1
|
Mellick LB. The De-implementation of Bronchiolitis Medications: Is It Time for a Moratorium? Pediatr Emerg Care 2024; 40:e30-e32. [PMID: 37665971 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000003049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Larry B Mellick
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang L, Mendoza-Sassi RA, Wainwright CE, Aregbesola A, Klassen TP. Nebulised hypertonic saline solution for acute bronchiolitis in infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 4:CD006458. [PMID: 37014057 PMCID: PMC10072872 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006458.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway oedema (swelling) and mucus plugging are the principal pathological features in infants with acute viral bronchiolitis. Nebulised hypertonic saline solution (≥ 3%) may reduce these pathological changes and decrease airway obstruction. This is an update of a review first published in 2008, and updated in 2010, 2013, and 2017. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of nebulised hypertonic (≥ 3%) saline solution in infants with acute bronchiolitis. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE Daily, Embase, CINAHL, LILACS, and Web of Science on 13 January 2022. We also searched the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) and ClinicalTrials.gov on 13 January 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs using nebulised hypertonic saline alone or in conjunction with bronchodilators as an active intervention and nebulised 0.9% saline or standard treatment as a comparator in children under 24 months with acute bronchiolitis. The primary outcome for inpatient trials was length of hospital stay, and the primary outcome for outpatients or emergency department (ED) trials was rate of hospitalisation. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently performed study selection, data extraction, and assessment of risk of bias in included studies. We conducted random-effects model meta-analyses using Review Manager 5. We used mean difference (MD), risk ratio (RR), and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) as effect size metrics. MAIN RESULTS We included six new trials (N = 1010) in this update, bringing the total number of included trials to 34, involving 5205 infants with acute bronchiolitis, of whom 2727 infants received hypertonic saline. Eleven trials await classification due to insufficient data for eligibility assessment. All included trials were randomised, parallel-group, controlled trials, of which 30 were double-blinded. Twelve trials were conducted in Asia, five in North America, one in South America, seven in Europe, and nine in Mediterranean and Middle East regions. The concentration of hypertonic saline was defined as 3% in all but six trials, in which 5% to 7% saline was used. Nine trials had no funding, and five trials were funded by sources from government or academic agencies. The remaining 20 trials did not provide funding sources. Hospitalised infants treated with nebulised hypertonic saline may have a shorter mean length of hospital stay compared to those treated with nebulised normal (0.9%) saline or standard care (mean difference (MD) -0.40 days, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.69 to -0.11; 21 trials, 2479 infants; low-certainty evidence). Infants who received hypertonic saline may also have lower postinhalation clinical scores than infants who received normal saline in the first three days of treatment (day 1: MD -0.64, 95% CI -1.08 to -0.21; 10 trials (1 outpatient, 1 ED, 8 inpatient trials), 893 infants; day 2: MD -1.07, 95% CI -1.60 to -0.53; 10 trials (1 outpatient, 1 ED, 8 inpatient trials), 907 infants; day 3: MD -0.89, 95% CI -1.44 to -0.34; 10 trials (1 outpatient, 9 inpatient trials), 785 infants; low-certainty evidence). Nebulised hypertonic saline may reduce the risk of hospitalisation by 13% compared with nebulised normal saline amongst infants who were outpatients and those treated in the ED (risk ratio (RR) 0.87, 95% CI 0.78 to 0.97; 8 trials, 1760 infants; low-certainty evidence). However, hypertonic saline may not reduce the risk of readmission to hospital up to 28 days after discharge (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.25; 6 trials, 1084 infants; low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether infants who received hypertonic saline have a lower number of days to resolution of wheezing compared to those who received normal saline (MD -1.16 days, 95% CI -1.43 to -0.89; 2 trials, 205 infants; very low-certainty evidence), cough (MD -0.87 days, 95% CI -1.31 to -0.44; 3 trials, 363 infants; very low-certainty evidence), and pulmonary moist crackles (MD -1.30 days, 95% CI -2.28 to -0.32; 2 trials, 205 infants; very low-certainty evidence). Twenty-seven trials presented safety data: 14 trials (1624 infants; 767 treated with hypertonic saline, of which 735 (96%) co-administered with bronchodilators) did not report any adverse events, and 13 trials (2792 infants; 1479 treated with hypertonic saline, of which 416 (28%) co-administered with bronchodilators and 1063 (72%) hypertonic saline alone) reported at least one adverse event such as worsening cough, agitation, bronchospasm, bradycardia, desaturation, vomiting and diarrhoea, most of which were mild and resolved spontaneously (low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Nebulised hypertonic saline may modestly reduce length of stay amongst infants hospitalised with acute bronchiolitis and may slightly improve clinical severity score. Treatment with nebulised hypertonic saline may also reduce the risk of hospitalisation amongst outpatients and ED patients. Nebulised hypertonic saline seems to be a safe treatment in infants with bronchiolitis with only minor and spontaneously resolved adverse events, especially when administered in conjunction with a bronchodilator. The certainty of the evidence was low to very low for all outcomes, mainly due to inconsistency and risk of bias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Claire E Wainwright
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Baša M, Sovtić A. Treatment of the most common respiratory infections in children. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm72-37857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory infections are the most common group of infective diseases in the pediatric population. Although the improvement of health care and vaccination program has led to a significant reduction in the incidence of certain respiratory infections, the combination of a high prevalence in vulnerable pediatric categories and uncritical prescription of antibiotics, due to the inability to adequately distinguish between viruses and bacterial etiology, still represents a significant challenge for the public health system. In order to promote rational antibiotic therapy with an overall improvement of both diagnostic and therapeutic principles, acute respiratory diseases have been the subject of consideration in numerous publications and national guidelines. Nonspecific clinical manifestations with pathogen heterogeneity and both anatomical and physiological characteristics of the child's respiratory system during growth and development have created the need for individualized therapy. Since the guidelines emphasize the undoubtful and crucial benefits of symptomatic therapy (e.g. analgesics in acute otitis media, supplemental oxygen in lower respiratory tract infections with hypoxemia), the use of antibiotics and corticosteroids is indicated in selected cases with a severe clinical picture. The choice of antibiotic depends on the clinical condition, presumed causative agent, and local epidemiologic circumstances. Respiratory support (oxygen therapy and/or artificial ventilation) is reserved for inpatient treatment of cases with a particularly severe clinical picture and associated complications.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mahant S, Wahi G, Bayliss A, Giglia L, Kanani R, Pound CM, Sakran M, Kozlowski N, Breen-Reid K, Arafeh D, Moretti ME, Agarwal A, Barrowman N, Willan AR, Schuh S, Parkin PC. Intermittent vs Continuous Pulse Oximetry in Hospitalized Infants With Stabilized Bronchiolitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr 2021; 175:466-474. [PMID: 33646286 PMCID: PMC7922227 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.6141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE There is low level of evidence and substantial practice variation regarding the use of intermittent or continuous monitoring in infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis. OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of intermittent vs continuous pulse oximetry on clinical outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This multicenter, pragmatic randomized clinical trial included infants 4 weeks to 24 months of age who were hospitalized with bronchiolitis from November 1, 2016, to May 31, 2019, with or without supplemental oxygen after stabilization at community and children's hospitals in Ontario, Canada. INTERVENTIONS Intermittent (every 4 hours, n = 114) or continuous (n = 115) pulse oximetry, using an oxygen saturation target of 90% or higher. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was length of hospital stay from randomization to discharge. Secondary outcomes included length of stay from inpatient unit admission to discharge and outcomes measured from randomization: medical interventions, safety (intensive care unit transfer and revisits), parent anxiety and workdays missed, and nursing satisfaction. RESULTS Among 229 infants enrolled (median [IQR] age, 4.0 [2.2-8.5] months; 136 [59.4%] male; 101 [44.1%] from community hospital sites), the median length of hospital stay from randomization to discharge was 27.6 hours (interquartile range [IQR], 18.8-49.6 hours) in the intermittent group and 25.4 hours (IQR, 18.3-47.6 hours) in the continuous group (difference of medians, 2.2 hours; 95% CI, -1.9 to 6.3 hours; P = .17). No significant differences were observed between the intermittent and continuous groups in the median length of stay from inpatient unit admission to discharge: 49.1 (IQR, 37.2-87.0) hours vs 46.0 (IQR, 32.5-73.8) hours (P = .13) or in frequencies or durations of hospital interventions, such as oxygen supplementation initiation: 4 of 114 (3.5%) vs. 9 of 115 (7.8%) (P = .16) and median duration of oxygen supplementation: 20.6 (IQR, 7.6-46.1) hours vs. 21.4 (11.6-52.9) hours (P = .66). Similarly, there were no significant differences in frequencies of intensive care unit transfer: 1 of 114 (0.9%) vs 2 of 115 (2.7%) (P = .76); readmission to hospital: 3 of 114 (2.6%) in the intermittent group vs 4 of 115 (3.5%) in the continuous group (P > .99); parent anxiety: mean (SD) parent anxiety score, 2.9 (0.9) in the intermittent group vs 2.8 (0.9) in the continuous group (P = .40); or parent workdays missed: median workdays missed, 1.5 (IQR, 0.5-3.0) vs 1.5 (IQR, 0.5-2.5) (P = .36). Mean (SD) nursing satisfaction with monitoring was significantly greater in the intermittent group: 8.6 (1.7) vs 7.1 (2.8) of 10 workdays; the mean difference was 1.5 (95% CI, 0.9-2.2; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this randomized clinical trial, among infants hospitalized with stabilized bronchiolitis with and without hypoxia and managed using an oxygen saturation target of 90% or higher, clinical outcomes, including length of hospital stay and safety, were similar with intermittent vs continuous pulse oximetry. Nursing satisfaction was greater with intermittent monitoring. Given that other important clinical practice considerations favor less intense monitoring, these findings support the standard use of intermittent pulse oximetry in stable infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02947204.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Mahant
