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Liu X, Gharasoo M, Shi Y, Sigmund G, Hüffer T, Duan L, Wang Y, Ji R, Hofmann T, Chen W. Key Physicochemical Properties Dictating Gastrointestinal Bioaccessibility of Microplastics-Associated Organic Xenobiotics: Insights from a Deep Learning Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12051-12062. [PMID: 32931256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A potential risk from human uptake of microplastics is the release of plastics-associated xenobiotics, but the key physicochemical properties of microplastics controlling this process are elusive. Here, we show that the gastrointestinal bioaccessibility, assessed using an in vitro digestive model, of two model xenobiotics (pyrene, at 391-624 mg/kg, and 4-nonylphenol, at 3054-8117 mg/kg) bound to 18 microplastics (including pristine polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, thermoplastic polyurethane, and polyethylene, and two artificially aged samples of each polymer) covered wide ranges: 16.1-77.4% and 26.4-83.8%, respectively. Sorption/desorption experiments conducted in simulated gastric fluid indicated that structural rigidity of polymers was an important factor controlling bioaccessibility of the nonpolar, nonionic pyrene, likely by inducing physical entrapment of pyrene in porous domains, whereas polarity of microplastics controlled bioaccessibility of 4-nonylphenol, by regulating polar interactions. The changes of bioaccessibility induced by microplastics aging corroborated the important roles of polymeric structures and surface polarity in dictating sorption affinity and degree of desorption hysteresis, and consequently, gastrointestinal bioaccessibility. Variance-based global sensitivity analysis using a deep learning neural network approach further revealed that micropore volume was the most important microplastics property controlling bioaccessibility of pyrene, whereas the O/C ratio played a key role in dictating the bioaccessibility of 4-nonylphenol in the gastric tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Mehdi Gharasoo
- University of Waterloo, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ecohydrology, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yu Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Gabriel Sigmund
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Research Platform Plastics in the Environment and Society (PLENTY), Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thorsten Hüffer
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Research Platform Plastics in the Environment and Society (PLENTY), Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lin Duan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Research Platform Plastics in the Environment and Society (PLENTY), Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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González-García I, Mangas-Sanjuán V, Merino-Sanjuán M, Bermejo M. In vitro–in vivocorrelations: general concepts, methodologies and regulatory applications. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 41:1935-47. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1054833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Khadra I, Zhou Z, Dunn C, Wilson CG, Halbert G. Statistical investigation of simulated intestinal fluid composition on the equilibrium solubility of biopharmaceutics classification system class II drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 67:65-75. [PMID: 25444845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A drug's solubility and dissolution behaviour within the gastrointestinal tract is a key property for successful administration by the oral route and one of the key factors in the biopharmaceutics classification system. This property can be determined by investigating drug solubility in human intestinal fluid (HIF) but this is difficult to obtain and highly variable, which has led to the development of multiple simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) recipes. Using a statistical design of experiment (DoE) technique this paper has investigated the effects and interactions on equilibrium drug solubility of seven typical SIF components (sodium taurocholate, lecithin, sodium phosphate, sodium chloride, pH, pancreatin and sodium oleate) within concentration ranges relevant to human intestinal fluid values. A range of poorly soluble drugs with acidic (naproxen, indomethacin, phenytoin, and piroxicam), basic (aprepitant, carvedilol, zafirlukast, tadalafil) or neutral (fenofibrate, griseofulvin, felodipine and probucol) properties have been investigated. The equilibrium solubility results determined are comparable with literature studies of the drugs in either HIF or SIF indicating that the DoE is operating in the correct space. With the exception of pancreatin, all of the factors individually had a statistically significant influence on equilibrium solubility with variations in magnitude of effect between the acidic and basic or neutral compounds and drug specific interactions were evident. Interestingly for the neutral compounds pH was the factor with the second largest solubility effect. Around one third of all the possible factor combinations showed a significant influence on equilibrium solubility with variations in interaction significance and magnitude of effect between the acidic and basic or neutral compounds. The least number of significant media component interactions were noted for the acidic compounds with three and the greatest for the neutral compounds at seven, with again drug specific effects evident. This indicates that a drug's equilibrium solubility in SIF is influenced depending upon drug type by between eight to fourteen individual or combinations of media components with some of these drug specific. This illustrates the complex nature of these fluids and provides for individual drugs a visualisation of the possible solubility envelope within the gastrointestinal tract, which may be of importance for modelling in vivo behaviour. In addition the results indicate that the design of experiment approach can be employed to provide greater detail of drug solubility behaviour, possible drug specific interactions and influence of variations in gastrointestinal media components due to disease. The approach is also feasible and amenable to adaptation for high throughput screening of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| | - Claire Dunn
