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The Bright Future of Unconventional σ/π-Hole Interactions. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:2496-517. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Athukorala Arachchige KS, Diamond LM, Knight FR, Lechner ML, Slawin AMZ, Woollins JD. Synthetic, Structural, and Spectroscopic Studies of Sterically Crowded Tin–Chalcogen Acenaphthenes. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500755w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Louise M. Diamond
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Fergus R. Knight
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Marie-Luise Lechner
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | | | - J. Derek Woollins
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
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Chalmers BA, Athukorala Arachchige KS, Prentis JKD, Knight FR, Kilian P, Slawin AMZ, Woollins JD. Sterically Encumbered Tin and Phosphorus peri-Substituted Acenaphthenes. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:8795-808. [DOI: 10.1021/ic5014768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Chalmers
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST United Kingdom
| | | | - Joanna K. D. Prentis
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST United Kingdom
| | - Fergus R. Knight
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST United Kingdom
| | - Petr Kilian
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST United Kingdom
| | - J. Derek Woollins
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST United Kingdom
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Athukorala Arachchige KS, Sanz Camacho P, Ray MJ, Chalmers BA, Knight FR, Ashbrook SE, Bühl M, Kilian P, Slawin AMZ, Woollins JD. Sterically Restricted Tin Phosphines, Stabilized by Weak Intramolecular Donor–Acceptor Interactions. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500289b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Sanz Camacho
- EaSTCHEM,
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Matthew J. Ray
- EaSTCHEM,
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Brian A. Chalmers
- EaSTCHEM,
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Fergus R. Knight
- EaSTCHEM,
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Sharon E. Ashbrook
- EaSTCHEM,
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Michael Bühl
- EaSTCHEM,
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Petr Kilian
- EaSTCHEM,
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | | | - J. Derek Woollins
- EaSTCHEM,
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
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Knight FR, Randall RAM, Athukorala Arachchige KS, Wakefield L, Griffin JM, Ashbrook SE, Bühl M, Slawin AMZ, Woollins JD. Noncovalent Interactions in Peri-Substituted Chalconium Acenaphthene and Naphthalene Salts: A Combined Experimental, Crystallographic, Computational, and Solid-State NMR Study. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:11087-97. [DOI: 10.1021/ic301627y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fergus R. Knight
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca A. M. Randall
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lucy Wakefield
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
| | - John M. Griffin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon E. Ashbrook
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Bühl
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
| | - J. Derek Woollins
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
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Knight FR, Athukorala Arachchige KS, Randall RAM, Bühl M, Slawin AMZ, Woollins JD. Exploring hypervalency and three-centre, four-electron bonding interactions: Reactions of acenaphthene chalcogen donors and dihalogen acceptors. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:3154-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12031c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Aschenbach LK, Knight FR, Randall RAM, Cordes DB, Baggott A, Bühl M, Slawin AMZ, Woollins JD. Onset of three-centre, four-electron bonding in peri-substituted acenaphthenes: a structural and computational investigation. Dalton Trans 2011; 41:3141-53. [PMID: 22175061 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11697e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two series of sterically crowded peri-substituted acenaphthenes have been prepared, containing mixed halogen-chalcogen functionalities at the 5,6-positions in A1-A6 (Acenap[X][EPh] (Acenap = acenaphthene-5,6-diyl; X = Br, I; E = S, Se, Te) and chalcogen-chalcogen moieties in A7-A12 (Acenap[EPh][E'Ph] (Acenap = acenaphthene-5,6-diyl; E/E' = S, Se, Te). The related dihalide compounds A13-A16 Acenap[XX'] (XX' = BrBr, II, IBr, ClCl) have also been prepared. Distortion of the acenaphthene framework away from the ideal was studied as a function of the steric bulk of the interacting halogen and chalcogen atoms occupying the peri-positions. The acenaphthene series experiences a general increase in peri-separation for molecules accommodating heavier congeners and maps the trends observed previously for the analogous naphthalene compounds N1-N12 (Nap[X][EPh], Nap[EPh][E'Ph] (X = Br, I; E/E' = S, Se, Te). The conformation of the aromatic ring systems and subsequent location of p-type lone-pairs dominates the geometry of the peri-region. The differences in peri-separations observed for compounds adopting differing conformations of the peri-substituted phenyl group can be correlated to the ability of the frontier orbitals of the halogen or chalcogen atoms to take part in attractive or repulsive interactions. Density-functional studies have confirmed these interactions and suggested the onset of formation of three-centre, four-electron bonding under appropriate geometric conditions.
