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Systems biology of human aging: A Fibonacci time series model. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 177:24-33. [PMID: 36265693 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fractals are everywhere in nature, particularly at the interfaces where matter or energy must be transferred, since they maximize surface area while minimizing energy losses. Temporal fractals have been well studied at micro scales in human biology, but have received comparatively little attention at broader macro scales. In this paper, we describe a fractal time series model of human aging from a systems biology perspective. This model examines how intrinsic aging rates are shaped by entropy and Fibonacci fractal dynamics, with implications for the emergence of key life cycle traits. This proposition is supported by research findings. The finding of an intrinsic aging rate rooted in Fibonacci fractal dynamics represents a new predictive paradigm in evolutionary biology.
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Zhao M, Huang C, Mazdeyasna S, Yu G. Extraction of tissue optical property and blood flow from speckle contrast diffuse correlation tomography (scDCT) measurements. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:5894-5908. [PMID: 34692223 PMCID: PMC8515985 DOI: 10.1364/boe.429890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of blood flow in tissue provides vital information for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of various vascular diseases. A noncontact, camera-based, near-infrared speckle contrast diffuse correlation tomography (scDCT) technique has been recently developed for 3D imaging of blood flow index (αDB) distributions in deep tissues up to a centimeter. A limitation with the continuous-wave scDCT measurement of blood flow is the assumption of constant and homogenous tissue absorption coefficient (μ a ). The present study took the advantage of rapid, high-density, noncontact scDCT measurements of both light intensities and diffuse speckle contrast at multiple source-detector distances and developed two-step fitting algorithms for extracting both μ a and αDB. The new algorithms were tested in tissue-simulating phantoms with known optical properties and human forearms. Measurement results were compared against established near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) techniques. The accuracies of our new fitting algorithms with scDCT measurements in phantoms (up to 16% errors) and forearms (up to 23% errors) are comparable to relevant study results (up to 25% errors). Knowledge of μ a not only improved the accuracy in calculating αDB but also provided the potential for quantifying tissue blood oxygenation via spectral measurements. A multiple-wavelength scDCT system with new algorithms is currently developing to fit multi-wavelength and multi-distance data for 3D imaging of both blood flow and oxygenation distributions in deep tissues.
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Ye C, Liang Y, Chen Y, Xiong Y, She Y, Zhong X, Chen H, Huang M. Berberine Improves Cognitive Impairment by Simultaneously Impacting Cerebral Blood Flow and β-Amyloid Accumulation in an APP/tau/PS1 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051161. [PMID: 34064687 PMCID: PMC8150323 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is accompanied by β-amyloid (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles, and neuron cell death, and is one of the most commonly occurring diseases among the elderly. The pathology of AD is complex, involving Aβ overproduction and accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, and neuronal loss. In addition, chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is ubiquitous in the AD patients and plans a pivotal role in triggering and exacerbating the pathophysiological progress of AD. The goal of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective properties of berberine (BBR) and the underlying mechanism. During the study, BBR was administrated to treat the triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (3×Tg AD). To thoroughly evaluate the effects of the BBR administration, multiple manners were utilized, for instance, 3D arterial spin labeling technique, Morris water maze assay, immunofluorescence staining, TUNEL assay, laser speckle contrast imaging, western blotting, etc. The results showed that BBR ameliorated cognitive deficits in 3×Tg AD mice, reduced the Aβ accumulation, inhibited the apoptosis of neurons, promoted the formation of microvessels in the mouse brain by enhancing brain CD31, VEGF, N-cadherin, Ang-1. The new vessels promoted by BBR were observed to have a complete structure and perfect function, which in turn promoted the recovery of cerebral blood flow (CBF). In general, berberine is effective to 3×Tg AD mice, has a neuroprotective effect, and is a candidate drug for the multi-target prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghui Ye
- Department of Neurology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (C.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.X.); (Y.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yubin Liang
- Department of Neurology, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai 519000, China;
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (C.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.X.); (Y.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yu Xiong
- Department of Neurology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (C.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.X.); (Y.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yingfang She
- Department of Neurology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (C.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.X.); (Y.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaochun Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (C.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.X.); (Y.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Hongda Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (C.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.X.); (Y.S.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (M.H.)