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
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Weng T, Qi J, Lu Y, Wang K, Tian Z, Hu K, Yin Z, Wu W. The role of lipid-based nano delivery systems on oral bioavailability enhancement of fenofibrate, a BCS II drug: comparison with fast-release formulations. J Nanobiotechnology 2014; 12:39. [PMID: 25248304 PMCID: PMC4180958 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-014-0039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare various formulations solid dispersion pellets (SDP), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) generally accepted to be the most efficient drug delivery systems for BCS II drugs using fenofibrate (FNB) as a model drug. The size and morphology of NLCs and SMEDDS was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Their release behaviors were investigated in medium with or without pancreatic lipase. The oral bioavailability of the various formulations was compared in beagle dogs using commercial Lipanthyl® capsules (micronized formulation) as a reference. The release of FNB from SDP was much faster than that from NLCs and SMEDDS in medium without lipase, whereas the release rate from NLCs and SMEDDS was increased after adding pancreatic lipase into the release medium. However, NLCs and SMEDDS increased the bioavailability of FNB to 705.11% and 809.10%, respectively, in comparison with Lipanthyl® capsules, although the relative bioavailability of FNB was only 366.05% after administration of SDPs. Thus, lipid-based drug delivery systems (such as NLCs and SMEDDS) may have more advantages than immediate release systems (such as SDPs and Lipanthyl® capsules).
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Opportunities and challenges for oral delivery of hydrophobic versus hydrophilic peptide and protein-like drugs using lipid-based technologies. Ther Deliv 2011; 2:1633-53. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide and protein-like drugs are macromolecules currently produced in increasing numbers by the pharmaceutical biotechnology industry. The physicochemical properties of these molecules pose barriers to oral administration. Lipid-based drug-delivery systems have the potential to overcome these barriers and may be utilized to formulate safe, stable and efficacious oral medicines. This review outlines the design of such lipid-based technologies. The mechanisms whereby these formulations enhance the absorption of lipophilic versus hydrophilic peptide and protein-like drugs are discussed. In the case of lipophilic compounds, the advantages of lipid-based drug-delivery systems including increased solubilization, decreased intestinal efflux, decreased intracellular metabolism and possible lymphatic transport are well established as is evident from the success of Neoral® and other drug products on the market. In contrast, with respect to hydrophilic compounds, the situation is more complex and, while promising formulation approaches have been studied, issues including reproducibility of response, intersubject variability and duration of response require further optimization before commercially viable products are possible.
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Zughaid H, Forbes B, Martin GP, Patel N. Bile salt composition is secondary to bile salt concentration in determining hydrocortisone and progesterone solubility in intestinal mimetic fluids. Int J Pharm 2011; 422:295-301. [PMID: 22101287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simulated intestinal fluids (SIFs) used to assay the solubility of orally administered drugs are typically based on a single bile salt; sodium taurocholate (STC). The aim of this study was to develop mimetic intestinal fluids with a closer similarity to physiological fluids than those reported to date by developing a mixed bile salt (MBS) system (STC, sodium glycodeoxycholate, sodium deoxycholate; 60:39:1) with different concentrations of lecithin, the preponderant intestinal phospholipid. Hydrocortisone and progesterone were used as model drugs to evaluate systematically the influence of SIF composition on solubility. Increasing total bile salt concentration from 0 to 30 mM increased hydrocortisone and progesterone solubility by 2- and ∼25-fold, respectively. Accordingly, higher solubilities were measured in the fed-state compared to the fasted-state SIFs. Progesterone showed the greatest increases in solubility in STC and MBS systems (2-7-fold) compared to hydrocortisone (no significant change; P>0.05) as lecithin concentration was increased. Overall, MBS systems gave similar solubility profiles to STC. In conclusion, the addenda of MBS and lecithin were found to be secondary to the influence of BS concentration. These data provide a foundation for the design of more bio-similar media for pivotal decision-guiding assays in drug development and quality control settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda Zughaid