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gita Wahi
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University and McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ann Bayliss
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Children’s Health Division, Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucy Giglia
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University and McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronik Kanani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine M. Pound
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Sakran
- Department of Pediatrics, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pediatrics, Lakeridge Health, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Karen Breen-Reid
- Learning Institute, Hospital for Sick Children and Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dana Arafeh
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Myla E. Moretti
- Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Ontario Child Health Support Unit, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amisha Agarwal
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nick Barrowman
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew R. Willan
- Ontario Child Health Support Unit, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suzanne Schuh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia C. Parkin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alharbi AS, Yousef AA, Alharbi SA, Al-Shamrani A, Alqwaiee MM, Almeziny M, Said YS, Alshehri SA, Alotaibi FN, Mosalli R, Alawam KA, Alsaadi MM. Application of aerosol therapy in respiratory diseases in children: A Saudi expert consensus. Ann Thorac Med 2021; 16:188-218. [PMID: 34012486 PMCID: PMC8109687 DOI: 10.4103/atm.atm_74_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Saudi Pediatric Pulmonology Association (SPPA) is a subsidiary of the Saudi Thoracic Society (STS), which consists of a group of Saudi experts with well-respected academic and clinical backgrounds in the fields of asthma and other respiratory diseases. The SPPA Expert Panel realized the need to draw up a clear, simple to understand, and easy to use guidance regarding the application of different aerosol therapies in respiratory diseases in children, due to the high prevalence and high economic burden of these diseases in Saudi Arabia. This statement was developed based on the available literature, new evidence, and experts' practice to come up with such consensuses about the usage of different aerosol therapies for the management of respiratory diseases in children (asthma and nonasthma) in different patient settings, including outpatient, emergency room, intensive care unit, and inpatient settings. For this purpose, SPPA has initiated and formed a national committee which consists of experts from concerned specialties (pediatric pulmonology, pediatric emergency, clinical pharmacology, pediatric respiratory therapy, as well as pediatric and neonatal intensive care). These committee members are from different healthcare sectors in Saudi Arabia (Ministry of Health, Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Education, and private healthcare sector). In addition to that, this committee is representing different regions in Saudi Arabia (Eastern, Central, and Western region). The subject was divided into several topics which were then assigned to at least two experts. The authors searched the literature according to their own strategies without central literature review. To achieve consensus, draft reports and recommendations were reviewed and voted on by the whole panel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adel S. Alharbi
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military City, Ministry of Defence, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Yousef
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Alharbi
- Department of Pediatrics, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Soliman Fakeeh Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al-Shamrani
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military City, Ministry of Defence, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour M. Alqwaiee
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military City, Ministry of Defence, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Almeziny
- Department of Pharmacy, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yazan S. Said
- Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Ali Alshehri
- Department of Emergency, Pediatric Emergency Division, Prince Sultan Medical Military City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal N. Alotaibi
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military City, Ministry of Defence, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafat Mosalli
- Department of Pediatrics, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, International Medical Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Ali Alawam
- Department of Respiratory Therapy Sciences, Inaya Medical College, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muslim M. Alsaadi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Demirakca S, Hoffmann F. Respiratorische Notfälle und Atemwegsmanagement bei Kindern. Notf Rett Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10049-019-00655-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
7
|
Wang ZY, Li XD, Sun AL, Fu XQ. Efficacy of 3% hypertonic saline in bronchiolitis: A meta-analysis. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:1338-1344. [PMID: 31384334 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis was performed to analyze the efficacy of 3% hypertonic saline (HS) in bronchiolitis. Pubmed and MEDLINE databases were searched for relevant articles. A total of 2 authors selected the articles according to the inclusion criteria and then data were carefully extracted. Weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) values were used to pool continuous data, including length of stay and clinical severity score (CSS). Relative risk (RR) with 95% CI was calculated to determine the association between 3% HS and re-admission. The pooled data revealed that infants treated with 3% HS exhibited shorter durations of hospitalization compared with those treated with normal saline (NS; WMD=-0.43; 95% CI=-0.70, -0.15). Subgroup analysis examining the combination of HS or NS with additional medication demonstrated that 3% HS with epinephrine significantly decreased the length of hospital stay, with a WMD=-0.62 (95% CI=-0.90, -0.33). The results indicated a lower CSS score in the 3% HS group compared with the NS group (SMD=-0.80; 95% CI=-1.06, -0.54). The pooled outcome indicated a beneficial effect of 3% HS on decreasing re-admission rates compared with NS (RR=0.93; 95% CI=0.70, 1.23). No potential publication bias was observed (Begg's, P=0.133; Egger's, P=0.576). In conclusion, 3% HS was demonstrated to be a more successful therapy compared with NS for infants with bronchiolitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Wang
- Pediatric Department, Weifang Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261011, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Li
- Pediatric Department, Weifang Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261011, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Ling Sun
- Pediatric Department, Weifang Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261011, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Qin Fu
- Pediatric Department, Changyi People's Hospital, Changyi, Shandong 261300, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alharbi AS, Alqwaiee M, Al-Hindi MY, Mosalli R, Al-Shamrani A, Alharbi S, Yousef A, Al Aidaroos A, Alahmadi T, Alshammary A, Miqdad A, Said Y, Alnemri A. Bronchiolitis in children: The Saudi initiative of bronchiolitis diagnosis, management, and prevention (SIBRO). Ann Thorac Med 2018; 13:127-143. [PMID: 30123331 PMCID: PMC6073791 DOI: 10.4103/atm.atm_60_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchiolitis is the leading cause of admissions in children less than two years of age. It has been recognized as highly debated for many decades. Despite the abundance of literature and the well-recognized importance of palivizumab in the high risk groups, and despite the existence of numerous, high-quality, recent guidelines on bronchiolitis, the number of admissions continues to increase. Only supportive therapy and few therapeutic interventions are evidence based and proved to be effective. Since Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the major cause of bronchiolitis, we will focus on this virus mostly in high risk groups like the premature babies and children with chronic lung disease and cardiac abnormalities. Further, the prevention of RSV with palivizumab in the high risk groups is effective and well known since 1998; we will discuss the updated criteria for allocating infants to this treatment, as this medication is expensive and should be utilized in the best condition. Usually, diagnosis of bronchiolitis is not challenging, however there has been historically no universally accepted and validated scoring system to assess the severity of the condition. Severe RSV, especially in high risk children, is unique because it can cause serious respiratory sequelae. Currently there is no effective curative treatment for bronchiolitis. The utility of different therapeutic interventions is worth a discussion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adel S. Alharbi
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military City, Ministry of Defense, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Alqwaiee
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military City, Ministry of Defense, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Y Al-Hindi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Department of Pediatric, Ministry of National Guard, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafat Mosalli
- Department of Pediatrics, Umm Al Qura university, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al-Shamrani
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military City, Ministry of Defense, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Alharbi
- Department of Pediatrics, Umm Al Qura university, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Yousef
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Al Aidaroos
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military City, Ministry of Defense, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki Alahmadi
- King Abdulaziz University, College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abeer Miqdad
- Department of Pediatrics, Security forces hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yazan Said
- King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Ministry of Health, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alnemri
- College of Medicine, Peadiatric Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Improving Prehospital Management of Children With Respiratory Distress. CLINICAL PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpem.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
10
|
Abstract