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Salameh JP, Bossuyt PM, McGrath TA, Thombs BD, Hyde CJ, Macaskill P, Deeks JJ, Leeflang M, Korevaar DA, Whiting P, Takwoingi Y, Reitsma JB, Cohen JF, Frank RA, Hunt HA, Hooft L, Rutjes AWS, Willis BH, Gatsonis C, Levis B, Moher D, McInnes MDF. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies (PRISMA-DTA): explanation, elaboration, and checklist. BMJ 2020; 370:m2632. [PMID: 32816740 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m2632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Salameh
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick M Bossuyt
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Trevor A McGrath
- University of Ottawa Department of Radiology, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Brett D Thombs
- Lady Davis Institute of the Jewish General Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher J Hyde
- Exeter Test Group, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Jonathan J Deeks
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mariska Leeflang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daniël A Korevaar
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Penny Whiting
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Yemisi Takwoingi
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Johannes B Reitsma
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Cochrane Netherlands, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jérémie F Cohen
- Department of Paediatrics and Inserm UMR 1153 (Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Robert A Frank
- University of Ottawa Department of Radiology, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Harriet A Hunt
- Exeter Test Group, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Lotty Hooft
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Cochrane Netherlands, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anne W S Rutjes
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Berner Institut für Hausarztmedizin, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Brooke Levis
- Lady Davis Institute of the Jewish General Hospital and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David Moher
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program (Centre for Journalology), Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew D F McInnes
- Clinical Epidemiology Programme, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1E 4M9, Canada
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Zhao M, Mazdeyasna S, Huang C, Agochukwu-Nwubah N, Bonaroti A, Wong L, Yu G. Noncontact Speckle Contrast Diffuse Correlation Tomography of Blood Flow Distributions in Burn Wounds: A Preliminary Study. Mil Med 2020; 185:82-87. [PMID: 31498406 PMCID: PMC7353839 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usz233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tissue injuries are often associated with abnormal blood flow (BF). The ability to assess BF distributions in injured tissues enables objective evaluation of interventions and holds the potential to improve the acute management of these injuries on battlefield. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have developed a novel speckle contrast diffuse correlation tomography (scDCT) system for noncontact 3D imaging of tissue BF distributions. In scDCT, a galvo mirror was used to remotely project near-infrared point light to different source positions and an electron multiplying charge-coupled-device was used to detect boundary diffuse speckle contrasts. The normalized boundary data were then inserted into a modified Near-Infrared Fluorescence and Spectral Tomography program for 3D reconstructions of BF distributions. This article reports the first application of scDCT for noncontact 3D imaging of BF distributions in burn wounds. RESULTS Significant lower BF values were observed in the burned areas/volumes compared to surrounding normal tissues. CONCLUSIONS The unique noncontact 3D imaging capability makes the scDCT applicable for intraoperative assessment of burns/wounds, without risk of infection and without interfering with sterility of the surgical field. The portable scDCT device holds the potential to be used by surgeons in combat surgical hospitals to improve the acute management of battlefield burn injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Zhao
- F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 143 Graham Ave, Lexington, KY 40508
| | - Siavash Mazdeyasna
- F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 143 Graham Ave, Lexington, KY 40508
| | - Chong Huang
- F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 143 Graham Ave, Lexington, KY 40508
| | - Nneamaka Agochukwu-Nwubah
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Kentucky, 1000 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536 Guarantor: Guoqaing Yu Presented as a poster at the 2018 Military Health System Research Symposium, August 2018, Kissimmee, FL; abstract # MHSRS-18-1688. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent National Institutes of Health, American Heart Association, National Endowment for Plastic Surgery, National Science Foundation or University of the Kentucky
| | - Alisha Bonaroti
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Kentucky, 1000 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536 Guarantor: Guoqaing Yu Presented as a poster at the 2018 Military Health System Research Symposium, August 2018, Kissimmee, FL; abstract # MHSRS-18-1688. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent National Institutes of Health, American Heart Association, National Endowment for Plastic Surgery, National Science Foundation or University of the Kentucky
| | - Lesley Wong