- King's College London, King's Health Partners, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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Di Maio S, Carrier RL. Gastrointestinal contents in fasted state and post-lipid ingestion: In vivo measurements and in vitro models for studying oral drug delivery. J Control Release 2011; 151:110-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kleberg K, Jacobsen F, Fatouros DG, Müllertz A. Biorelevant media simulating fed state intestinal fluids: colloid phase characterization and impact on solubilization capacity. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:3522-32. [PMID: 20564382 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to study the impact of free fatty acid and monoglyceride level and ratio on the nanostructural composition and solubilizing capacity of media simulating fed state intestinal fluids (SIFs). SIFs, without or with oleic acid/monoolein (OA/MO) in ratios of 2:1 or 6:1 were composed and characterized by surface tension, dynamic light scattering, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. Additionally solubilizing capacities towards three poorly water-soluble compounds: danazol, fenofibrate, and cinnarizine, were assessed. The surface tension of the media was not affected by the OA/MO ratio but only determined by the total surfactant concentration. The media with no lipolysis products only contained micelles, whereas media with lipolysis products also contained vesicles and other colloidal structures. The structures in the 6:1 media were more numerous and more well-defined regarding shape and size. The nanostructural composition of the media did influence the solubilizing capacity toward fenofibrate and cinnarizine, but not toward danazol. The relative composition of SIFs is important for the solubilizing capacity of some drug compounds. The findings in this study suggest that the affinity of the drug to the different colloidal structures is determining for the solubility of the compound in the media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Kleberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Buch P, Holm P, Thomassen JQ, Scherer D, Branscheid R, Kolb U, Langguth P. IVIVC for Fenofibrate Immediate Release Tablets Using Solubility and Permeability as In Vitro Predictors for Pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:4427-36. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lehto P, Aaltonen J, Tenho M, Rantanen J, Hirvonen J, Tanninen VP, Peltonen L. Solvent-Mediated Solid Phase Transformations of cArbamazepine: Effects of Simulated Intestinal Fluid and Fasted State Simulated Intestinal Fluid. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:985-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Using biorelevant dissolution to obtain IVIVC of solid dosage forms containing a poorly-soluble model compound. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 69:648-57. [PMID: 18280122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2006] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jantratid E, Janssen N, Reppas C, Dressman JB. Dissolution Media Simulating Conditions in the Proximal Human Gastrointestinal Tract: An Update. Pharm Res 2008; 25:1663-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9569-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Porter CJ, Pouton CW, Cuine JF, Charman WN. Enhancing intestinal drug solubilisation using lipid-based delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:673-91. [PMID: 18155801 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-based delivery systems are finding increasing application in the oral delivery of poorly water-soluble, lipophilic drugs. Whilst lipidic dose forms may improve oral bioavailability via several mechanisms, enhancement of gastrointestinal solubilisation remains argueably the most important method of absorption enhancement. This review firstly describes the mechanistic rationale which underpins the use of lipid-based delivery systems to enhance drug solubilisation and briefly reviews the available literature describing increases in oral bioavailability after the administration of lipid solution, suspension and self-emulsifying formulations. The use of in vitro methods including dispersion tests and more complex models of in vitro lipolysis as indicators of potential in vivo performance are subsequently described, with particular focus on recent data which suggests that the digestion of surfactants present in lipid-based formulations may impact on formulation performance. Finally, a series of seven guiding principles for formulation design of lipid-based delivery systems are suggested based on an analysis of recent data generated in our laboratories and elsewhere.
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Comparison of the Wetting Properties of Three Commonly Used Simulated Intestinal Fluids Used as Dissolution Media in the Characterization of Drugs. J SOLUTION CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-007-9150-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Joshi VY, Sawant MR. Study on Dissolution Rate Enhancement of Poorly Water Soluble Drug: Contributions of Solubility Enhancement and Relatively Low Micelle Diffusivity. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690600859374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Orioni B, Roversi M, La Mesa C, Asaro F, Pellizer G, D'Errico G. Polymorphic Behavior in Protein−Surfactant Mixtures: The Water−Bovine Serum Albumin−Sodium Taurodeoxycholate System. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:12129-40. [PMID: 16800527 DOI: 10.1021/jp055950r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mixtures containing water, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and sodium taurodeoxycholate (NaTDC), a component of the bile in mammals, have been investigated in a wide range of composition and pH. Depending on the concentration of both solutes and the pH, solutions, precipitates, and gels are formed. Under spontaneous pH conditions, the transport properties in dilute solutions indicate the occurrence of significant interactions between BSA and the surfactant. Conversely, acidic media favor the formation of nonsoluble protein-surfactant complexes, with subsequent precipitation. The nucleation kinetics of the protein-surfactant complexes in solid form and the related precipitation processes can be slow or fast, depending on the overall