regarding overall survival, at 10 years, 24 deaths (42.5%) occurred in a median time of 55.4 months (range 12-94) in Group A and 42 deaths (58.3%) in a median time of 54.9 months (10-100) in Group B. Cancer-specific survival was evaluated in Group A with a total of 18 deaths (22.5%) in a median time of 47.5 months (range 16-78), and in Group B with a total of 16 deaths (22.2%) in a median time of 45.7 months (range 16-88). The progression-free survival Kaplan-Meier curve is not significant, the P value being 0.3801; the overall survival curve is significant with a P value of 0.0487 while the cancer-specific survival curve is not significant with a P value of 0.9762. DISCUSSION In Group A, considering "time to first recurrence", the difference is greater between unifocal lesions and multifocal or Cis-associated lesions. Conversely, for "time to progression", there is a greater difference between unifocal and multifocal tumours and Cis-associated tumours. Looking at "progression-free survival" in Group A and Group B patients, there is no statistically significant difference, like in cancer-specific survival. A statistically significant difference was observed in overall survival being in favour of conservative treatment thus reflecting that conservative treatment is not burdened by all the surgical and post-operative complications of cystectomy. CONCLUSIONS Although NMIBC invading the lamina propria, stage G3, with or without Cis-associated lesions are burdened both by a high volume of recurrences and progressions, cystectomy could be considered an aggressive approach. New biological markers are now needed which are able to predict the behaviour of the cancer and to guide the decision-making process between conservative or aggressive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Berardinis
- Department of Urology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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43
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Nazir T, Talab SK, Kadir S. Systemic granulomatous disease and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2010; 71:472-3. [PMID: 20852492 DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2010.71.8.77673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Nazir
- Geriatrics and General (Internal) Medicine, Victoria Hospital, Blackpool
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Chade DC, Shariat SF, Dalbagni G. Intravesical therapy for urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a critical review. Int Braz J Urol 2010; 35:640-50; discussion 651. [PMID: 20028569 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-55382009000600002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is a challenge for physicians and patients alike. This is largely due to the heterogeneous natural history of this disease, in which tumors range from indolent to rapidly progressive and eventually fatal. Moreover, the high rate of recurrence and progression cause significant morbidity, expense, and detriment to quality of life. The advent of effective and safe intravesical therapies has improved the management of non-muscle-invasive UCB. Nevertheless, despite over 30 years of research and clinical experience, the mechanism, risks, benefits, and optimal regimens and treatment algorithms remain unclear. Although immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has been the mainstay of intravesical treatment and represents a significant advance in the interaction of immunology and oncology, its clinical effectiveness is accompanied by a wide range of adverse events. Here, we review the literature on intravesical immunotherapy and chemotherapy with the aim of evaluating the clinical utility of the different treatments and providing recommendations. Many studies over the years have compared efficacy and toxicities of different agents and regimens, and certain conclusions are now well supported by high-level evidence. Future perspectives and promising advances in drug development are discussed and areas of improvement are identified in order to promote better cancer control and decrease the rate and severity of side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daher C Chade
- Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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45
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Long-term outcomes of intravesical therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. World J Urol 2010; 29:59-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00345-010-0617-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Shariat SF, Chade DC, Karakiewicz PI, Scherr DS, Dalbagni G. Update on intravesical agents for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Immunotherapy 2010; 2:381-92. [PMID: 20635902 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Major controversies still exist with regard to the indication, type and regimen of intravesical therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Other areas of controversy are the criteria for response/failure of treatment and for decisions regarding secondary intravesical therapy versus radical cystectomy. In this article, we analyze the different intravesical therapeutic strategies and compare their safety and efficacy. Well-designed clinical trials have found that the addition of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) to transurethral resection (TUR) decreases the risk for both disease recurrence and progression. These encouraging results are sustained even in patients with recurrent or aggressive disease, including patients whose prior intravesical chemotherapy has failed. Most investigators believe that the efficacy of BCG therapy can be maximized with maintenance therapy. Mitomycin C (MMC), the most commonly used intravesical chemotherapy to date, decreases the risk of disease recurrence but not disease progression when used after TUR compared with TUR alone. The oncologic efficacy of intravesical MMC can be optimized by increasing its concentration in addition to alkalinizing and reducing urine production. For patients at high risk of disease progression, BCG with maintenance therapy should be the preferred primary intravesical therapeutic strategy. However, MMC can be considered as a viable alternative for patients with papillary tumors (no carcinoma in situ) that are at low or intermediate risk of disease progression. Combination intravesical therapy may be more successful than single-agent strategies. Intravesical therapy failures indicate the need to include radical cystectomy as an option in the management decision.
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Tomaszewski JJ, Smaldone MC. Emerging intravesical therapies for management of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. Open Access J Urol 2010; 2:67-84. [PMID: 24198616 PMCID: PMC3818881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the second most common urologic malignancy, and 70% of patients present with superficial or nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the most effective agent for preventing disease recurrence, and the only therapy able to inhibit disease progression. However, recurrence rates as high as 30% and significant local and systemic toxicity have led to increased interest in alternative intravesical therapies. In patients refractory or intolerant to BCG, BCG-interferon α2b, gemcitabine, and anthracyclines (doxorubicin, epirubicin, valrubicin) have demonstrated durable clinical responses. Phase I trials investigating alternative cytotoxic agents, such as apaziquone, taxanes (docetaxel, paclitaxel), and suramin are reporting promising data. Novel immunomodulating agents have demonstrated promise as efficacious alternatives in patients refractory to BCG. Optimization of existing chemotherapeutic regimens using hyperthermia, photodynamic therapy, magnetically-targeted carriers, and liposomes remains an area of active investigation. Despite enthusiasm for new intravesical agents, radical cystectomy remains the treatment of choice for patients with NMIBC who have failed intravesical therapy and selected patients with naïve T1 tumors and aggressive features. This report provides a comprehensive review of contemporary intravesical therapy for NMIBC and refractory NMIBC, with an emphasis on emerging agents and novel treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Tomaszewski
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marc C Smaldone
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA,Correspondence: Marc C Smaldone, Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Suite 700, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Tel +1 412 692 4100, Fax +1 412 692 4101, Email
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Kulkarni GS, Hakenberg OW, Gschwend JE, Thalmann G, Kassouf W, Kamat A, Zlotta A. An Updated Critical Analysis of the Treatment Strategy for Newly Diagnosed High-grade T1 (Previously T1G3) Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol 2010; 57:60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Intravesical Chemotherapy and BCG for the Treatment of Bladder Cancer: Evidence and Opinion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eursup.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Irani J, Bernardini S, Bonnal JL, Chauvet B, Colombel M, Davin JL, Laurent G, Lebret T, Maidenberg M, Mazerolles C, Pfister C, Roupret M, Roy C, Rozet F, Saint F, Theodore C. [Urothelial tumors]. Prog Urol 2008; 17:1065-98. [PMID: 18153988 DOI: 10.1016/s1166-7087(07)74781-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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