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Kentucky, 1000 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536 Guarantor: Guoqaing Yu Presented as a poster at the 2018 Military Health System Research Symposium, August 2018, Kissimmee, FL; abstract # MHSRS-18-1688. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent National Institutes of Health, American Heart Association, National Endowment for Plastic Surgery, National Science Foundation or University of the Kentucky
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 143 Graham Ave, Lexington, KY 40508
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Gossye H, Van Broeckhoven C, Engelborghs S. The Use of Biomarkers and Genetic Screening to Diagnose Frontotemporal Dementia: Evidence and Clinical Implications. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:757. [PMID: 31447625 PMCID: PMC6691066 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the wide range of neurodegenerative brain diseases, the differential diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) frequently poses a challenge. Often, signs and symptoms are not characteristic of the disease and may instead reflect atypical presentations. Consequently, the use of disease biomarkers is of importance to correctly identify the patients. Here, we describe how neuropsychological characteristics, neuroimaging and neurochemical biomarkers and screening for causal gene mutations can be used to differentiate FTD from other neurodegenerative diseases as well as to distinguish between FTD subtypes. Summarizing current evidence, we propose a stepwise approach in the diagnostic evaluation. Clinical consensus criteria that take into account a full neuropsychological examination have relatively good accuracy (sensitivity [se] 75–95%, specificity [sp] 82–95%) to diagnose FTD, although misdiagnosis (mostly AD) is common. Structural brain MRI (se 70–94%, sp 89–99%) and FDG PET (se 47–90%, sp 68–98%) or SPECT (se 36–100%, sp 41–100%) brain scans greatly increase diagnostic accuracy, showing greater involvement of frontal and anterior temporal lobes, with sparing of hippocampi and medial temporal lobes. If these results are inconclusive, we suggest detecting amyloid and tau cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers that can indicate the presence of AD with good accuracy (se 74–100%, sp 82–97%). The use of P-tau181 and the Aβ1–42/Aβ1–40 ratio significantly increases the accuracy of correctly identifying FTD vs. AD. Alternatively, an amyloid brain PET scan can be performed to differentiate FTD from AD. When autosomal dominant inheritance is suspected, or in early onset dementia, mutation screening of causal genes is indicated and may also be offered to at-risk family members. We have summarized genotype–phenotype correlations for several genes that are known to cause familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration, which is the neuropathological substrate of FTD. The genes most commonly associated with this disease (C9orf72, MAPT, GRN, TBK1) are discussed, as well as some less frequent ones (CHMP2B, VCP). Several other techniques, such as diffusion tensor imaging, tau PET imaging and measuring serum neurofilament levels, show promise for future implementation as diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Gossye
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.,Institute Born - Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Center for Neurosciences, UZ Brussel and Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.,Institute Born - Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Institute Born - Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Center for Neurosciences, UZ Brussel and Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Garritty C, Stevens A, Hamel C, Golfam M, Hutton B, Wolfe D. Knowledge Synthesis in Evidence-Based Medicine. Semin Nucl Med 2019; 49:136-144. [PMID: 30819393 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Systematic reviews are the most common form of knowledge synthesis and remain a cornerstone of the practice of evidence-based medicine. They offer enhanced rigor and validity relative to traditional narrative review articles by reducing bias and increasing objectivity. In answering focused research questions, systematic reviews are directly applicable to clinical practice as well as the development of clinical guidelines and the identification of knowledge gaps, which may drive future primary research directions. Typically, such a rigorous process necessarily requires substantive time to carefully and systematically identify, screen, and synthesize all relevant available primary research on a topic. Further, other knowledge synthesis methods have emerged to address the varying needs of decision makers with respect to condensed timelines and more diverse research questions, as well as to allow incorporation of already synthesized evidence into reviews. These alternative methods include rapid reviews, scoping reviews, and overviews of systematic reviews, which are being used with increasing frequency by clinicians, decision-makers, and researchers. We encourage clinicians and researchers in nuclear medicine and other imaging sciences to acquire a greater familiarity with these methods and to consider them in clinical decision making, the development of clinical guidelines, and the planning of future research activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Garritty
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Methods Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | - A Stevens
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Methods Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | - C Hamel
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Methods Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | - M Golfam
- Edmundston Regional Hospital, Vitalite Health Network, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - B Hutton
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Methods Centre, Ottawa, Canada; Ottawa University School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ottawa, Canada
| | - D Wolfe
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Methods Centre, Ottawa, Canada.