solute content and the mole ratio. At high concentrations, a gel, extending on both sides of the charge neutralization line, and two-phase regions are observed. Gels shrink in open air and swell in the presence of excess water. Depending on concentration and temperature, the gels transform from an essentially liquidlike behavior to that peculiar to true gels (when G' > or = G''). The thermal gelation threshold, the temperature above which G' > or = G'', depends on BSA and NaTDC content and is concomitant to moderate heat effects, inferred by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The above data also indicate that the protein thermal denaturation in the gel is shifted to higher temperatures compared to water. Such a stabilizing effect is presumably related to the occurrence of both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with NaTDC. Water self-diffusion in the gels is slightly slower than that in the bulk and poorly sensitive to composition: it is about 65% the value of neat H2O in a wide concentration range, irrespective of the BSA, or NaTDC, concentration. A peculiar behavior is also observed in 23Na longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates. The T1 and T2 values, measured at 105.75 MHz on BSA-NaTDC gels, indicate that the motions determining the NMR relaxation of the sodium ions in the hydration layer of the protein-surfactant aggregates are not slow, having frequencies comparable with the Larmor one. The above properties, especially the rheological and the spectroscopic ones, are important for understanding the behavior of gels based on protein-surfactant mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Orioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica and SOFT-INFM-CNR Research Center, Università La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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Sunesen VH, Pedersen BL, Kristensen HG, Müllertz A. In vivo in vitro correlations for a poorly soluble drug, danazol, using the flow-through dissolution method with biorelevant dissolution media. Eur J Pharm Sci 2005; 24:305-13. [PMID: 15734297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2003] [Revised: 09/28/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to design dissolution tests that were able to distinguish between the behaviour of danazol under fasted and fed conditions, by using biorelevant media. In vitro dissolution of 100mg danazol capsules was performed using the flow-through dissolution method. Flow rates were 8, 16 or 32 ml/min, corresponding to total volumes dissolution medium of 960, 1920 and 3840 ml, respectively. The media used contained bile salt and phospholipid levels relevant for either fasted or fed conditions in vivo. Crude and inexpensive bile components, Porcine Bile Extract and soybean phospholipids, were used as the bile source. The effect of adding different concentrations and molar ratios of monoglycerides and fatty acids to the fed state media was investigated. In vivo release profiles under fasted and fed conditions were obtained from a previous study by deconvolution [Sunesen, V.H., Vedelsdal, R., Kristensen, H.G., Christrup, L., Müllertz, A. 2005. Effect of liquid volume and food intake on the absolute bioavailability of danazol, a poorly soluble drug, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 24, 297-303]. In the fasted state, the physiologically most relevant correlation with in vivo results was achieved with a medium containing 6.3 mM bile salts and 1.25 mM phospholipids (8 ml/min). A medium containing 18.8 mM bile salts, 3.75 mM phospholipids, 4.0 mM monoglycerides and 30 mM fatty acids (8 ml/min) gave the closest correlation with fed state in vivo results. By using the flow-through dissolution method it was possible to obtain correlations with in vivo release of danazol under fasted and fed conditions. Both hydrodynamics and medium composition were important for the dissolution of danazol. In the fed state an IVIVC could only be obtained by including monoglycerides and fatty acids in the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Hougaard Sunesen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
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Balakrishnan A, Rege BD, Amidon GL, Polli JE. Surfactant-mediated dissolution: Contributions of solubility enhancement and relatively low micelle diffusivity. J Pharm Sci 2004; 93:2064-75. [PMID: 15236455 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the contributions of surfactant-mediated solubility and micellar diffusivity on the ability of surfactant to enhance drug dissolution. The following model was derived to predict the degree to which surfactants enhance griseofulvin dissolution: phi = 1 + (fm/ff).((D(D-M)2/3)/(DD2/3)) where phi is the degree of surfactant-mediated dissolution enhancement, fm is the fraction of the drug in micelle, and ff is the fraction of free drug, and DD and D(D-M) are the diffusivities of free drug and drug-loaded micelles, respectively. The Wood apparatus was used to measure the dissolution of griseofluvin in the presence of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), the cationic surfactant cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), and the neutral surfactants Tween 80 and Cremophor EL. DD was estimated using the Levich equation. D(D-M) was measured using dynamic light scattering. Griseofulvin solubility was evaluated in SDS, CTAB, Tween 80, and Cremophor EL at the surfactant concentrations used in the dissolution studies. DD was 11.0 x 10(-6) cm2/s. D(D-M) was 1.29 x 10(-6) cm2/s, 0.956 x 10(-6) cm2/s, 0.569 x 10(-6) cm2/s, and 0.404 x 10(-6) cm2/s for griseofulvin-loaded micelles of SDS, CTAB, Tween 80, and Cremophor EL, respectively. At the highest surfactant concentrations studied, griseofulvin solubility increased 107-fold, 31-fold, fourfold, and threefold for SDS, CTAB, Tween 80, and Cremophor EL. Dissolution into SDS and CTAB were markedly enhanced, but only about one-third as much as solubility enhancement. Dissolution enhancement in the presence of SDS and CTAB were in excellent agreement with model predicted values, with prediction error less than 12%. The model predicted dissolution into Tween 80 and Cremophor EL to be minimally enhanced, as was observed, although the model underpredicted dissolution into these two neutral surfactants. The derived model predicted surfactant-mediated dissolution and reflects dissolution enhancement to be promoted by surfactant-enhanced solubility, but limited by the relatively slow diffusion of drug-loaded surfactant micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Balakrishnan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201, USA
