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Recchimurzo A, Balzano F, Uccello Barretta G, Gherardi L, Malanga M, Aiello F. Silylated-Acetylated Cyclodextrins as Chiral Sensors for the Enantiodiscrimination of Fluorinated Anesthetics. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062804. [PMID: 36985776 PMCID: PMC10058779 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Silylated-acetylated cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives have recently been investigated, via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, as chiral sensors for substrates that are endowed and devoid of fluorine atoms, and the importance of Si-F interaction in the discrimination phenomena has been assessed. Here, the contributions of both superficial interactions and inclusion processes were further evaluated by extending the records to other chiral fluorinated substrates of interest for pharmaceutical applications. Non-equivalences were measured for both the 1H and 19F resonances in equimolar mixtures with the CDs; the promising results also supported the use of chiral sensors in sub-stoichiometric amounts. Finally, the occurrence of inclusion processes was evaluated by analyzing the intermolecular dipolar interactions by means of ROESY (Rotating-frame Overhauser Enhancement Spectroscopy) experiments. The study confirmed that the γCD derivative is the best chiral solvating agent for the fluorinated substrates investigated, likely due to the higher number of silyl moieties that can be involved in Si-F interactions. The contribution of inclusion processes to the enantiodiscrimination was also confirmed by comparison with the α- and β-analogues. Overall, the CD derivatives proved to be able to discriminate fluorinated substrates even when used in sub-stoichiometric amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Recchimurzo
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Balzano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gloria Uccello Barretta
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Gherardi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Milo Malanga
- CycloLab, Cyclodextrin R&D Ltd., Illatos út. 7, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Federica Aiello
- National Research Council, Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (CNR-IPCF), via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Chiral Discrimination Mechanisms by Silylated-Acetylated Cyclodextrins: Superficial Interactions vs. Inclusion. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113169. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrin derivatives constitute a powerful class of auxiliary agents for the discrimination of apolar chiral substrates. Both host–guest inclusion phenomena and interactions with the derivatizing groups located on the surface of the macrocycle could drive the enantiodiscrimination; thus, it is important to understand the role that these processes play in the rational design of new chiral selectors. The purpose of this study is to compare via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy the efficiency of silylated-acetylated α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins in the chiral discrimination of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-2-(fluoromethoxy)-3-methoxypropane (compound B) and methyl 2-chloropropionate (MCP). NMR DOSY (Diffusion Ordered SpectroscopY) experiments were conducted for the determination of the bound molar fractions and the association constants, whereas ROESY (Rotating-frame Overhauser Enhancement SpectroscopY) measurements provided information on the hosts’ conformation and on the interaction phenomena with the guests. Compound B, endowed with fluorinated moieties, is not deeply included due to attractive Si-F interactions occurring at the external surface of the cyclodextrins. Therefore, a low selectivity toward the size of cyclodextrin cavity is found. By contrast, enantiodiscrimination of MCP relies on the optimal fitting between the size of the guest and that of the cyclodextrin cavity.
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Betzenbichler G, Huber L, Kräh S, Morkos MLK, Siegle AF, Trapp O. Chiral stationary phases and applications in gas chromatography. Chirality 2022; 34:732-759. [PMID: 35315953 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chiral compounds are ubiquitous in nature and play a pivotal role in biochemical processes, in chiroptical materials and applications, and as chiral drugs. The analysis and determination of the enantiomeric ratio (er) of chiral compounds is of enormous scientific, industrial, and economic importance. Chiral separation techniques and methods have become indispensable tools to separate chiral compounds into their enantiomers on an analytical as well on a preparative level to obtain enantiopure compounds. Chiral gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography have paved the way and fostered several research areas, that is, asymmetric synthesis and catalysis in organic, medicinal, pharmaceutical, and supramolecular chemistry. The development of highly enantioselective chiral stationary phases was essential. In particular, the elucidation and understanding of the underlying enantioselective supramolecular separation mechanisms led to the design of new chiral stationary phases. This review article focuses on the development of chiral stationary phases for gas chromatography. The fundamental mechanisms of the recognition and separation of enantiomers and the selectors and chiral stationary phases used in chiral gas chromatography are presented. An overview over syntheses and applications of these chiral stationary phases is presented as a practical guidance for enantioselective separation of chiral compound classes and substances by gas chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Huber
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kräh
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Alexander F Siegle