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Chen JJ. Functional MRI of brain physiology in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroimage 2018; 187:209-225. [PMID: 29793062 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain aging and associated neurodegeneration constitute a major societal challenge as well as one for the neuroimaging community. A full understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration still eludes medical researchers, fuelling the development of in vivo neuroimaging markers. Hence it is increasingly recognized that our understanding of neurodegenerative processes likely will depend upon the available information provided by imaging techniques. At the same time, the imaging techniques are often developed in response to the desire to observe certain physiological processes. In this context, functional MRI (fMRI), which has for decades provided information on neuronal activity, has evolved into a large family of techniques well suited for in vivo observations of brain physiology. Given the rapid technical advances in fMRI in recent years, this review aims to summarize the physiological basis of fMRI observations in healthy aging as well as in age-related neurodegeneration. This review focuses on in-vivo human brain imaging studies in this review and on disease features that can be imaged using fMRI methods. In addition to providing detailed literature summaries, this review also discusses future directions in the study of brain physiology using fMRI in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jean Chen
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Centre, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Martínez G, Vernooij RWM, Fuentes Padilla P, Zamora J, Bonfill Cosp X, Flicker L. 18F PET with florbetapir for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 11:CD012216. [PMID: 29164603 PMCID: PMC6486090 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012216.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 18F-florbetapir uptake by brain tissue measured by positron emission tomography (PET) is accepted by regulatory agencies like the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicine Agencies (EMA) for assessing amyloid load in people with dementia. Its added value is mainly demonstrated by excluding Alzheimer's pathology in an established dementia diagnosis. However, the National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) revised the diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease and confidence in the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer's disease may be increased when using amyloid biomarkers tests like 18F-florbetapir. These tests, added to the MCI core clinical criteria, might increase the diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) of a testing strategy. However, the DTA of 18F-florbetapir to predict the progression from MCI to Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) or other dementias has not yet been systematically evaluated. OBJECTIVES To determine the DTA of the 18F-florbetapir PET scan for detecting people with MCI at time of performing the test who will clinically progress to ADD, other forms of dementia (non-ADD), or any form of dementia at follow-up. SEARCH METHODS This review is current to May 2017. We searched MEDLINE (OvidSP), Embase (OvidSP), PsycINFO (OvidSP), BIOSIS Citation Index (Thomson Reuters Web of Science), Web of Science Core Collection, including the Science Citation Index (Thomson Reuters Web of Science) and the Conference Proceedings Citation Index (Thomson Reuters Web of Science), LILACS (BIREME), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), ClinicalTrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov), and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) (http://www.who.int/ictrp/search/en/). We also searched ALOIS, the Cochrane Dementia & Cognitive Improvement Group's specialised register of dementia studies (http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/alois/). We checked the reference lists of any relevant studies and systematic reviews, and performed citation tracking using the Science Citation Index to identify any additional relevant studies. No language or date restrictions were applied to the electronic searches. SELECTION CRITERIA We included studies that had prospectively defined cohorts with any accepted definition of MCI at time of performing the test and the use of 18F-florbetapir scan to evaluate the DTA of the progression from MCI to ADD or other forms of dementia. In addition, we only selected studies that applied a reference standard for Alzheimer's dementia diagnosis, for example, National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) criteria. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We screened all titles and abstracts identified in electronic-database searches. Two review authors independently selected studies for inclusion and extracted data to create two-by-two tables, showing the binary test results cross-classified with the binary reference standard. We used these data to calculate sensitivities, specificities, and their 95% confidence intervals. Two independent assessors performed quality assessment using the QUADAS-2 tool plus some additional items to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. MAIN RESULTS We included three studies, two of which evaluated the progression from MCI to ADD, and one evaluated the progression from MCI to any form of dementia.Progression from MCI to ADD was evaluated in 448 participants. The studies reported data on 401 participants with 1.6 years of follow-up and in 47 participants with three years of follow-up. Sixty-one (15.2%) participants converted at 1.6 years follow-up; nine (19.1%) participants converted at three years of follow-up.Progression from MCI to any form of dementia was evaluated in five participants with 1.5 years of follow-up, with three (60%) participants converting to any form of dementia.There