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Holman HYN, Goth-Goldstein R, Aston D, Yun M, Kengsoontra J. Evaluation of gastrointestinal solubilization of petroleum hydrocarbon residues in soil using an in vitro physiologically based model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2002; 36:1281-1286. [PMID: 11944681 DOI: 10.1021/es010987k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum hydrocarbon residues in weathered soils may pose risks to humans through the ingestion pathway. To understand the factors controlling their gastrointestinal (GI) absorption, a newly developed experimental extraction protocol was used to model the GI solubility of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) residues in highly weathered soils from different sites. The GI solubility of TPH residues was significantly higher for soil contaminated with diesel than with crude oil. Compared to the solubility of TPH residues during fasted state,the solubility of TPH residues during fat digestion was much greater. Diesel solubility increased from an average of 8% during the "gallbladder empty" phase of fasting (and less than 0.2% during the otherfasting phase) to an average of 16% during fat digestion. For crude oil, the solubility increased from an average of 1.2% during the gallbladder empty phase of fasting (and undetectable during the other fasting phase) to an average of 4.5% during fat digestion. Increasing the concentration of bile salts also increased GI solubility. GI solubility was reduced by soil organic carbon but enhanced by the TPH content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi-Ying N Holman
- E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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Scholz A, Abrahamsson B, Diebold SM, Kostewicz E, Polentarutti BI, Ungell AL, Dressman JB. Influence of hydrodynamics and particle size on the absorption of felodipine in labradors. Pharm Res 2002; 19:42-6. [PMID: 11837699 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013651215061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the influence of GI hydrodynamics and drug particle size on felodipine absorption in the dog. METHODS Labradors fistulated at midjejunum were used to selectively study the influence of hydrodynamics and particle size on the in vivo dissolution and absorption of the poorly soluble, lipophilic drug felodipine. A combination of infusion and oral administration of either normal saline or a 5% glucose solution was used to maintain "fasted" and establish "fed" state motility patterns, respectively. The absorption characteristics of both a micronized (8 microm) and a coarse fraction (125 micom) of felodipine were subsequently studied under these two motility patterns. RESULTS A reduction in particle size led up to an approximate 22-fold increase in maximum plasma concentration and up to an approximate 14-fold increase in area under the curve, with a commensurate decrease in the time at which the maximum plasma concentration occurred. Although the absorption of felodipine from the solution and micronized suspension was not influenced by a change in the hydrodynamics, felodipine was absorbed from the coarse suspension almost twice as well in the "fed" state as under "fasted" conditions. CONCLUSIONS Absorption from coarse suspensions of felodipine was sensitive to luminal hydrodynamics, whereas micronized suspensions were not. However, the particle size seems to have a much more important influence on the bioavailability of felodipine than the hydrodynamics per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Scholz
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Abstract
In recent years there has been an increase in interest in the utility of lipid based delivery systems, at least in part as a result of the effective development of lipid based products such as Sandimmun Neoral (cyclosporin), Norvir (ritonavir) and Fortovase (saquinavir). The development pathway for lipid based formulations, however, is still largely empirical, and in vitro models that are predictive of oral bioavailability enhancement are lacking. The use of modified dissolution media, reflecting the bile salt and phospholipid levels in the intestine, has met with some success in terms of the ability to predict the bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs and the potential bioavailability enhancing effects of food. These approaches, however, do not have the flexibility or complexity to deal with the interactions inherent in the digestion, dispersion and solubilisation of a lipid based formulation and the coincident dissolution profile of a co-administered drug. In this review, the utility of modified dissolution media to predict the impact of food on the absorption of poorly water soluble, lipophilic drugs, is explored. These dissolution based systems are subsequently contrasted with the use of lipid digestion models which have found increasing application in assessment of the interaction of digestible dose forms with the gastrointestinal milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Porter
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia.
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