Bronchiolitis is the number one cause of hospitalization in infants during the first year of life. Clinical guidelines recommend primarily supportive care and discourage use of pharmacotherapies and diagnostics. However, there continues to be widespread use of non-recommended therapies and variation in the use of therapeutic interventions among hospitals in the United States. Here we review evidence-based management of this common disease in order to optimize resource utilization, decrease healthcare costs, and decrease unnecessary hospitalization. Current evidence does not support the routine use of chest radiographs, viral testing or laboratory evaluation in children with bronchiolitis. In addition, routine administration of bronchodilators, including albuterol and nebulized epinephrine, corticosteroids and hypertonic saline are not recommended for infants and children with bronchiolitis. Intravenous or nasogastric hydration and nutritional support, supplemental oxygen, and respiratory support are recommended. Standardization of bronchiolitis care with evidence based institutional clinical pathways spanning ED to inpatient care can help optimize resource utilization while simultaneously improving care of bronchiolitis and reducing hospital length of stays and costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Cohen
- Children’s National Medical Center in Washington, D.C
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang L, Mendoza‐Sassi RA, Wainwright C, Klassen TP. Nebulised hypertonic saline solution for acute bronchiolitis in infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 12:CD006458. [PMID: 29265171 PMCID: PMC6485976 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006458.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway oedema (swelling) and mucus plugging are the principal pathological features in infants with acute viral bronchiolitis. Nebulised hypertonic saline solution (≥ 3%) may reduce these pathological changes and decrease airway obstruction. This is an update of a review first published in 2008, and previously updated in 2010 and 2013. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of nebulised hypertonic (≥ 3%) saline solution in infants with acute bronchiolitis. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE Daily, Embase, CINAHL, LILACS, and Web of Science on 11 August 2017. We also searched the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) and ClinicalTrials.gov on 8 April 2017. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised controlled trials using nebulised hypertonic saline alone or in conjunction with bronchodilators as an active intervention and nebulised 0.9% saline, or standard treatment as a comparator in children under 24 months with acute bronchiolitis. The primary outcome for inpatient trials was length of hospital stay, and the primary outcome for outpatients or emergency department trials was rate of hospitalisation. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently performed study selection, data extraction, and assessment of risk of bias in included studies. We conducted random-effects model meta-analyses using Review Manager 5. We used mean difference (MD), risk ratio (RR), and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) as effect size metrics. MAIN RESULTS We identified 26 new trials in this update, of which 9 await classification due to insufficient data for eligibility assessment, and 17 trials (N = 3105) met the inclusion criteria. We included a total of 28 trials involving 4195 infants with acute bronchiolitis, of whom 2222 infants received hypertonic saline.Hospitalised infants treated with nebulised hypertonic saline had a statistically significant shorter mean length of hospital stay compared to those treated with nebulised 0.9% saline (MD -0.41 days, 95% CI -0.75 to -0.07; P = 0.02, I² = 79%; 17 trials; 1867 infants) (GRADE quality of evidence: low). Infants who received hypertonic saline also had statistically significant lower post-inhalation clinical scores than infants who received 0.9% saline in the first three days of treatment (day 1: MD -0.77, 95% CI -1.18 to -0.36, P < 0.001; day 2: MD -1.28, 95% CI -1.91 to -0.65, P < 0.001; day 3: MD -1.43, 95% CI -1.82 to -1.04, P < 0.001) (GRADE quality of evidence: low).Nebulised hypertonic saline reduced the risk of hospitalisation by 14% compared with nebulised 0.9% saline among infants who were outpatients and those treated in the emergency department (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.98; P = 0.02, I² = 7%; 8 trials; 1723 infants) (GRADE quality of evidence: moderate).Twenty-four trials presented safety data: 13 trials (1363 infants, 703 treated with hypertonic saline) did not report any adverse events, and 11 trials (2360 infants, 1265 treated with hypertonic saline) reported at least one adverse event, most of which were mild and resolved spontaneously. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Nebulised hypertonic saline may modestly reduce length of stay among infants hospitalised with acute bronchiolitis and improve clinical severity score. Treatment with nebulised hypertonic saline may also reduce the risk of hospitalisation among outpatients and emergency department patients. However, we assessed the quality of the evidence as low to moderate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Zhang
- Federal University of Rio GrandeFaculty of MedicineRua Visconde Paranaguá 102CentroRio GrandeRSBrazil96201‐900
| | - Raúl A Mendoza‐Sassi
- Federal University of Rio GrandeFaculty of MedicineRua Visconde Paranaguá 102CentroRio GrandeRSBrazil96201‐900
| | - Claire Wainwright
- Royal Children's HospitalDepartment of Respiratory MedicineHerston RoadHerstonBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia4029
| | - Terry P Klassen
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health513‐715 McDermot AvenueWinnipegMBCanadaR3E 3P4
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Papacostas MF, Luckett P, Hupp S. The use of pulmonary clearance medications in the acutely ill patient. Expert Rev Respir Med 2017; 11:815-826. [PMID: 28780895 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2017.1358089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retention of airway secretions occurs in disease, leading to airway plugging, atelectasis, and worsened respiratory mechanics, making airway clearance an important therapeutic target. Areas covered: Many medications designed to enhance clearance of airway secretions are available. We will review the medications available to enhance airway clearance, their mechanisms of action, and the evidence available for their use in acutely ill patients. Expert commentary: In the cystic fibrosis (CF) population, beneficial effects have been shown in pulmonary function with the use of some of these agents. In the non-CF population, there is limited evidence regarding these medications. While some studies have found benefit, the quality of evidence is low, making it difficult to draw conclusions. While certain patients may derive benefit, the general use of these medications in acutely ill patients without CF cannot be recommended at this time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Papacostas
- a Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care , University of Texas Southwestern , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Peter Luckett
- a Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care , University of Texas Southwestern , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Susan Hupp
- a Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care , University of Texas Southwestern , Dallas , TX , USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ezzeldin Z, Mansi Y, Gaber M, Zakaria R, Fawzy R, Mohamed MA. Nebulized hypertonic saline to prevent ventilator associated pneumonia in premature infants, a randomized trial. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 31:2947-2952. [DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1359826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ezzeldin
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmeen Mansi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mervat Gaber
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania Zakaria
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rehab Fawzy
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Mohamed
- Newborn Services Division, The George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Carande EJ, Pollard AJ, Drysdale SB. Management of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis: 2015 Survey of Members of the European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2016; 2016:9139537. [PMID: 27840650 PMCID: PMC5093249 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9139537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In 1995, the European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID) carried out a survey of its members to assess the variation in management of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis. The aim of the current study was to carry out a similar survey 20 years later to assess how the management had changed. An electronic, structured, English language survey, based on the United Kingdom National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) bronchiolitis draft guideline, was sent to ESPID members in March 2015. Questions asked included information on treatment practices of infants with bronchiolitis and doctor demographics. We received responses from 135 doctors (14% of the ESPID members) who worked in 115 hospitals. 56% of the doctors used a written guideline to manage bronchiolitic infants. All doctors stated that they isolated individually or in cohorts all hospitalised bronchiolitis infants. The level of oxygen saturation suggested as an indication to administer supplemental oxygen varied between <89% and <95%. We found significant reductions in the use of ribavirin, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids from 1995 to 2015 (ribavirin 57% to 13%, P < 0.0001; bronchodilators 95% to 82%, P = 0.0024; corticosteroids 81% to 45%, P < 0.0001). Although variability in management remains high, encouragingly significantly fewer doctors are prescribing ribavirin, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids compared to 20 years ago.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliott J. Carande
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Level 2, Children's Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Level 2, Children's Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Simon B. Drysdale
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Level 2, Children's Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Kuzik
- Paediatric Asthma Clinic, Department of Paediatrics, Royal Victoria Regional Health Centre, Barrie Ont.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jackson DJ, Lemanske RF, Gern JE. Infections and Asthma. PEDIATRIC ALLERGY: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE 2016. [PMCID: PMC7173469 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-29875-9.00031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wheezing viral respiratory illnesses are the most common initial presentation of childhood asthma. Once asthma is established, viral infections, most notably rhinovirus (RV), are the most frequent trigger of severe asthma exacerbations. RV-C appears to be a particularly pathogenic virus in children with asthma. Evidence has recently emerged to suggest that bacterial pathogens in the lower airway may contribute to the expression of asthma. Ongoing studies are critical to our understanding of the role of the airway microbiome in asthma inception and exacerbation. Synergistic interactions between underlying allergy and virus infections play an important mechanistic role in asthma inception and exacerbation, and are an important therapeutic target. Novel therapies are needed to prevent and treat virus-induced wheezing and asthma exacerbations.