were concerns regarding applicability in the reference standard in all three studies. Regarding the domain of flow and timing, two studies were considered at high risk of bias. MCI to ADD;Progression from MCI to ADD in those with a follow-up between two to less than four years had a sensitivity of 67% (95% CI 30 to 93) and a specificity of 71% (95% CI 54 to 85) by visual assessment (n = 47, 1 study).Progression from MCI to ADD in those with a follow-up between one to less than two years had a sensitivity of 89% (95% CI 78 to 95) and a specificity of 58% (95% CI 53 to 64) by visual assessment, and a sensitivity of 87% (95% CI 76 to 94) and a specificity of 51% (95% CI 45 to 56) by quantitative assessment by the standardised uptake value ratio (SUVR)(n = 401, 1 study). MCI to any form of dementia;Progression from MCI to any form of dementia in those with a follow-up between one to less than two years had a sensitivity of 67% (95% CI 9 to 99) and a specificity of 50% (95% CI 1 to 99) by visual assessment (n = 5, 1 study). MCI to any other forms of dementia (non-ADD);There was no information regarding the progression from MCI to any other form of dementia (non-ADD). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Although sensitivity was good in one included study, considering the poor specificity and the limited data available in the literature, we cannot recommend routine use of 18F-florbetapir PET in clinical practice to predict the progression from MCI to ADD.Because of the poor sensitivity and specificity, limited number of included participants, and the limited data available in the literature, we cannot recommend its routine use in clinical practice to predict the progression from MCI to any form of dementia.Because of the high financial costs of 18F-florbetapir, clearly demonstrating the DTA and standardising the process of this modality are important prior to its wider use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Martínez
- Iberoamerican Cochrane CentreC/ Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167Pavelló 18 Planta 0BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain08025
- Universidad de AntofagastaFaculty of Medicine and DentistryAntofagastaChile
- Institut Català de Neurociències AplicadesAlzheimer Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACEBarcelonaSpain
| | - Robin WM Vernooij
- Iberoamerican Cochrane CentreC/ Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167Pavelló 18 Planta 0BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain08025
| | - Paulina Fuentes Padilla
- Iberoamerican Cochrane CentreC/ Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167Pavelló 18 Planta 0BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain08025
- Universidad de AntofagastaFaculty of Medicine and DentistryAntofagastaChile
| | - Javier Zamora
- Ramon y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid (Spain) and Women's Health Research Unit, Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary University of LondonClinical Biostatistics UnitLondonMadridUK
| | - Xavier Bonfill Cosp
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau)Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167Pavilion 18BarcelonaCatalunyaSpain08025
- Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaSant Antoni Maria Claret, 167Pavilion 18 (D‐13)BarcelonaCatalunyaSpain08025
| | - Leon Flicker
- University of Western AustraliaWestern Australian Centre for Health & Ageing ‐ WACHACrawleyPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia6014
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Martínez G, Vernooij RWM, Fuentes Padilla P, Zamora J, Flicker L, Bonfill Cosp X. 18F PET with flutemetamol for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 11:CD012884. [PMID: 29164602 PMCID: PMC6486287 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 18F-flutemetamol uptake by brain tissue, measured by positron emission tomography (PET), is accepted by regulatory agencies like the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicine Agencies (EMA) for assessing amyloid load in people with dementia. Its added value is mainly demonstrated by excluding Alzheimer's pathology in an established dementia diagnosis. However, the National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) revised the diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease and the confidence in the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer's disease may be increased when using some amyloid biomarkers tests like 18F-flutemetamol. These tests, added to the MCI core clinical criteria, might increase the diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) of a testing strategy. However, the DTA of 18F-flutemetamol to predict the progression from MCI to Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) or other dementias has not yet been systematically evaluated. OBJECTIVES To determine the DTA of the 18F-flutemetamol PET scan for detecting people with MCI at time of performing the test who will clinically progress to ADD, other forms of dementia (non-ADD) or any form of dementia at follow-up. SEARCH METHODS The most recent search for this review was performed in May 2017. We searched MEDLINE (OvidSP), Embase (OvidSP), PsycINFO (OvidSP), BIOSIS Citation Index (Thomson Reuters Web of Science), Web of Science Core Collection, including the Science Citation Index (Thomson Reuters Web of Science) and the Conference Proceedings Citation Index (Thomson Reuters Web of Science), LILACS (BIREME), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), ClinicalTrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov), and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) (http://www.who.int/ictrp/search/en/). We also searched ALOIS, the Cochrane Dementia & Cognitive Improvement Group's specialised register of dementia studies (http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/alois/). We checked the reference lists of any relevant studies and systematic reviews, and performed citation tracking using the Science Citation Index to identify any additional relevant studies. No language or date restrictions were applied to the electronic searches. SELECTION CRITERIA We included studies that had prospectively defined cohorts with any accepted definition of MCI at time of performing the test and the use of 18F-flutemetamol scan to evaluate the DTA of the progression from MCI to ADD or other forms of dementia. In addition, we only selected studies that applied a reference standard for Alzheimer's dementia diagnosis, for example, National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) criteria. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We screened all titles and abstracts identified in electronic-database searches. Two review authors independently selected studies for inclusion and extracted data to create two-by-two tables, showing the binary test results cross-classified with the binary reference standard. We used these data to calculate sensitivities, specificities, and their 95% confidence intervals. Two independent assessors performed quality assessment using the QUADAS-2 tool plus some additional items to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. MAIN RESULTS Progression from MCI to ADD was evaluated in 243 participants from two studies. The studies reported data on 19 participants with two years of follow-up and on 224 participants with three years of follow-up. Nine (47.4%) participants converted at two years follow-up and 81 (36.2%) converted at three years of follow-up.There were concerns about participant selection and sampling in both studies. The index test domain in one study was considered unclear and in the second study it was considered at low risk of bias. For the reference standard domain, one study was considered at low risk and the second study was considered to have an unclear risk of bias. Regarding the domains of flow and timing, both studies were considered at high risk of bias. MCI to ADD;Progression from MCI to ADD at two years of follow-up had a sensitivity of 89% (95% CI 52 to 100) and a specificity of 80% (95% CI 44 to 97) by quantitative assessment by SUVR (n = 19, 1 study).Progression from MCI to ADD at three years of follow-up had a sensitivity of 64% (95% CI 53 to 75) and a specificity of 69% (95% CI 60 to 76) by visual assessment (n = 224, 1 study).There was no information regarding the other two objectives in this systematic review (SR): progression from MCI to other forms of dementia and progression to any form of dementia at follow-up. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Due to the varying sensitivity and specificity for predicting the progression from MCI to ADD and the limited data available, we cannot recommend routine use of 18F-flutemetamol in clinical practice. 18F-flutemetamol has high financial costs; therefore, clearly demonstrating its DTA and standardising the process of the 18F-flutemetamol modality is important prior to its wider use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Martínez
- Iberoamerican Cochrane CentreC/ Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167Pavelló 18 Planta 0BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain08025
- Universidad de AntofagastaFaculty of Medicine and DentistryAntofagastaChile
- Institut Català de Neurociències AplicadesAlzheimer Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACEBarcelonaSpain
| | - Robin WM Vernooij
- Iberoamerican Cochrane CentreC/ Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167Pavelló 18 Planta 0BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain08025
| | - Paulina Fuentes Padilla
- Iberoamerican Cochrane CentreC/ Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167Pavelló 18 Planta 0BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain08025
- Universidad de AntofagastaFaculty of Medicine and DentistryAntofagastaChile
| | - Javier Zamora
- Ramon y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid (Spain) and Women's Health Research Unit, Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary University of LondonClinical Biostatistics UnitLondonMadridUK
| | - Leon Flicker
- University of Western AustraliaWestern Australian Centre for Health & Ageing ‐ WACHACrawleyPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia6014
| | - Xavier Bonfill Cosp
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau)Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167Pavilion 18BarcelonaCatalunyaSpain08025
- Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaSant Antoni Maria Claret, 167Pavilion 18 (D‐13)BarcelonaCatalunyaSpain08025
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Martínez G, Vernooij RWM, Fuentes Padilla P, Zamora J, Flicker L, Bonfill Cosp X. 18F PET with florbetaben for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 11:CD012883. [PMID: 29164600 PMCID: PMC6485979 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 18F-florbetaben uptake by brain tissue, measured by positron emission tomography (PET), is accepted by regulatory agencies like the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicine Agencies (EMA) for assessing amyloid load in people with dementia. Its added value is mainly demonstrated by excluding Alzheimer's pathology in an established dementia diagnosis. However, the National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) revised the diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease and confidence in the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer's disease may be increased when using some amyloid biomarkers tests like 18F-florbetaben. These tests, added to the MCI core clinical criteria, might increase the diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) of a testing strategy. However, the DTA of 18F-florbetaben to predict the progression from MCI to Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) or other dementias has not yet been systematically evaluated. OBJECTIVES To determine the DTA of the 18F-florbetaben