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Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Tuberculosis Treatment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01383-18. [PMID: 30126955 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01383-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB) are two common diseases with increasing geographic overlap and clinical interactions. The effect of DM and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values on the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of anti-TB drugs remains poorly characterized. Newly diagnosed TB patients with and without DM starting fixed-dose, thrice-weekly treatment underwent sampling for PK assessments (predose and 0.5, 2, and 6 h postdose) during the intensive and continuation phases of treatment. The effect of DM and HbA1c values on the maximum concentration (C max) of rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide and the association between drug concentrations and microbiologic and clinical outcomes were assessed. Of 243 patients, 101 had DM. Univariate analysis showed significant reductions in the C max of pyrazinamide and isoniazid (but not rifampin) with DM or increasing HbA1c values. After adjusting for age, sex, and weight, DM was associated only with reduced pyrazinamide concentrations (adjusted geometric mean ratio = 0.74, P = 0.03). In adjusted Cox models, female gender (adjusted hazards ratio [aHR] = 1.75, P = 0.001), a lower smear grade with the Xpert assay (aHR = 1.40, P < 0.001), and the pyrazinamide C max (aHR = 0.99, P = 0.006) were independent predictors of sputum culture conversion to negative. Higher isoniazid or rifampin concentrations were associated with a faster time to culture conversion in patients with DM only. A pyrazinamide C max above the therapeutic target was associated with higher unfavorable outcomes (treatment failure, relapse, death) (odds ratio = 1.92, P = 0.04). DM and higher HbA1c values increased the risk of not achieving therapeutic targets for pyrazinamide (but not rifampin or isoniazid). Higher pyrazinamide concentrations, though, were associated with worse microbiologic and clinical outcomes. DM status also appeared to influence PK-PD relationships for isoniazid and rifampin.
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Negandhi H, Tiwari R, Sharma A, Nair R, Zodpey S, Reddy Allam R, Oruganti G. Rapid assessment of facilitators and barriers related to the acceptance, challenges and community perception of daily regimen for treating tuberculosis in India. Glob Health Action 2018; 10:1290315. [PMID: 28485693 PMCID: PMC5496091 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2017.1290315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) is the largest tuberculosis (TB) control program in the world based on Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course (DOTS) strategy. Globally, most countries have been using a daily regimen and in India a shift towards a daily regimen for TB treatment has already begun. The daily strategy is known to improve program coverage along with compliance. Such strategic shifts have both management and operational implications. We undertook a rapid assessment to understand the facilitators and barriers in adopting the daily regimen for TB treatment in three Indian states. Methods: In-depth interviews were planned across six districts of three purposively selected states of Maharashtra, Bihar and Sikkim, among health system personnel at various levels to identify their perspectives on adoption of a daily regimen for TB. These districts were sampled on the basis of TB notification rates. Thematic analysis of the qualitative data was undertaken. Results: 62 respondents were interviewed from these 6 districts. During the analysis, it was observed that an easily accessible, patient-centred and personalized outreach is an enabling factor for adherence to treatment. Lack of transportation facilities, out-of-pocket expenses and loss of wages for accessing DOTS at institutions are major identified barriers for treatment adherence at individual level. At program level, lack of trained service providers, poor administration of treatment protocols and inadequate supervision by health care providers and program managers are key factors that influence program outcomes. Conclusion: A major observation that emerged from the interviews is that the key to achieve a relapse-free cure is ensuring that a patient receives all doses of the prescribed treatment regimen. However, switching to a daily regimen makes adherence difficult and thus new strategies are needed for its implementation at patient and health provider levels. Most stakeholders appreciate the reasons for switching to a daily regimen. The stakeholders recognised the efforts of the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoHFW) in spearheading the program. Strategies like the 99 DOTS call-centre approach may also further ensure treatment adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Negandhi
- a Indian Institute of Public Health - Delhi , Public Health Foundation of India , Gurgaon , India
| | - Ritika Tiwari
- b Public Health Foundation of India , Gurgaon , India
| | - Anjali Sharma
- b Public Health Foundation of India , Gurgaon , India
| | - Rajesh Nair
- a Indian Institute of Public Health - Delhi , Public Health Foundation of India , Gurgaon , India
| | - Sanjay Zodpey
- b Public Health Foundation of India , Gurgaon , India