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Driscoll JN, Bender BM, Archilla CA, Klim CM, Hossain MJ, Mychaskiw G, Wei JL. Comparing incidence of emergence delirium between sevoflurane and desflurane in children following routine otolaryngology procedures. Minerva Anestesiol 2016; 83:383-391. [PMID: 27901329 DOI: 10.23736/s0375-9393.16.11362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergence delirium (ED) is a state of aggressive agitation that can occur temporarily in the process of emerging from anesthesia in children exposed to volatile or intravenous anesthetics. Emergence delirium is typically assessed using the published and validated Pediatric Emergence Delirium (PAED) Scale. Due to some variation in properties between sevoflurane and desflurane for maintenance of anesthesia after standard sevoflurane induction, we designed a prospective study to examine potential differences in emergence behavior and incidence of ED in children undergoing elective ear-nose-throat surgery. METHODS Forty-six children aged 12 months-7 years were randomly assigned to receive either sevoflurane (N.=23) or desflurane (N.=23) for maintenance of general anesthesia. All patients were extubated awake in the OR, and upon arrival in the PACU, PAED scores were assessed every 15 minutes until discharged. In addition to PAED scores, time to tracheal extubation, emergence behavior, pain scores, and recovery complications were recorded. RESULTS We found no significant difference in incidence of ED or peak PAED scores between sevoflurane and desflurane groups (12 [0-18] versus 12 [0-20]; P=0.79). There were no significant differences between desflurane and sevoflurane with respect to incidence of adverse events, such as nausea, vomiting, laryngospasm, or excessive secretions. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the use of desflurane for maintenance of anesthesia did not significantly affect the incidence or duration of ED when compared to sevoflurane. However, desflurane did not demonstrate any increase in adverse events, which may support its routine use in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy N Driscoll
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA -
| | - Brian M Bender
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Carlos A Archilla
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Carol M Klim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Md J Hossain
- Division of Bioinformatics, Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - George Mychaskiw
- Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Julie L Wei
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
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Uccello-Barretta G, Balzano F. Chiral NMR Solvating Additives for Differentiation of Enantiomers. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 341:69-131. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Schurig V. Salient Features of Enantioselective Gas Chromatography: The Enantiomeric Differentiation of Chiral Inhalation Anesthetics as a Representative Methodological Case in Point. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 340:153-207. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Mifsud J, Sghendo LJ. A novel chiral GC/MS method for the analysis of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine enantiomers in biological fluids. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2012; 4:236-45. [PMID: 22923967 PMCID: PMC3425174 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.99065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: A novel robust chiral gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) method for the separation and measurement of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine enantiomers in urine and plasma was developed. Materials and Methods: The drug was extracted from the samples by a liquid–liquid technique, using chloroform, and the enantiomers were separated and measured on a chiral gas chromatographic column (HYDRODEX β-6TBDM®, 0.25 μm × 0.25 mm × 50 m). GC/MS instrumentation was used for the acquisition of data in the electron impact selective-ion monitoring mode. Results: The ions chosen were of a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) exactly equal to 44 units, in order to measure fluoxetine enantiomers, 134 units in order to measure norfluoxetine enantiomers, and 58 units in order to measure diphenhydramine, the internal standard. The method was found to be linear and reproducible in the 50–500 ng/mL concentration range for both urine samples and plasma samples and for both fluoxetine and norfluoxetine, with correlation coefficients ranging between 0.994 and 0.997. Conclusions: This methodology has an enormous potential for application in pharmacokinetic studies of the enantiomers of fluoxetine
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Mifsud
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2040, Malta
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Freitas MP, Bühl M, O’Hagan D, Cormanich RA, Tormena CF. Stereoelectronic Interactions and the One-Bond C–F Coupling Constant in Sevoflurane. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:1677-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jp211949m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus P. Freitas
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, 37200-000,
Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Michael Bühl
- EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of St Andrews,
North Haugh, St Andrews,
Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - David O’Hagan
- EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of St Andrews,
North Haugh, St Andrews,
Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Rodrigo A. Cormanich
- Chemistry
Institute, State University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-971,
Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Cláudio F. Tormena
- Chemistry
Institute, State University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-971,
Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Rühle CPG, Niere J, Morrison PD, Jones RC, Caradoc-Davies T, Canty AJ, Gardiner MG, Tolhurst VA, Marriott PJ. Characterization of Tetra-aryl Benzene Isomers by Using Preparative Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, and X-ray Crystallographic Methods. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4501-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100417h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian P. G. Rühle
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Australia, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia, Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, and College of Pharmacy (WCU), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Julie Niere
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Australia, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia, Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, and College of Pharmacy (WCU), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Paul D. Morrison
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Australia, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia, Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, and College of Pharmacy (WCU), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Roderick C. Jones
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Australia, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia, Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, and College of Pharmacy (WCU), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Tom Caradoc-Davies