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Tarasevych A, Rozhenko A, Röschenthaler GV, Shevchenko I. An Unusual Intramolecular P-P Cyclization of The P-C-P System in Phosphaphenalenes. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2010.517586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Igor Shevchenko
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry , Kiev , Ukraine
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Kilian P, Knight FR, Woollins JD. Naphthalene and Related Systemsperi-Substituted by Group 15 and 16 Elements. Chemistry 2011; 17:2302-28. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Knight FR, Fuller AL, Bühl M, Slawin AMZ, Woollins JD. Synthetic and structural studies of 1,8-chalcogen naphthalene derivatives. Chemistry 2010; 16:7503-16. [PMID: 20468030 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Four novel 1,8-disubstituted naphthalene derivatives 4-7 that contain chalcogen atoms occupying the peri positions have been prepared and fully characterised by using X-ray crystallography, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and MS. Molecular distortion due to noncovalent substituent interactions was studied as a function of the bulk of the interacting chalcogen atoms and the size and nature of the alkyl group attached to them. X-ray data for 4-7 was compared to the series of known 1,8-bis(phenylchalcogeno)naphthalenes 1-3, which were themselves prepared from novel synthetic routes. A general increase in the E...E' distance was observed for molecules containing bulkier atoms at the peri positions. The decreased S...S distance from phenyl-1 and ethyl-4 analogues is ascribed to a weaker chalcogen lone pair-lone pair repulsion acting in the ethyl analogue due to the presence of two equatorial S(naphthyl) ring conformations. Two novel peri-substituted naphthalene sulfoxides of 1, Nap(O=SPh)(SPh) 8 and Nap(O=SPh)(2) 9, which contain different valence states of sulfur, were prepared and fully characterised by using X-ray crystallography and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and MS. Molecular structures were analysed by using naphthalene ring torsions, peri-atom displacement, splay angle magnitude, S...S interactions, aromatic ring orientations and quasi-linear O=S...S arrangements. The axial S(naphthyl) rings in 8 and 9 are unfavourable for S...S contacts due to stronger chalcogen lone pair-lone pair repulsion. Although quasi-linear O=S...S alignments suggest attractive interaction is conceivable, analysis of the B3LYP wavefunctions affords no evidence for direct bonding interactions between the S atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus R Knight
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST UK
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Knight FR, Fuller AL, Bühl M, Slawin AMZ, Woollins JD. Sterically Crowded peri-Substituted Naphthalene Phosphines and their PV Derivatives. Chemistry 2010; 16:7617-34. [PMID: 20496359 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fergus R Knight
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST UK
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Knight F, Fuller A, Bühl M, Slawin AM, Woollins JD. Synthetic and Structural Studies of 1-Halo-8-(alkylchalcogeno)naphthalene Derivatives. Chemistry 2010; 16:7605-16. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Knight FR, Fuller AL, Slawin AM, Derek Woollins J. Preparation and compounds of (8-methoxynaphth-1-yl)diphenylphosphine. Polyhedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2010.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tarasevych A, Shevchenko I, Rozhenko AB, Röschenthaler G. Synthesis of 1,3‐Diphospha‐2,3‐dihydro‐1
H
‐phenalenes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200901033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arkadii Tarasevych
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, Murmanskaya str. 1, 02660 Kiev, Ukraine, Fax: +38‐044‐573‐2552
| | - Igor Shevchenko
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, Murmanskaya str. 1, 02660 Kiev, Ukraine, Fax: +38‐044‐573‐2552
| | - Alexander B. Rozhenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Murmanskaya str. 5, 02660 Kiev, Ukraine
- Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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Schiemenz GP. peri-Interactions in Naphthalenes, 15: The Concept of Incipient Bipyramidalization in 8-Dimethylaminonaphth-1-yl Silanes and Phosphonium Cations. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500802448013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Toyota S, Kaneko K, Kurokawa M, Wakamatsu K. Facile formation of acenaphtho[1,2-a]pyrene structures by thermal isomerization of bis(8-ethynyl-1-naphthyl)ethynes. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dominiak PM, Petersen S, Schiemenz B, Schiemenz GP, Wozniak K. peri-Interactions in naphthalenes, 13 8-Dimethylamino-naphth-1-yl carbinols as model systems for potential N→Si/P interactions. J Mol Struct 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2005.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Reiter SA, Nogai SD, Karaghiosoff K, Schmidbaur H. Insignificance of P−H···P Hydrogen Bonding: Structural Chemistry of Neutral and Protonated 1,8-Di(phosphinyl)naphthalene. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:15833-43. [PMID: 15571408 DOI: 10.1021/ja045460x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
While there is extensive information on 1,8-di(amino)naphthalene (i.e., the parent compound of the "proton sponge" series), the corresponding phosphorus compound has not been described. A high-yield synthesis of 1,8-di(phosphinyl)naphthalene (9) and the 1-naphthylphosphine reference compound (4) is now reported. Thermal decomposition of 9 leads to intramolecular dehydrogenative P-P coupling to afford 1,2-dihydro-1,2-diphosphaacenaphthene (10). Protonation of 9 and 4 with CF(3)SO(3)H gives quantitative yields of the monophosphonium salts 11 and 5, respectively. With excess acid and traces of moisture, the hydronium salt [C(10)H(6)(PH(2))(PH(3))](+)[H(3)O](+)2[CF(3)SO(3)](-) (13) is obtained. The structures of 9, 11, and 13 have been determined. Molecules of 9 have a planar naphthalene skeleton, C(10)H(6)P(2), with the two -PH(2) groups in a transoid conformation. The molecules form loose dimers in the crystal, the individual chiral enantiomers of which are related by a center of inversion. In contrast to the situation for the amino analogue, and despite the proximity of the two -PH(2) functions, there is no intra- or intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Solutions of 9 (in CD(2)Cl(2)) show equivalent P-bound hydrogen atoms due to conformational fluctionality. By analysis of the ABCD(2)XX'D'(2)C'B'A' spin system, it was shown that, in 9, there are strong through-space pericouplings [(n)J(P(X)P(X)(')) = 221.6 Hz, (n)J(P(X)H(D)(')) = 31.7 Hz, (n)J(H(D)H(D)(')) = 3.9 Hz]. In the cations of 11, the C(10)H(6)P(2) skeleton is also planar (by C(s) symmetry), with the -PH(2) and -PH(3)(+) groups in a conformation which rules out any P-H...P hydrogen bonding. The hydronium cation and the two triflate anions in 13 are associated into an anionic network through extensive hydrogen bonding surrounding stacks of the phosphonium cations. In solution, the cations of 11 and 13 show separate (31)P resonances for the two phosphorus atoms with fully resolved (1)J(PH) couplings, which indicate that there is no intra- or intercationic proton exchange. By contrast, the NMR spectra of solutions of [C(10)H(6)(NH(2))(NH(3))](+)X(-) salts show proton scrambling equilibrating all five N-bound hydrogen atoms, and in the crystal, the conformations of the cations feature intramolecular N-H...N hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan A Reiter
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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Allen DW, Coles SJ, Hursthouse MB, Khan SM. Hypervalent interactions in anthraquinone-based Group 15 ’onium salts – fact or fiction? Inorganica Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(03)00481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kilian P, Slawin AMZ, Woollins JD. A structural study of 1,8-bis(dimethyl phosphonito) naphthalene and related crowded chalcogeno derivatives. Dalton Trans 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b310392g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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