Collapse
|
17
|
Maguire C, Cantrill H, Hind D, Bradburn M, Everard ML. Hypertonic saline (HS) for acute bronchiolitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pulm Med 2015; 15:148. [PMID: 26597174 PMCID: PMC4657365 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute bronchiolitis is the commonest cause of hospitalisation in infancy. Currently management consists of supportive care and oxygen. A Cochrane review concluded that, "nebulised 3 % saline may significantly reduce the length of hospital stay". We conducted a systematic review of controlled trials of nebulised hypertonic saline (HS) for infants hospitalised with primary acute bronchiolitis. METHODS Searches to January 2015 involved: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; Ovid MEDLINE; Embase; Google Scholar; Web of Science; and, a variety of trials registers. We hand searched Chest, Paediatrics and Journal of Paediatrics on 14 January 2015. Reference lists of eligible trial publications were checked. Randomised or quasi-randomised trials which compared HS versus either normal saline (+/- adjunct treatment) or no treatment were included. Eligible studies involved children less than 2 years old hospitalised due to the first episode of acute bronchiolitis. Two reviewers extracted data to calculate mean differences (MD) and 95 % Confidence Intervals (CIs) for length of hospital stay (LoS-primary outcome), Clinical Severity Score (CSS) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs). Meta-analysis was undertaken using a fixed effect model, supplemented with additional sensitivity analyses. We investigated statistical heterogeneity using I(2). Risk of bias, within and between studies, was assessed using the Cochrane tool, an outcome reporting bias checklist and a funnel plot. RESULTS Fifteen trials were included in the systematic review (n = 1922), HS reduced mean LoS by 0.36, (95 % CI 0.50 to 0.22) days, but with considerable heterogeneity (I(2) = 78 %) and sensitivity to alternative analysis methods. A reduction in CSS was observed where assessed [n = 516; MD -1.36, CI -1.52, -1.20]. One trial reported one possible intervention related SAE, no other studies described intervention related SAEs. CONCLUSIONS There is disparity between the overall combined effect on LoS as compared with the negative results from the largest and most precise trials. Together with high levels of heterogeneity, this means that neither individual trials nor pooled estimates provide a firm evidence-base for routine use of HS in inpatient acute bronchiolitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chin Maguire
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Hannah Cantrill
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Daniel Hind
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Mike Bradburn
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Mark L Everard
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health (SPACH), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospitalisation among infants in high-income countries. Acute viral bronchiolitis is associated with airway obstruction and turbulent gas flow. Heliox, a mixture of oxygen and the inert gas helium, may improve gas flow through high-resistance airways and decrease the work of breathing. In this review, we selected trials that objectively assessed the effect of the addition of heliox to standard medical care for acute bronchiolitis. OBJECTIVES To assess heliox inhalation therapy in addition to standard medical care for acute bronchiolitis in infants with respiratory distress, as measured by clinical endpoints (in particular the rate of endotracheal intubation, the rate of emergency department discharge, the length of treatment for respiratory distress) and pulmonary function testing (mainly clinical respiratory scores). SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL (2015, Issue 2), MEDLINE (1966 to March week 3, 2015), EMBASE (1974 to March 2015), LILACS (1982 to March 2015) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) website (May 2009). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs of heliox in infants with acute bronchiolitis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed trial quality. MAIN RESULTS We included seven trials involving 447 infants younger than two years with respiratory distress secondary to viral bronchiolitis. All children were recruited from a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU; 378 infants), except in one trial (emergency department; 69 infants). All children were younger than two (under nine months in two trials and under three months in one trial). Positive tests for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were required for inclusion in five trials. The two other trials were carried out in the bronchiolitis seasons. Seven different protocols were used for inhalation therapy with heliox.When heliox was used in the PICU, we observed no significant reduction in the rate of intubation: risk ratio (RR) 2.73 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.96 to 7.75, four trials, 408 infants, low quality evidence). When heliox inhalation was used in the emergency department, we observed no increase in the rate of discharge: RR 0.51 (95% CI 0.17 to 1.55, one trial, 69 infants, moderate quality evidence).There was no decrease in the length of treatment for respiratory distress: mean difference (MD) -0.19 days (95% CI -0.56 to 0.19, two trials, 320 infants, moderate quality evidence). However, in the subgroup of infants who were started on nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) right from the start, because of severe respiratory distress, heliox therapy reduced the length of treatment: MD -0.76 days (95% CI -1.45 to -0.08, one trial, 21 infants, low quality evidence). No adverse events related to heliox inhalation were reported.We found that infants treated with heliox inhalation had a significantly lower mean clinical respiratory score in the first hour after starting treatment when compared to those treated with air or oxygen inhalation: MD -1.04 (95% CI -1.60 to -0.48, four trials, 138 infants, moderate quality evidence). This outcome had statistical heterogeneity, which remained even after removing the study using a standard high-concentration reservoir mask. Several factors may explain this heterogeneity, including first the limited number of patients in each trial, and the wide differences in the baseline severity of disease between studies, with the modified Wood Clinical Asthma Score (m-WCAS) in infants treated with heliox ranging from less than two to more than seven. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Current evidence suggests that the addition of heliox therapy may significantly reduce a clinical score evaluating respiratory distress in the first hour after starting treatment in infants with acute RSV bronchiolitis. We noticed this beneficial effect regardless of which heliox inhalation protocol was used. Nevertheless, there was no reduction in the rate of intubation, in the rate of emergency department discharge, or in the length of treatment for respiratory distress. Heliox could reduce the length of treatment in infants requiring CPAP for severe respiratory distress. Further studies with homogeneous logistics in their heliox application are needed. Inclusion criteria must include a clinical severity score that reflects severe respiratory distress to avoid inclusion of children with mild bronchiolitis who may not benefit from heliox inhalation. Such studies would provide the necessary information as to the appropriate place for heliox in the therapeutic schedule for severe bronchiolitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Michel Liet
- Hôpital Mère‐Enfant, CHU de NantesPediatric Intensive Care Unit38 Boulevard Jean‐MonnetFaïencerieNantesFrance44093
| | | | - Vineet Gupta
- Moses Cone HospitalPediatric Critical Care Medicine1200 N. Elm StreetGreensboroNCUSA27401
| | - Gilles Cambonie
- Hôpital Arnaud de VilleneuveService de Réanimation Pédiatrique et Néonatale, Pédiatrie II371 av du Doyen Gaston GiraudMontpellier CEDEX 5France34295
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Everard ML, Hind D, Ugonna K, Freeman J, Bradburn M, Dixon S, Maguire C, Cantrill H, Alexander J, Lenney W, McNamara P, Elphick H, Chetcuti PA, Moya EF, Powell C, Garside JP, Chadha LK, Kurian M, Lehal RS, MacFarlane PI, Cooper CL, Cross E. Saline in acute bronchiolitis RCT and economic evaluation: hypertonic saline in acute bronchiolitis - randomised controlled trial and systematic review. Health Technol Assess 2015; 19:1-130. [PMID: 26295732 PMCID: PMC4781529 DOI: 10.3310/hta19660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute bronchiolitis is the most common cause of hospitalisation in infancy. Supportive care and oxygen are the cornerstones of management. A Cochrane review concluded that the use of nebulised 3% hypertonic saline (HS) may significantly reduce the duration of hospitalisation. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that HS reduces the time to when infants were assessed as being fit for discharge, defined as in air with saturations of > 92% for 6 hours, by 25%. DESIGN Parallel-group, pragmatic randomised controlled trial, cost-utility analysis and systematic review. SETTING Ten UK hospitals. PARTICIPANTS Infants with acute bronchiolitis requiring oxygen therapy were allocated within 4 hours of admission. INTERVENTIONS Supportive care with oxygen as required, minimal handling and fluid administration as appropriate to the severity of the disease, 3% nebulised HS every ± 6 hours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The trial primary outcome was time until the infant met objective discharge criteria. Secondary end points included time to discharge and adverse events. The costs analysed related to length of stay (LoS), readmissions, nebulised saline and other NHS resource use. Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were estimated using an existing utility decrement derived for hospitalisation in children, together with the time spent in hospital in the trial. DATA SOURCES We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and other databases from inception or from 2010 onwards, searched ClinicalTrials.gov and other registries and hand-searched Chest, Paediatrics and Journal of Paediatrics to January 2015. REVIEW METHODS We included randomised/quasi-randomised trials which compared HS versus saline (± adjunct treatment) or no treatment. We used a fixed-effects model to combine mean differences for LoS and assessed statistical heterogeneity using the I (2) statistic. RESULTS The trial randomised 158 infants to HS (n = 141 analysed) and 159 to standard care (n = 149 analysed). There was no difference between the two arms in the time to being declared fit for discharge [median 76.6 vs. 75.9 hours, hazard ratio (HR) 0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75 to 1.20] or to actual discharge (median 88.5 vs. 88.7 hours, HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.23). There was no difference in adverse events. One infant developed bradycardia with desaturation associated with HS. Mean hospital costs were £2595 and £2727 for the control and intervention groups, respectively (p = 0.657). Incremental QALYs were 0.0000175 (p = 0.757). An incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £7.6M per QALY gained was not appreciably altered by sensitivity analyses. The systematic review comprised 15 trials (n = 1922) including our own. HS reduced the mean LoS by -0.36 days (95% CI -0.50 to -0.22 days). High levels of heterogeneity (I (2) = 78%) indicate that the result should be treated cautiously. CONCLUSIONS In this trial, HS had no clinical benefit on LoS or readiness for discharge and was not a cost-effective treatment for acute bronchiolitis. Claims that HS achieves small reductions in LoS must be treated with scepticism. FUTURE WORK Well-powered randomised controlled trials of high-flow oxygen are needed. STUDY REGISTRATION This study is registered as NCT01469845 and CRD42014007569. FUNDING DETAILS This project was funded by the NIHR Health Technology Assessment (HTA) programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 19, No. 66. See the HTA programme website for further project information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Everard
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health (SPACH), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Daniel Hind
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kelechi Ugonna
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jennifer Freeman
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mike Bradburn
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon Dixon
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Chin Maguire
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hannah Cantrill
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - John Alexander
- Children's Centre, Hospital of North Staffordshire NHS Trust, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Warren Lenney
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Paul McNamara
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Heather Elphick
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Philip Aj Chetcuti
- Children's Respiratory Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Eduardo F Moya
- Department of Paediatrics, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Colin Powell
- Department of Child Health, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jonathan P Garside
- Children's Outpatients, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Lavleen Kumar Chadha
- Paediatrics, Doncaster and Bassetlaw Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Doncaster, UK
| | - Matthew Kurian
- Paediatrics, Doncaster and Bassetlaw Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Doncaster, UK
| | | | | | - Cindy L Cooper
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Elizabeth Cross
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mejias A, Ramilo O. New options in the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus disease. J Infect 2015; 71 Suppl 1:S80-7. [PMID: 25922289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants, immunocompromised patients and the elderly. Despite the high disease burden, an effective vaccine or specific therapy are lacking which is largely due to our limited understanding of the immune response to RSV and how it relates to clinical disease severity. Current treatment for RSV remains largely supportive and RSV-specific options for prophylaxis and/or treatment are limited to palivizumab and ribavirin. There are a number of promising compounds currently under development, including new monoclonal antibodies and small molecules. These newer antivirals have the potential to impact both the prevention and treatment of RSV disease in the main target populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asuncion Mejias
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Demirakca S. [Respiratory emergencies and airway management in children]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2015; 110:328-37. [PMID: 25850762 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-015-0013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory emergencies in children are frequent and are caused by the specific airway anatomy and the susceptibility for infections.This article reviews the specific approach to pediatric airway management. According to the ABC guidelines of the European Resuscitation Council, the described algorithm should help to identify, classify, and treat such emergencies, giving those with less pediatric experience a tool for the management of respiratory illness in children. Focus is on the emergency care of the most common diseases in this age group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Demirakca
- Neonatologie, Pädiatrische Intensivmedizin und Pneumologie, Klinik für Neonatologie, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Deutschland,
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mucolytics for intubated asthmatic children: a national survey of United kingdom paediatric intensive care consultants. Crit Care Res Pract 2015; 2015:396107. [PMID: 25722885 PMCID: PMC4334628 DOI: 10.1155/2015/396107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim. The extent to which mucolytics are utilised in mechanically ventilated asthmatic children is unknown. We sought to establish current practice in the United Kingdom (UK) including choice of mucolytic, dose, and frequency of utilisation. Methods. A national electronic survey was distributed to UK consultants during April and May 2014. We were able to identify 168 PICU consultants at 25 institutions to whom we were able to electronically distribute a survey, representing an estimated 81% of UK NHS PICU consultants. Results. Replies were received from 87 consultants at 21 institutions (response rate = 52%). Recombinant human DNase (rhDNase) does get administered by 63% of clinicians, with 54% and 19% that administer hypertonic saline or N-acetylcysteine, respectively. Of those that do administer rhDNase the majority (48%) dilute it with 0.9% saline and blindly administer it, whereas 35% administer rhDNase under bronchoscopic guidance and 17% judge the necessity for bronchoscopy according to clinical severity. 25 respondents described 7 different methods to calculate rhDNase dose. A majority (87%) of respondents expressed an interest to consider enrolling patients into an RCT that evaluates rhDNase. Conclusion. Significant variation exists regarding the necessity for mucolytics, choice of agent, optimal route, and dose in intubated asthmatic children.
