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Althobiani MA, Russell AM, Jacob J, Ranjan Y, Folarin AA, Hurst JR, Porter JC. Interstitial lung disease: a review of classification, etiology, epidemiology, clinical diagnosis, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1296890. [PMID: 38698783 PMCID: PMC11063378 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1296890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) refer to a heterogeneous and complex group of conditions characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, or both, in the interstitium of the lungs. This results in impaired gas exchange, leading to a worsening of respiratory symptoms and a decline in lung function. While the etiology of some ILDs is unclear, most cases can be traced back to factors such as genetic predispositions, environmental exposures (including allergens, toxins, and air pollution), underlying autoimmune diseases, or the use of certain medications. There has been an increase in research and evidence aimed at identifying etiology, understanding epidemiology, improving clinical diagnosis, and developing both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge in the field of interstitial lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik A. Althobiani
- Royal Free Campus, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anne-Marie Russell
- School of Health and Care Professions, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Jacob
- UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Satsuma Lab, Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yatharth Ranjan
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amos A. Folarin
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at University College London Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - John R. Hurst
- Royal Free Campus, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna C. Porter
- UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Izsák VD, Soós A, Szakács Z, Hegyi P, Juhász MF, Varannai O, Martonosi ÁR, Földi M, Kozma A, Vajda Z, Shaw JAM, Párniczky A. Screening Methods for Diagnosing Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes: A Network Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:520. [PMID: 33807165 PMCID: PMC8065857 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) has become more common due to higher life expectancy with cystic fibrosis. Early recognition and prompt treatment of CFRD leads to improved outcomes. METHODS We performed a network meta-analysis (NMA) in order to identify the most valuable diagnostic metrics for diagnosing CFRD out of available screening tools (index test), using the oral glucose tolerance test as a reference standard. Pooled sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), and superiority indices were calculated and used to rank the index tests. RESULTS A total of 31 articles with 25 index tests were eligible for inclusion. Two-day, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) ranked the highest (Se: 86% Sp: 76%), followed by glucose measurement from blood capillary samples (Se: 70%, Sp: 82%) and three-day CGM (Se: 96%, Sp: 56%). When we compared the CGM of different durations, two-day CGM performed best (Se: 88%, Sp: 80%), followed by three-day (Se: 96%, Sp: 59%) and six-day CGM (Se: 66%, Sp: 79%). CONCLUSIONS Considering its overall performance ranking, as well as the high sensitivity, two-day CGM appears to be a promising screening test for CFRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Dóra Izsák
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (V.D.I.); (A.S.); (Z.S.); (P.H.); (M.F.J.); (O.V.); (Á.R.M.); (M.F.); (A.K.)
- Heim Pál National Pediatrics Institute, 1089 Budapest, Hungary;
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Soós
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (V.D.I.); (A.S.); (Z.S.); (P.H.); (M.F.J.); (O.V.); (Á.R.M.); (M.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Zsolt Szakács
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (V.D.I.); (A.S.); (Z.S.); (P.H.); (M.F.J.); (O.V.); (Á.R.M.); (M.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (V.D.I.); (A.S.); (Z.S.); (P.H.); (M.F.J.); (O.V.); (Á.R.M.); (M.F.); (A.K.)
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Márk Félix Juhász
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (V.D.I.); (A.S.); (Z.S.); (P.H.); (M.F.J.); (O.V.); (Á.R.M.); (M.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Orsolya Varannai
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (V.D.I.); (A.S.); (Z.S.); (P.H.); (M.F.J.); (O.V.); (Á.R.M.); (M.F.); (A.K.)
- Heim Pál National Pediatrics Institute, 1089 Budapest, Hungary;
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Rita Martonosi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (V.D.I.); (A.S.); (Z.S.); (P.H.); (M.F.J.); (O.V.); (Á.R.M.); (M.F.); (A.K.)
- Heim Pál National Pediatrics Institute, 1089 Budapest, Hungary;
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária Földi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (V.D.I.); (A.S.); (Z.S.); (P.H.); (M.F.J.); (O.V.); (Á.R.M.); (M.F.); (A.K.)
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Kozma
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (V.D.I.); (A.S.); (Z.S.); (P.H.); (M.F.J.); (O.V.); (Á.R.M.); (M.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Zsolt Vajda
- Heim Pál National Pediatrics Institute, 1089 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - James AM Shaw
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
| | - Andrea Párniczky
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (V.D.I.); (A.S.); (Z.S.); (P.H.); (M.F.J.); (O.V.); (Á.R.M.); (M.F.); (A.K.)
- Heim Pál National Pediatrics Institute, 1089 Budapest, Hungary;
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
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