PET scan for detecting people with MCI at time of performing the test who will clinically progress to ADD, other forms of dementia (non-ADD), or any form of dementia at follow-up. SEARCH METHODS The most recent search for this review was performed in May 2017. We searched MEDLINE (OvidSP), Embase (OvidSP), PsycINFO (OvidSP), BIOSIS Citation Index (Thomson Reuters Web of Science), Web of Science Core Collection, including the Science Citation Index (Thomson Reuters Web of Science) and the Conference Proceedings Citation Index (Thomson Reuters Web of Science), LILACS (BIREME), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), ClinicalTrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov), and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) (http://www.who.int/ictrp/search/en/). We also searched ALOIS, the Cochrane Dementia & Cognitive Improvement Group's specialised register of dementia studies (http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/alois/). We checked the reference lists of any relevant studies and systematic reviews, and performed citation tracking using the Science Citation Index to identify any additional relevant studies. No language or date restrictions were applied to electronic searches. SELECTION CRITERIA We included studies that had prospectively defined cohorts with any accepted definition of MCI at time of performing the test and the use of 18F-florbetaben scan to evaluate the DTA of the progression from MCI to ADD or other forms of dementia. In addition, we only selected studies that applied a reference standard for Alzheimer's dementia diagnosis, for example, the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) criteria. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We screened all titles and abstracts identified in electronic-database searches. Two review authors independently selected studies for inclusion and extracted data to create two-by-two tables, showing the binary test results cross-classified with the binary reference standard. We used these data to calculate sensitivities, specificities, and their 95% confidence intervals. Two independent assessors performed quality assessment using the QUADAS-2 tool plus some additional items to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. MAIN RESULTS Progression from MCI to ADD, any other form of dementia, and any form of dementia was evaluated in one study (Ong 2015). It reported data on 45 participants at four years of follow-up; 21 participants met NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for Alzheimer's disease dementia at four years of follow-up, the proportion converting to ADD was 47% of the 45 participants, and 11% of the 45 participants met criteria for other types of dementias (three cases of FrontoTemporal Dementia (FTD), one of Dementia with Lewy body (DLB), and one of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)). We considered the study to be at high risk of bias in the domains of the reference standard, flow, and timing (QUADAS-2). MCI to ADD; 18F-florbetaben PET scan analysed visually: the sensitivity was 100% (95% confidence interval (CI) 84% to 100%) and the specificity was 83% (95% CI 63% to 98%) (n = 45, 1 study). Analysed quantitatively: the sensitivity was 100% (95% CI 84% to 100%) and the specificity was 88% (95% CI 68% to 97%) for the diagnosis of ADD at follow-up (n = 45, 1 study). MCI to any other form of dementia (non-ADD); 18F-florbetaben PET scan analysed visually: the sensitivity was 0% (95% CI 0% to 52%) and the specificity was 38% (95% CI 23% to 54%) (n = 45, 1 study). Analysed quantitatively: the sensitivity was 0% (95% CI 0% to 52%) and the specificity was 40% (95% CI 25% to 57%) for the diagnosis of any other form of dementia at follow-up (n = 45, 1 study). MCI to any form of dementia;18F-florbetaben PET scan analysed visually: the sensitivity was 81% (95% CI 61% to 93%) and the specificity was 79% (95% CI 54% to 94%) (n = 45, 1 study). Analysed quantitatively: the sensitivity was 81% (95% CI 61% to 93%) and the specificity was 84% (95% CI 60% to 97%) for the diagnosis of any form of dementia at follow-up (n = 45, 1 study). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Although we were able to calculate one estimation of DTA in, especially, the prediction of progression from MCI to ADD at four years follow-up, the small number of participants implies imprecision of sensitivity and specificity estimates. We cannot make any recommendation regarding the routine use of 18F-florbetaben in clinical practice based on one single study with 45 participants. 18F-florbetaben has high financial costs, therefore, clearly demonstrating its DTA and standardising the process of the 18F-florbetaben modality are important prior to its wider use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Martínez
- Iberoamerican Cochrane CentreC/ Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167Pavelló 18 Planta 0BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain08025
- Universidad de AntofagastaFaculty of Medicine and DentistryAntofagastaChile
- Institut Català de Neurociències AplicadesAlzheimer Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACEBarcelonaSpain
| | - Robin WM Vernooij
- Iberoamerican Cochrane CentreC/ Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167Pavelló 18 Planta 0BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain08025
| | - Paulina Fuentes Padilla
- Iberoamerican Cochrane CentreC/ Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167Pavelló 18 Planta 0BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain08025
- Universidad de AntofagastaFaculty of Medicine and DentistryAntofagastaChile
| | - Javier Zamora
- Ramon y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid (Spain) and Women's Health Research Unit, Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary University of LondonClinical Biostatistics UnitLondonMadridUK
| | - Leon Flicker