Collapse
|
23
|
Bower J, McBride JT. Bronchiolitis. MANDELL, DOUGLAS, AND BENNETT'S PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015. [PMCID: PMC7173511 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
24
|
Sterling B, Bosdure E, Stremler-Le Bel N, Chabrol B, Dubus JC. [Acute bronchiolitis and chest physiotherapy: the end of a reign]. Arch Pediatr 2014; 22:98-103. [PMID: 25482994 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Every winter, numerous infants are hospitalized for acute bronchiolitis. The severity criteria and symptomatic treatment are well known, with chest physiotherapy codified in 2000 by the French Health Authority (HAS) consensus conference (with techniques varying from one country to another) and becoming nearly systematic for the treatment of bronchial obstruction in infants. However, is this treatment really effective and legitimate for acute bronchiolitis? The objective of this study was to review the main studies on this subject. Few studies are available and most have a low level of evidence. However, they all tend to agree that chest physiotherapy does not change the natural history of the disease and most particularly the duration of hospitalization. Therefore, it does not seem that the prescription of chest physiotherapy in infant acute bronchiolitis is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Sterling
- Service de spécialités pédiatriques et unité de pneumopédiatrie, CHU de la Timone, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France.
| | - E Bosdure
- Service de spécialités pédiatriques et unité de pneumopédiatrie, CHU de la Timone, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - N Stremler-Le Bel
- Service de spécialités pédiatriques et unité de pneumopédiatrie, CHU de la Timone, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - B Chabrol
- Service de spécialités pédiatriques et unité de pneumopédiatrie, CHU de la Timone, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - J-C Dubus
- Service de spécialités pédiatriques et unité de pneumopédiatrie, CHU de la Timone, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen YJ, Lee WL, Wang CM, Chou HH. Nebulized hypertonic saline treatment reduces both rate and duration of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in infants: an updated meta-analysis. Pediatr Neonatol 2014; 55:431-8. [PMID: 24461195 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nebulized hypertonic saline (HS) treatment reduced the length of hospitalization in infants with acute bronchiolitis in a previous meta-analysis. However, there was no reduction in the admission rate. We hypothesized that nebulized HS treatment might significantly decrease both the duration and the rate of hospitalization if more randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) without a language restriction. A meta-analysis was performed based on the efficacy of nebulized HS treatment in infants with acute bronchiolitis. We used weighted mean difference (WMD) and risk ratio as effect size metrics. Eleven studies were identified that enrolled 1070 infants. Nebulized HS treatment significantly decreased the duration and rate of hospitalization compared with nebulized normal saline (NS) [duration of hospitalization: WMD = -0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -1.38 to -0.54, p < 0.001; rate of hospitalization: risk ratio = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.37-0.93, p = 0.02]. Furthermore, nebulized HS treatment had a beneficial effect in reducing the clinical severity (CS) score of acute bronchiolitis infants post-treatment (Day 1: WMD = -0.77, 95% CI = -1.30 to -0.24, p = 0.005; Day 2: WMD = -0.85, 95% CI = -1.30 to -0.39, p < 0.001; Day 3: WMD = -1.14, 95% CI = -1.69 to -0.58, p < 0.001). There was no decrease in the rate of readmission (risk ratio = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.68-1.73, p = 0.74). Nebulized HS treatment significantly decreased both the rate and the duration of hospitalization. Due to the efficacy and cost-effectiveness, HS should be considered for the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ju Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Li Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chuang-Ming Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hsu Chou
- Department of Pediatrics, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Background Bronchiolitis is one of the major causes for hospital admissions in infants. Managing bronchiolitis, both in the outpatient and inpatient setting remains a challenge to the treating pediatrician. The effectiveness of various interventions used for infants with bronchiolitis remains unclear. Need and purpose To evaluate the evidence supporting the use of currently available treatment and preventive strategies for infants with bronchiolitis and to provide practical guidelines to the practitioners managing children with bronchiolitis. Methods A search of articles published on bronchiolitis was performed using PubMed. The areas of focus were diagnosis, treatment and prevention of bronchiolitis in children. Relevant information was extracted from English language studies published over the last 20 years. In addition, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was searched. Results and Conclusions Supportive care, comprising of taking care of oxygenation and hydration, remains the corner-stone of therapy in bronchiolitis. Pulse oximetry helps in guiding the need for oxygen administration. Several recent evidence-based reviews have suggested that bronchodilators or corticosteroids lack efficacy in bronchiolitis and should not be routinely used. A number of other novel therapies (such as nebulized hypertonic saline, heliox, CPAP, montelukast, surfactant, and inhaled furosemide) have been evaluated in clinical trials, and although most of them did not show any beneficial results, some like hypertonic saline, surfactant, CPAP have shown promising results.
Collapse
|
27
|
Pinto JM, Schairer JL, Petrova A. Comparative effectiveness of implementation of a nursing-driven protocol in reducing bronchodilator utilization for hospitalized children with bronchiolitis. J Eval Clin Pract 2014; 20:267-72. [PMID: 24661499 DOI: 10.1111/jep.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of our study was to determine whether the administration of bronchodilators is affected by implementation of a nursing-driven protocol in the care of children hospitalized with bronchiolitis. METHODS We included children less than 2 years old, hospitalized with bronchiolitis, but without chronic lung problems, immunodeficiencies or congenital heart disease in the 1-year periods before, during and after implementation of a nursing-driven bronchiolitis protocol. The protocol is based on nursing assessments of respiratory status prior to initiation and continuation of bronchodilator therapy. Utilization rates of bronchodilators were compared with respect to implementation of the nursing-driven protocol using Chi-square, analysis of variance, and regression analysis that is presented as adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of the OR. RESULTS Among the 80 children who were hospitalized before, 63 during and 89 after the implementation of the nursing-driven bronchiolitis protocol, 70.0, 60.3, and 29.2%, respectively, received treatment with bronchodilators (P < 0.0001). Reduction in the use of bronchodilators in association with the implementation of the nursing-driven bronchiolitis protocol was also observed after controlling for the child's age and evidence of pneumonia (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.61-0.79). The mean number of bronchodilator doses administered among patients in the three groups who received at least one treatment was comparable. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of a nursing-driven bronchiolitis protocol was associated with significant reduction in initiation of bronchodilator treatments, which suggests a benefit from nursing involvement in the promotion of evidence-based recommendations in the management of children hospitalized with bronchiolitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M Pinto
- Department of Pediatrics, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Preschool children (ie, those aged 5 years or younger) with wheeze consume a disproportionately high amount of health-care resources compared with older children and adults with wheeze or asthma, representing a diagnostic challenge. Although several phenotype classifications have been described, none have been validated to identify individuals responding to specific therapeutic approaches. Several risk factors related to genetic, prenatal, and postnatal environment are associated with preschool wheezing. Findings from several cohort studies have shown that preschool children with wheeze have deficits in lung function at 6 years of age that persisted until early and middle adulthood, suggesting increased susceptibility in the first years of life that might lead to persistent sequelae. Daily inhaled corticosteroids seem to be the most effective therapy for recurrent wheezing in trials of children with interim symptoms or atopy; intermittent high-dose inhaled corticosteroids are effective in moderate-to-severe viral-induced wheezing without interim symptoms. The role of leukotriene receptor antagonist is less clear. Interventions to modify the short-term and long-term outcomes of preschool wheeze should be a research priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francine M Ducharme
- Clinical Research and Knowledge Transfer on Childhood Asthma Unit, Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Sze M Tse
- Clinical Research and Knowledge Transfer on Childhood Asthma Unit, Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bhupendrasinh Chauhan
- Clinical Research and Knowledge Transfer on Childhood Asthma Unit, Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hoffmann GF, Lentze MJ, Spranger J, Zepp F. Virale Infektionen: RNA-Viren. PÄDIATRIE 2014. [PMCID: PMC7177040 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41866-2_101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Rhinoviren sind die Haupterreger der sog. Erkältungskrankheiten. Eine wichtige Rolle spielen sie auch als Auslöser von Asthmaattacken. Es findet eine stete Kozirkulation mehrerer Serotypen statt, im gemäßigten Klima gibt es Herbst-, Winter- und Frühjahrsepidemien, die Übertragung geschieht weit häufiger über infizierte Sekrete als durch Aerosole. Rhinoviren gehören zu den Picornaviren. Rhinoviren sind sehr kleine Viren mit einem positiven Einzelstrang-RNA-Genom ohne Lipidhülle und daher gegen Detergens enthaltende Desinfektionsmittel sehr resistent. Sie sind empfindlich gegen Umgebungs-pH außerhalb des Bereichs 5,0–7,5. Zurzeit bilden sie zusammen mit den Enteroviren das Genus Enterovirus der Picornaviren. Serologisch lassen sich über 100 Typen unterscheiden. Kennzeichnend ist die Bindungsfähigkeit an das von den meisten Rhinoviren für die Zelladsorption genützte ICAM-1 (interzelluläres Adhäsionsmolekül). Nach einer Inkubationszeit von 1–3 Tagen tritt Schnupfen auf, die höchste Viruskonzentration im Nasensekret nach 2–4 Tagen, wiederum nach 2–4 Tagen bei disponierten Patienten auch bronchiale Obstruktion. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass zu dieser Zeit auch Virus-RNA im Bronchialepithel vorhanden ist. Die postinfektiöse bronchiale Hyperreagibilität korreliert mit der Dauer des Virus-RNA-Nachweises im Nasopharynx. Die Immunität ist im Wesentlichen abhängig von der nur sehr kurzen Anwesenheit sekretorischer spezifischer IgA-Antikörper. Die bei den Serotypen beobachtbare Kreuzreaktivität spiegelt sich nicht in Kreuzimmunität wider.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg F. Hoffmann
- Zentrum für Kinder und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Spranger
- Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fred Zepp
- Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus is a highly infectious virus that commonly causes bronchiolitis and leads to high morbidity and a low, but important, incidence of mortality. Supportive therapy is the foundation of management. Hydration/nutrition and respiratory support are important evidence-based interventions. For children with severe disease, continuous positive airway pressure or mechanical ventilation may be necessary. Ribavirin may be used for treatment of patients with severe disease. Palivizumab provides important ongoing immunoprophylaxis during epidemic months for high-risk infants. Caregiver education and incorporating an explanation of all therapies and anticipatory guidance, including strategies for reducing the risk of infection, are vital.