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Abel Zur Wiesch P, Abel S, Gkotzis S, Ocampo P, Engelstädter J, Hinkley T, Magnus C, Waldor MK, Udekwu K, Cohen T. Classic reaction kinetics can explain complex patterns of antibiotic action. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:287ra73. [PMID: 25972005 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa8760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Finding optimal dosing strategies for treating bacterial infections is extremely difficult, and improving therapy requires costly and time-intensive experiments. To date, an incomplete mechanistic understanding of drug effects has limited our ability to make accurate quantitative predictions of drug-mediated bacterial killing and impeded the rational design of antibiotic treatment strategies. Three poorly understood phenomena complicate predictions of antibiotic activity: post-antibiotic growth suppression, density-dependent antibiotic effects, and persister cell formation. We show that chemical binding kinetics alone are sufficient to explain these three phenomena, using single-cell data and time-kill curves of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae exposed to a variety of antibiotics in combination with a theoretical model that links chemical reaction kinetics to bacterial population biology. Our model reproduces existing observations, has a high predictive power across different experimental setups (R(2) = 0.86), and makes several testable predictions, which we verified in new experiments and by analyzing published data from a clinical trial on tuberculosis therapy. Although a variety of biological mechanisms have previously been invoked to explain post-antibiotic growth suppression, density-dependent antibiotic effects, and especially persister cell formation, our findings reveal that a simple model that considers only binding kinetics provides a parsimonious and unifying explanation for these three complex, phenotypically distinct behaviours. Current antibiotic and other chemotherapeutic regimens are often based on trial and error or expert opinion. Our "chemical reaction kinetics"-based approach may inform new strategies, which are based on rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Abel Zur Wiesch
- Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Sören Abel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Pharmacy, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Spyridon Gkotzis
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Ocampo
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland. Department of Environmental Microbiology, EAWAG, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jan Engelstädter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Trevor Hinkley
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Carsten Magnus
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthew K Waldor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Klas Udekwu
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ted Cohen
- Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Pienaar E, Dartois V, Linderman JJ, Kirschner DE. In silico evaluation and exploration of antibiotic tuberculosis treatment regimens. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2015; 9:79. [PMID: 26578235 PMCID: PMC4650854 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-015-0221-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Improvement in tuberculosis treatment regimens requires selection of antibiotics and dosing schedules from a large design space of possibilities. Incomplete knowledge of antibiotic and host immune dynamics in tuberculosis granulomas impacts clinical trial design and success, and variations among clinical trials hamper side-by-side comparison of regimens. Our objective is to systematically evaluate the efficacy of isoniazid and rifampin regimens, and identify modifications to these antibiotics that improve treatment outcomes. Results We pair a spatio-temporal computational model of host immunity with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data on isoniazid and rifampin. The model is calibrated to plasma pharmacokinetic and granuloma bacterial load data from non-human primate models of tuberculosis and to tissue and granuloma measurements of isoniazid and rifampin in rabbit granulomas. We predict the efficacy of regimens containing different doses and frequencies of isoniazid and rifampin. We predict impacts of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modifications on antibiotic efficacy. We demonstrate that suboptimal antibiotic concentrations within granulomas lead to poor performance of intermittent regimens compared to daily regimens. Improvements from dose and frequency changes are limited by inherent antibiotic properties, and we propose that changes in intracellular accumulation ratios and antimicrobial activity would lead to the most significant improvements in treatment outcomes. Results suggest that an increased risk of drug resistance in fully intermittent as compared to daily regimens arises from higher bacterial population levels early during treatment. Conclusions Our systems pharmacology approach complements efforts to accelerate tuberculosis therapeutic development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-015-0221-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsje Pienaar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 6730 Medical Science Building II, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Public Health Research Institute and New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Jennifer J Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Denise E Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 6730 Medical Science Building II, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Bhaumik S. Is intermittent short-course anti-TB regimen as efficient and safe as daily anti-TB regimen for treating childhood TB? J Family Med Prim Care 2015; 4:182-3. [PMID: 25949963 PMCID: PMC4408697 DOI: 10.4103/2249-4863.154626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood tuberculosis (TB) is a common clinical condition in low- and middle-income nations like India where TB is endemic. Different guidelines vary in the recommendations on treatment regimes for childhood TB. Apart from clinical outcomes the decision to use one regimen over another also has an implication in the form of health system burden. The evidence summary presents the comparison between the intermittent regimens with the daily anti-TB regimen for childhood TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyadeep Bhaumik
- Executive Editor, Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, New Delhi, India
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Yasri S, Wiwanitkit V. Tuberculous meningitis on directly observed thrice a week regime. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2015; 18:129. [PMID: 25745337 PMCID: PMC4350206 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.144316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sora Yasri
- KMT Primary Care Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Viroj Wiwanitkit
- Visiting Professor, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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