- University of Western AustraliaWestern Australian Centre for Health & Ageing ‐ WACHACrawleyPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia6014
| | - Xavier Bonfill Cosp
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau)Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167Pavilion 18BarcelonaCatalunyaSpain08025
- Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaSant Antoni Maria Claret, 167Pavilion 18 (D‐13)BarcelonaCatalunyaSpain08025
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Kollack-Walker S, Liu CY, Fleisher AS. The Role of Neuroimaging in the Assessment of the Cognitively Impaired Elderly. Neurol Clin 2017; 35:231-262. [PMID: 28410658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the current diagnostic tools that are available for structural, functional, and molecular imaging of the brain, summarizing some of the key findings that have been reported in individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer disease, mild cognitive impairment, prodromal AD, or other prevalent dementias. Given recent advances in the development of amyloid PET tracers, current guidelines for the use of amyloid PET imaging in patients with cognitive complaints are reviewed. In addition, data addressing the potential value of amyloid PET imaging in the clinical setting are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kollack-Walker
- Scientific Comm, Global Med Comm - Bio-Medicines BU-NS, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | - Collin Y Liu
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, 1520 San Pablo Street, HCC-2, Suite 3000, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Adam S Fleisher
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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Knight MJ, McCann B, Kauppinen RA, Coulthard EJ. Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Detect Early Molecular and Cellular Changes in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:139. [PMID: 27378911 PMCID: PMC4909770 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent pharmaceutical trials have demonstrated that slowing or reversing pathology in Alzheimer's disease is likely to be possible only in the earliest stages of disease, perhaps even before significant symptoms develop. Pathology in Alzheimer's disease accumulates for well over a decade before symptoms are detected giving a large potential window of opportunity for intervention. It is therefore important that imaging techniques detect subtle changes in brain tissue before significant macroscopic brain atrophy. Current diagnostic techniques often do not permit early diagnosis or are too expensive for routine clinical use. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the most versatile, affordable, and powerful imaging modality currently available, being able to deliver detailed analyses of anatomy, tissue volumes, and tissue state. In this mini-review, we consider how MRI might detect patients at risk of future dementia in the early stages of pathological change when symptoms are mild. We consider the contributions made by the various modalities of MRI (structural, diffusion, perfusion, relaxometry) in identifying not just atrophy (a late-stage AD symptom) but more subtle changes reflective of early dementia pathology. The sensitivity of MRI not just to gross anatomy but to the underlying "health" at the cellular (and even molecular) scales, makes it very well suited to this task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Knight
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | - Bryony McCann
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | - Risto A Kauppinen
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of BristolBristol, UK; Clinical Research and Imaging Centre, University of BristolBristol, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Coulthard
- Research into Memory the Brain and Dementia Group, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, University of BristolBristol, UK; North Bristol NHS TrustBristol, UK
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Martínez G, Flicker L, Vernooij RWM, Fuentes Padilla P, Zamora J, Roqué i Figuls M, Urrútia G, Bonfill Cosp X. 18F PET ligands for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Martínez
- Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre; C/ Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167 Pavelló 18 Planta 0 Barcelona Barcelona Spain 08025
| | - Leon Flicker
- University of Western Australia; Western Australian Centre for Health & Ageing - WACHA; Crawley Perth Western Australia Australia 6014
| | - Robin WM Vernooij
- Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre; C/ Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167 Pavelló 18 Planta 0 Barcelona Barcelona Spain 08025
| | - Paulina Fuentes Padilla
- Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre; C/ Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167 Pavelló 18 Planta 0 Barcelona Barcelona Spain 08025
| | - Javier Zamora
- Ramon y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid (Spain) and Queen Mary University of London; Clinical Biostatistics Unit; Ctra. Colmenar km 9,100 Madrid Madrid Spain 28034
| | - Marta Roqué i Figuls
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre - Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau); Sant Antoni Maria Claret 171 Edifici Casa de Convalescència Barcelona Catalunya Spain 08041
| | - Gerard Urrútia
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre - Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau); Sant Antoni Maria Claret 171 Edifici Casa de Convalescència Barcelona Catalunya Spain 08041
| | - Xavier Bonfill Cosp
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre - Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau); Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167 Pavilion 18 (D-13) Barcelona Catalunya Spain 08025
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167 Pavilion 18 (D-13) Barcelona Catalunya Spain 08025
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