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Australia, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia, Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, and College of Pharmacy (WCU), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Allan J. Canty
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Australia, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia, Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, and College of Pharmacy (WCU), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael G. Gardiner
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Australia, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia, Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, and College of Pharmacy (WCU), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Vicki-Anne Tolhurst
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Australia, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia, Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, and College of Pharmacy (WCU), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Philip J. Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Australia, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia, Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, and College of Pharmacy (WCU), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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Highly efficient NMR enantiodiscrimination of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-2-(fluoromethoxy)-3-methoxypropane, a chiral degradation product of sevoflurane, by heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-β-cyclodextrin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2006.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Schurig V, Schmidt R. Extraordinary chiral discrimination in inclusion gas chromatography. thermodynamics of enantioselectivity between a racemic perfluorodiether and a modified gamma-cyclodextrin. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1000:311-24. [PMID: 12877177 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The enantiomers of the perfluorodiether "compound B" [2-(fluoromethoxy)-3-methoxy-1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane], a decomposition product of the inhalational anesthetic sevoflurane [2-(fluoromethoxy)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane], were separated by gas chromatography on octakis(3-O-butanoyl-2,6-di-O-n-pentyl)-gamma-cyclodextrin (Lipodex E), dissolved in polysiloxane PS 255 (30% w/w), with an unexpectedly high separation factor of alpha = 10.6 at 26 degrees C. Using the concept of the retention increment R', non-enantioselective and enantioselective contributions to retention were separated and thus reliable thermodynamic parameters of enantioselectivity, i.e. - deltaS,R(deltaG) = 5.7 (0.05) kJ/mol at 303 K, - deltaS,R(deltaH) = 20.1 (0.64) kJ/mol, deltaS,R(deltaS) = -47.4 (2.0) J/K mol and T(isoenant) = 424 (30) K or approximately 150 degrees C, were determined by temperature-dependent measurements. The enantiomeric bias represents the largest values ever measured in enantioselective gas chromatography. An equation is presented which allows calculation of the non-enantioselective contributions to retention from measurements at two arbitrary concentrations of Lipodex E in polysiloxane. Surprisingly, the enantioselectivity is greatly reduced when employing the beta-cyclodextrin analogue and breaks down completely with the alpha-cyclodextrin analogue of Lipodex E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Schurig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Wang F, Polavarapu PL, Schurig V, Schmidt R. Absolute configuration and conformational analysis of a degradation product of inhalation anesthetic Sevoflurane: A vibrational circular dichroism study. Chirality 2002; 14:618-24. [PMID: 12125030 DOI: 10.1002/chir.10106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-2-(fluoromethoxy)-3-methoxypropane, compound B, is a product obtained in the degradation of the anesthetic Sevoflurane. Enantiopure (+)-B was investigated using vibrational circular dichroism (VCD). Experimental absorption and VCD spectra of (+)-B in CDCl(3) solution in the 2,000-900 cm(-1) region are compared with the ab initio predictions of absorption and VCD spectra obtained from density functional theory using B3LYP/6-31G* basis set for different conformers of (S)-1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-2-(fluoromethoxy)-3-methoxypropane. This comparison indicates that (+)-B is of the (S)-configuration in CDCl(3) solution, in agreement with previous literature results. Our results also indicate that this compound adopts six predominant conformations in CDCl(3) solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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Kieser B, Fietzek C, Schmidt R, Belge G, Weimar U, Schurig V, Gauglitz G. Use of a modified cyclodextrin host for the enantioselective detection of a halogenated diether as chiral guest via optical and electrical transducers. Anal Chem 2002; 74:3005-12. [PMID: 12141658 DOI: 10.1021/ac015689k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In an alkaline rebreathing circuit, the inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane degrades into at least two products, one of them being the chiral halodiether 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-2-(fluoromethoxy)-3-methoxypropane (halodiether B). Using octakis(3-O-butanoyl-2,6-di-O-n-pentyl)-y-cyclodextrin (Lipodex E) as chiral host diluted in the polysiloxane PS255, an exceptional large chiral separation factor alpha of 9.7 at 30 degrees C was found for halodiether B by capillary gas chromatography (cGC). Hence, the interaction of the single enantiomers and the racemic mixture of the halodiether B with Lipodex E was selected as a model system to study the enantioselective recognition by thickness shear mode resonators (TSMR), surface acoustic wave sensors, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and reflectometric interference spectroscopy. Further investigations of the recognition process by using chemical sensors confirmed the preferential enrichment of the S-enantiomer resulting in 9-fold higher signals. Based on the distinction between enantioselective and nonenantioselective sorption, thermodynamic complexation constants of the single enantiomers with Lipodex E could be determined. The difference in Gibbs free energy -deltaE2,E1(deltaG) of the complexation of the enantiomers of halodiether B with pure Lipodex E was determined at 30 degrees C by TSMR and SPR to be 5.7 or 5.9 kJ/mol, respectively, agreeing well with that determined by cGC, i.e., 5.7 kJ/mol at 30 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Kieser
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany
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