Collapse
|
31
|
Graeber SY, Zhou-Suckow Z, Schatterny J, Hirtz S, Boucher RC, Mall MA. Hypertonic saline is effective in the prevention and treatment of mucus obstruction, but not airway inflammation, in mice with chronic obstructive lung disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:410-7. [PMID: 23590312 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0050oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that inadequate hydration of airway surfaces is a common mechanism in the pathogenesis of airway mucus obstruction. Inhaled hypertonic saline (HS) induces osmotic water flux, improving hydration of airway surfaces. However, trials in patients with obstructive lung diseases are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of HS on mucus obstruction and airway inflammation in the prevention and treatment of obstructive lung disease in vivo. We, therefore, used the β-epithelial Na(+) channel (βENaC)-overexpressing mouse as a model of chronic obstructive lung disease and determined effects of preventive and late therapy with 3% HS and 7% HS on pulmonary mortality, airway mucus obstruction, and inflammation. We found that preventive treatment with 3% HS and 7% HS improved growth, reduced mortality, and reduced mucus obstruction in neonatal βENaC-overexpressing mice. In adult βENaC-overexpressing mice with chronic lung disease, mucus obstruction was significantly reduced by 7% HS, but not by 3% HS. Treatment with HS triggered airway inflammation with elevated keratinocyte chemoattractant levels and neutrophils in airways from wild-type mice, but reduced keratinocyte chemoattractant in chronic neutrophilic inflammation in adult βENaC-overexpressing mice. Our data demonstrate that airway surface rehydration with HS provides an effective preventive and late therapy of mucus obstruction with no consistent effects on inflammation in chronic lung disease. These results suggest that, through mucokinetic effects, HS may be beneficial for patients with a spectrum of obstructive lung diseases, and that additional strategies are required for effective treatment of associated airway inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Y Graeber
- Department of Translational Pulmonology, Translational Lung Research Center, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nicolai A, Ferrara M, Schiavariello C, Gentile F, Grande M, Alessandroni C, Midulla F. Viral bronchiolitis in children: a common condition with few therapeutic options. Early Hum Dev 2013; 89 Suppl 3:S7-11. [PMID: 23972293 PMCID: PMC7130661 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Even though bronchiolitis is a disease that has been recognized for many years, there are still few therapeutic strategies beyond supportive therapies. Bronchiolitis is the most frequent cause of hospital admission in children less than 1 year of age. The incidence is estimated to be about 150° million cases a year worldwide, and 2-3% of these cases require hospitalization. It is acknowledged that viruses cause bronchiolitis, but most of the studies focus on RSV. The RSV causes a more severe form of bronchiolitis in children with risk factors including prematurity, cardiovascular disease and immunodeficiency. Other viruses involved in causing bronchiolitis include RV, hMPV, hBoV and co-infections. The RV seems to be associated with a less severe acute disease, but there is a correlation between the early infection and subsequent wheezing bronchitis and asthma in later childhood and adulthood. The supportive therapies used are intravenous fluids and oxygen supplement administered by nasal cannula or CPAP in most complicated patients. Additional pharmacological therapies include epinephrine, 3% hypertonic saline and corticosteroids. The Epinephrine seems to have the greatest short-term benefits and reduces the need of hospital admission, whereas hypertonic saline and corticosteroids seem to reduce the length of hospital stay. As bronchiolitis is such a prevalent disease in children and RV seems to play an important role, perhaps more studies should center around the RV's contribution to the initial disease and following pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - F. Midulla
- Corresponding author at: Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Roma, Paediatric Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy. Tel.: + 39 0649979363.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hypertonic saline in acute bronchiolitis: Is it worth the salt? Indian Pediatr 2013; 50:733-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-013-0202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
34
|
Zhang L, Mendoza-Sassi RA, Wainwright C, Klassen TP. Nebulised hypertonic saline solution for acute bronchiolitis in infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013:CD006458. [PMID: 23900970 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006458.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway oedema and mucus plugging are the predominant pathological features in infants with acute viral bronchiolitis. Nebulised hypertonic saline solution may reduce these pathological changes and decrease airway obstruction. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of nebulised hypertonic (≥ 3%) saline solution in infants with acute viral bronchiolitis. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL 2013, Issue 4, OLDMEDLINE (1951 to 1965), MEDLINE (1966 to April week 4, 2013), EMBASE (1974 to May 2013), LILACS (1985 to May 2013) and Web of Science (1955 to May 2013). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs using nebulised hypertonic saline alone or in conjunction with bronchodilators as an active intervention and nebulised 0.9% saline as a comparator in infants up to 24 months of age with acute bronchiolitis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently performed study selection, data extraction and assessment of risk of bias in included studies. We conducted meta-analyses using the Cochrane statistical package RevMan 5.2. We used the random-effects model for meta-analyses. We used mean difference (MD) and risk ratio (RR) as effect size metrics. MAIN RESULTS We included 11 trials involving 1090 infants with mild to moderate acute viral bronchiolitis (500 inpatients, five trials; 65 outpatients, one trial; and 525 emergency department patients, four trials). All but one of the included trials were of high quality with a low risk of bias. A total of 560 patients received hypertonic saline (3% saline n = 503; 5% saline n = 57). Patients treated with nebulised 3% saline had a significantly shorter mean length of hospital stay compared to those treated with nebulised 0.9% saline (MD -1.15 days, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.49 to -0.82, P < 0.00001). The hypertonic saline group also had a significantly lower post-inhalation clinical score than the 0.9% saline group in the first three days of treatment (day 1: MD -0.88, 95% CI -1.36 to -0.39, P = 0.0004; day 2: MD -1.32, 95% CI -2.00 to -0.64, P = 0.001; day 3: MD -1.51, 95% CI -1.88 to -1.14, P < 0.00001). The effects of improving clinical score were observed in both outpatients and inpatients. Four emergency department-based trials did not show any significant short-term effects (30 to 120 minutes) of up to three doses of nebulised 3% saline in improving clinical score and oxygen saturation. No significant adverse events related to hypertonic saline inhalation were reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Current evidence suggests nebulised 3% saline may significantly reduce the length of hospital stay among infants hospitalised with non-severe acute viral bronchiolitis and improve the clinical severity score in both outpatient and inpatient populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zar HJ, Workman L, Isaacs W, Dheda K, Zemanay W, Nicol MP. Rapid diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in African children in a primary care setting by use of Xpert MTB/RIF on respiratory specimens: a prospective study. LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2013; 1:e97-e104. [PMID: 25104164 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(13)70036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In children admitted to hospital, rapid, accurate diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis with the Xpert MTB/RIF assay is possible, but no paediatric studies have been done in the primary care setting, where most children are given care, and where microbiological diagnosis is rarely available. We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF in children in primary care. METHODS For this prospective study, we obtained repeat induced sputum and nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens from children (<15 years) with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis at a clinic in Khayeliwtsha, Cape Town, South Africa. We compared the diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF with a reference standard of culture and smear microscopy on induced sputum specimens. For the main analysis, specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF versus liquid culture, we included only children with two interpretable Xpert MTB/RIF and induced sputum culture results. FINDINGS Between Aug 1, 2010, and July 30, 2012, we enrolled 384 children (median age 38·3 months, IQR 21·2-56·5) who had one paired induced sputum and nasopharyngeal specimen, 309 (81%) of whom had two paired specimens. Five children (1%) tested positive for tuberculosis by smear microscopy, 26 (7%) tested positive by Xpert MTB/RIF, and 30 (8%) tested positive by culture. Xpert MTB/RIF on two induced sputum specimens detected 16 of 28 culture-confirmed cases (sensitivity of 57·1%, 95% CI 39·1-73·5) and on two nasopharyngeal aspirates detected 11 of 28 culture-confirmed cases (sensitivity of 39·3, 23·6-57·6; p=0·18). The specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF on induced sputum was 98·9% (95% CI 96·9-99·6) and on nasopharyngeal aspirates was 99·3% (97·4-99·8). INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that Xpert MTB/RIF on respiratory secretions is a useful test for rapid diagnosis of paediatric pulmonary tuberculosis in primary care. FUNDING National Institutes of Health, National Health Laboratory Services Research Trust, the Medical Research Council of South Africa, the National Research Foundation South Africa, the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Lesley Workman
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Washiefa Isaacs
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Keertan Dheda
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Widaad Zemanay
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark P Nicol
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Fernandes RM, Bialy LM, Vandermeer B, Tjosvold L, Plint AC, Patel H, Johnson DW, Klassen TP, Hartling L. Glucocorticoids for acute viral bronchiolitis in infants and young children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 2013:CD004878. [PMID: 23733383 PMCID: PMC6956441 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004878.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous systematic reviews have not shown clear benefit of glucocorticoids for acute viral bronchiolitis, but their use remains considerable. Recent large trials add substantially to current evidence and suggest novel glucocorticoid-including treatment approaches. OBJECTIVES To review the efficacy and safety of systemic and inhaled glucocorticoids in children with acute viral bronchiolitis. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2012, Issue 12), MEDLINE (1950 to January week 2, 2013), EMBASE (1980 to January 2013), LILACS (1982 to January 2013), Scopus® (1823 to January 2013) and IRAN MedEx (1998 to November 2009). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing short-term systemic or inhaled glucocorticoids versus placebo or another intervention in children under 24 months with acute bronchiolitis (first episode with wheezing). Our primary outcomes were: admissions by days 1 and 7 for outpatient studies; and length of stay (LOS) for inpatient studies. Secondary outcomes included clinical severity parameters, healthcare use, pulmonary function, symptoms, quality of life and harms. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently extracted data on study and participant characteristics, interventions and outcomes. We assessed risk of bias and graded strength of evidence. We meta-analysed inpatient and outpatient results separately using random-effects models. We pre-specified subgroup analyses, including the combined use of bronchodilators used in a protocol. MAIN RESULTS We included 17 trials (2596 participants); three had low overall risk of bias. Baseline severity, glucocorticoid schemes, comparators and outcomes were heterogeneous. Glucocorticoids did not significantly reduce outpatient admissions by days 1 and 7 when compared to placebo (pooled risk ratios (RRs) 0.92; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.78 to 1.08 and 0.86; 95% CI 0.7 to 1.06, respectively). There was no benefit in LOS for inpatients (mean difference -0.18 days; 95% CI -0.39 to 0.04). Unadjusted results from a large factorial low risk of bias RCT found combined high-dose systemic dexamethasone and inhaled epinephrine reduced admissions by day 7 (baseline risk of admission 26%; RR 0.65; 95% CI 0.44 to 0.95; number needed to treat 11; 95% CI 7 to 76), with no differences in short-term adverse effects. No other comparisons showed relevant differences in primary outcomes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Current evidence does not support a clinically relevant effect of systemic or inhaled glucocorticoids on admissions or length of hospitalisation. Combined dexamethasone and epinephrine may reduce outpatient admissions, but results are exploratory and safety data limited. Future research should further assess the efficacy, harms and applicability of combined therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M Fernandes
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Instituto de Medicina Molecular,Lisboa, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Da Dalt L, Bressan S, Martinolli F, Perilongo G, Baraldi E. Treatment of bronchiolitis: state of the art. Early Hum Dev 2013; 89 Suppl 1:S31-6. [PMID: 23809346 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-3782(13)70011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bronchiolitis is a leading cause of acute illness and hospitalization for infants and young children worldwide. It is usually a mild disease, but the few children developing severe symptoms need to be hospitalized and some will need ventilatory support. To date, the mainstay of therapy has been supportive care, i.e. assisted feeding and hydration, minimal handling, nasal suctioning and oxygen therapy. In recent years the delivery of oxygen has been improved by using a high-flow nasal cannula. At the same time, the discovery of nebulized hypertonic saline enables better airway cleaning with a benefit for respiratory function. The possible role of any pharmacological approach is still debated: many pharmacological therapies tried in the past, ranging from bronchodilators to corticosteroids, were found to offer no benefit in this disease. More recently, nebulized adrenaline demonstrated a short-term benefit. Prophylaxis and prevention, especially in children at high risk of severe infection, such as prematurely born infants and children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, have a fundamental role in dealing with this disease. In this review, we focus on current recommendations for the management and prevention of bronchiolitis, paying particular attention to the latest literature in search of answers to the questions that remain open.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liviana Da Dalt
- Women's and Child's Health Department, Unit of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Unit of Pediatric Emergency Department, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, Padua,Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Novedades en el tratamiento de la bronquiolitis: perspectivas en el 2013. An Pediatr (Barc) 2013; 78:205-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
39
|
Bressan S, Balzani M, Krauss B, Pettenazzo A, Zanconato S, Baraldi E. High-flow nasal cannula oxygen for bronchiolitis in a pediatric ward: a pilot study. Eur J Pediatr 2013; 172:1649-56. [PMID: 23900520 PMCID: PMC7087157 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-013-2094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is a widely used ventilatory support in children with bronchiolitis in the intensive care setting. No data is available on HFNC use in the general pediatric ward. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of HFNC oxygen therapy in infants hospitalized in a pediatric ward for moderate-severe bronchiolitis and to assess the changes in ventilatory parameters before and after starting HFNC support. This prospective observational pilot study was carried out during the bronchiolitis season 2011-2012 in a pediatric tertiary care academic center in Italy. Interruptions of HFNC therapy and possible side effects or escalation to other forms of respiratory support were recorded. Oxygen saturation (SpO2), end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), and respiratory rate (RR), measured for a baseline period of 1 h before and at specific time intervals in 48 h after the start of HFNC were recorded. Twenty-seven infants were included (median age 1.3 months; absolute range 0.3-8.5). No adverse events, no premature HFNC therapy termination, and no escalation to other forms of respiratory support were recorded. Median SpO2 significantly increased by 1-2 points after changing from standard oxygen to HFNC (p <0.001). Median ETCO2 and RR rapidly decreased by 6-8 mmHg and 13-20 breaths per minute, respectively, in the first 3 h of HFNC therapy (p <0.001) and remained steady thereafter. CONCLUSIONS Use of HFNC for oxygen administration is feasible for infants with moderate-severe bronchiolitis in a general pediatric ward. In these children, HFNC therapy improves oxygen saturation levels and seems to be associated with a decrease in both ETCO2 and RR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bressan
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128, Padova, Italy,
| | - Marco Balzani
- grid.5608.b0000000417573470Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Baruch Krauss
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDivision of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Andrea Pettenazzo
- grid.5608.b0000000417573470Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Zanconato
- grid.5608.b0000000417573470Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Eugenio Baraldi
- grid.5608.b0000000417573470Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most clinically important viruses infecting young children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. Over the past decade, the most significant advance in the prevention of RSV disease has been the development of high-titered antibody products. Infection control is the only other strategy to prevent RSV disease. A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the fusion (F) protein palivizumab, (Synagis®, MedImmune, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD), is given routinely on a monthly basis to premature infants and young children less than 24 months of age with underlying medical problems including prematurity, chronic lung disease, or cardiac disease to prevent RSV disease and hospitalization. Other products utilizing polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies or antibody fragments against the F protein have been developed and some already tested in patient populations. The only licensed antiviral treatment available today is ribavirin, a guanosine analogue generally administered as a small particle aerosol to immunocompromised patients with lower respiratory tract disease due to RSV. This drug has also been utilized in oral and intravenous forms, again mainly in immunocompromised patients. Promising new antiviral agents under development by multiple pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies include small molecule fusion inhibitors, attachment inhibitors, inhibitors of RNA synthesis, and small interfering RNA particles (siRNA).
Collapse
|
41
|
Nebulized hypertonic saline attenuates acute lung injury following trauma and hemorrhagic shock via inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-13. Crit Care Med 2012; 40:2647-53. [PMID: 22732292 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3182592006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that aerosolized inhaled hypertonic saline given at the onset of resuscitation will decrease acute lung injury following hemorrhagic shock, by inhibiting the release of epithelial derived proinflammatory mediators. DESIGN Animal study. SETTING Animal-care facility procedure room in a medical center. SUBJECTS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS Rats underwent hemorrhagic shock followed by 2 hrs of resuscitation and 1 hr of observation. In the study group, nebulized hypertonic saline was delivered at the end of the shock period and after 1 hr and 2 hrs of resuscitation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Shock provoked acute lung injury, which was attenuated with inhaled hypertonic saline (1.56 ± 0.2 mg protein/mL vs. 0.95 ± 0.3 mg protein/mL bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, shock vs. shock + hypertonic saline, p < .01). Nebulized hypertonic saline reduced inflammation (cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 accumulation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 5999 ± 1267 pg/mL vs. 3342 ± 859 pg/mL, shock vs. shock + hypertonic saline, p = .006). Additionally, nebulized hypertonic saline inhibited matrix -metalloproteinase-13 accumulation in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (1513 ± 337 pg/mL bronchoalveolar lavage fluid vs. 230 ± 19 pg/mL, shock vs. shock + hypertonic saline, p = .009) and pretreatment with a matrix metalloproteinase-13 inhibitor was sufficient to attenuate postshock acute lung injury (1.42 ± 0.09 mg/mL vs. 0.77 ± 0.23 mg/mL bronchoalveolar lavage protein, shock vs. shock + matrix metalloproteinase-13 inhibitor CL-82198, p = .002). CONCLUSION Inhaled hypertonic saline attenuates postshock acute lung injury by exerting an anti-inflammatory effect on the pulmonary epithelium, suggesting a new clinical strategy to treat acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Collapse
|
42
|
Enriquez A, Chu I, Mellis C, Lin W. Nebulised deoxyribonuclease for viral bronchiolitis in children younger than 24 months. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 11:CD008395. [PMID: 23152257 PMCID: PMC7388903 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008395.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchiolitis is one of the most common respiratory problems in the first year of life. The sputum of infants with bronchiolitis has increased deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content, leading to mucous plugging and airway obstruction. Recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (rhDNase), an enzyme that digests extracellular DNA, might aid the clearance of mucus and relieve peripheral airway obstruction. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of nebulised rhDNase on the severity and duration of viral bronchiolitis in children younger than 24 months of age in the hospital setting. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) 2012, Issue 7 which includes the Acute Respiratory Infections Group's Specialised Register, MEDLINE (1966 to July Week 4, 2012), EMBASE (1974 to August 2012) and LILACS (1982 to August 2012). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) using nebulised rhDNase alone or with concomitant therapy in children younger than 24 months of age hospitalised with acute bronchiolitis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently performed literature searches, assessed trial quality and extracted data. We obtained unpublished data from trial authors. We used Review Manager 5.1 to pool treatment effects expressed as the mean difference (MD) or standardised mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS Three RCTs (333 participants) were identified, two of which were multicentre trials comprising only participants positive for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The other trial enrolled participants clinically diagnosed with bronchiolitis from a hospital in Italy. All studies used 2.5 mL (1 mg/mL) of nebulised rhDNase compared with placebo either as a daily or a twice daily dose. Adjunctive therapy included nebulised salbutamol, steroids, supplemental oxygen, intravenous fluids or tube feeding, nasal washing, nasal decongestants and antibiotics.Overall, nebulised rhDNase showed no benefit in clinically meaningful outcomes. Meta-analysis favoured the control group with a shorter duration of hospital stay (MD 0.50; 95% CI 0.10 to 0.90, P = 0.01) and better clinical score improvement (SMD -0.24; 95% CI -0.50 to 0.01, P = 0.06). The largest trial showed no difference in supplemental oxygen use or intensive care unit (ICU) admission.In one RCT, four out of 11 patients in the treatment group had atelectasis. Two of these patients showed distinctive clinical improvement after nebulised rhDNase.There was no significant difference in adverse events. These included temporary desaturation, temporary coughing, increased coughing, facial rash, hoarseness, dyspnoea and bad taste, reported in a total of 11 patients from both treatment groups. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The results based on the three included studies in this review did not support the use of nebulised rhDNase in children under 24 months of age hospitalised with acute bronchiolitis. In these patients, treatment did not shorten the length of hospitalisation or improve clinical outcomes. It might have a role in severe bronchiolitis complicated by atelectasis, but further clinical studies would need to be performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - I‐Wen Chu
- Chang Gung Memorial HospitalDepartment of Medical Research and Academic‐Industrial Collaboration OfficeNo.5, Fusing St.Gueishan TownshipTaoyuanTaiwan333
| | - Craig Mellis
- The University of SydneyFaculty of Medicine, Room 406, Blackburn Building, D06SydneyNSWAustralia2006
| | - Wan‐Yu Lin
- Taichung General Veteran HospitalDepartment of Nuclear Medicine160 Sec. 3, Chung‐Gang RdTaichung CityTaiwan407
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hom J, Fernandes RM. When should nebulized hypertonic saline solution be used in the treatment of bronchiolitis? Paediatr Child Health 2012; 16:157-8. [PMID: 22379380 DOI: 10.1093/pch/16.3.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Hom
- Department of Pediatrics/Emergency Services, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Walker C, Danby S, Turner S. Impact of a bronchiolitis clinical care pathway on treatment and hospital stay. Eur J Pediatr 2012; 171:827-32. [PMID: 22193364 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-011-1653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bronchiolitis is a common lower respiratory tract infection of infancy where management has varied considerably in the past. The aim of the present study was to determine whether patient treatment and outcomes changed after introduction of a clinical care pathway. Infants aged up to 6 months admitted to hospital with bronchiolitis were identified as part of an annual audit of bronchiolitis management between winters 2003/2004 and 2009/2010. The primary outcome, duration of stay (DOS), was compared before and after the clinical pathway was introduced before the winter 2005/2006. There were 328 infants identified, mean age 75 days, respiratory syncitial virus was detected in 89%. After the clinical pathway was introduced, the proportion of infants prescribed salbutamol fell from 50% to 8% (p < 0.001) and ipratropium bromide from 38% to 0% (p < 0.001) but the proportion prescribed antibiotics was unchanged. The median DOS was 79 h prior to the clinical pathway and 66 h afterwards (p = 0.010) but there was no difference in days where supplemental oxygen or nasogastric feeding was required. CONCLUSIONS A clinical pathway for the management of acute bronchiolitis can be implemented in the hospital setting and the conservative approach, in particular not prescribing bronchodilators, is not associated with prolonged duration of stay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Walker
- Child Health Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZG, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Pediatric respiratory illnesses are a huge burden to emergency departments worldwide. This article reviews the latest evidence in the epidemiology, assessment, management, and disposition of children presenting to the emergency department with asthma, croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Choi
- McGill University FRCP Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine Avenue West, Room A4.62, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A1.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Eber E. Treatment of acute viral bronchiolitis. Open Microbiol J 2011; 5:159-64. [PMID: 22262989 PMCID: PMC3258671 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801105010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute viral bronchiolitis represents the most common lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Respiratory syncytial virus is the most frequently identified virus, but many other viruses may also cause acute bronchiolitis. There is no common definition of acute viral bronchiolitis used internationally, and this may explain part of the confusion in the literature. Most children with bronchiolitis have a self limiting mild disease and can be safely managed at home with careful attention to feeding and respiratory status. Criteria for referral and admission vary between hospitals as do clinical practice in the management of acute viral bronchiolitis, and there is confusion and lack of evidence over the best treatment for this condition. Supportive care, including administration of oxygen and fluids, is the cornerstone of current treatment. The majority of infants and children with bronchiolitis do not require specific measures. Bronchodilators should not be routinely used in the management of acute viral bronchiolitis, but may be effective in some patients. Most of the commonly used management modalities have not been shown to have a clear beneficial effect on the course of the disease. For example, inhaled and systemic corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists, immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies, antibiotics, antiviral therapy, and chest physiotherapy should not be used routinely in the management of bronchiolitis. The potential effect of hypertonic saline on the course of the acute disease is promising, but further studies are required. In critically ill children with bronchiolitis, today there is little justification for the use of surfactant and heliox. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure may be beneficial in children with severe bronchiolitis but a large trial is needed to determine its value. Finally, very little is known on the effect of the various interventions on the development of post-bronchiolitic wheeze.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Eber
- Respiratory and Allergic Disease Division, Pediatric Department, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Luo Z, Fu Z, Liu E, Xu X, Fu X, Peng D, Liu Y, Li S, Zeng F, Yang X. Nebulized hypertonic saline treatment in hospitalized children with moderate to severe viral bronchiolitis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:1829-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
49
|
Morawetz D, Cheah E, Barton R, Standish J, Connell TG. Is nebulised hypertonic saline useful as an adjunctive treatment for acute bronchiolitis in infants and children less than 24 months of age? J Paediatr Child Health 2011; 47:922-6. [PMID: 22171834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Morawetz
- Department of General Medicine, The University of Melbourne and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Care of infants and children with bronchiolitis: a systematic review. J Pediatr Nurs 2011; 26:519-29. [PMID: 22055372 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bronchiolitis is the most frequent cause of hospitalization in the infant population. Management varies widely, and the efficacy of many routinely implemented therapies is not supported by evidence. The purpose of the systematic review was to identify the best evidence available regarding the care of infants and children with bronchiolitis. A two-phase literature search was performed, and 20 publications were appraised. An abundance of evidence regarding management of bronchiolitis was revealed resulting in numerous recommendations. Use of a clinical pathway is proposed as a possible solution for moving this evidence into practice.
Collapse
|