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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur H. G. David
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 United States
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310021 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215 China
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Jiao T, Wu G, Zhang Y, Shen L, Lei Y, Wang C, Fahrenbach AC, Li H. Self‐Assembly in Water with N‐Substituted Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18350-18367. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Jiao
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Libo Shen
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Ye Lei
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Cai‐Yun Wang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | | | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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Wang C, Wu G, Zhu J, Jiao T, Zhang Y, Li H. An Octacationic [2]Catenane Formed by Oxime Condensation: A Bistable Molecular Switch. Chempluschem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cai‐Yun Wang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Jiao
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
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Nikitin K, O'Gara R. Mechanisms and Beyond: Elucidation of Fluxional Dynamics by Exchange NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2019; 25:4551-4589. [PMID: 30421834 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Detailed mechanistic information is crucial to our understanding of reaction pathways and selectivity. Dynamic exchange NMR techniques, in particular 2D exchange spectroscopy (EXSY) and its modifications, provide indispensable intricate information on the mechanisms of organic and inorganic reactions and other phenomena, for example, the dynamics of interfacial processes. In this Review, key results from exchange NMR studies of small molecules over the last few decades are systemised and discussed. After a brief introduction to the theory, the key types of dynamic processes are identified and fundamental examples given of intra- and intermolecular reactions, which, in turn, could involve, or not, bond-making and bond-breaking events. Following that logic, internal molecular rotation, intramolecular stereomutation and molecular recognition will first be considered because they do not typically involve bond breaking. Then, rearrangements, substitution-type reactions, cyclisations, additions and other processes affecting chemical bonds will be discussed. Finally, interfacial molecular dynamics and unexpected combinations of different types of fluxional processes will also be highlighted. How exchange NMR spectroscopy helps to identify conformational changes, coordination and molecular recognition processes as well as quantify reaction energy barriers and extract detailed mechanistic information by using reaction rate theory in conjunction with computational techniques will be shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Nikitin
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ryan O'Gara
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Beves JE, Blight BA, Campbell CJ, Leigh DA, McBurney RT. Strategien und Taktiken für die metallgesteuerte Synthese von Rotaxanen, Knoten, Catenanen und Verschlingungen höherer Ordnung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201007963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Beves JE, Blight BA, Campbell CJ, Leigh DA, McBurney RT. Strategies and tactics for the metal-directed synthesis of rotaxanes, knots, catenanes, and higher order links. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9260-327. [PMID: 21928462 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
More than a quarter of a century after the first metal template synthesis of a [2]catenane in Strasbourg, there now exists a plethora of strategies available for the construction of mechanically bonded and entwined molecular level structures. Catenanes, rotaxanes, knots and Borromean rings have all been successfully accessed by methods in which metal ions play a pivotal role. Originally metal ions were used solely for their coordination chemistry; acting either to gather and position the building blocks such that subsequent reactions generated the interlocked products or by being an integral part of the rings or "stoppers" of the interlocked assembly. Recently the role of the metal has evolved to encompass catalysis: the metal ions not only organize the building blocks in an entwined or threaded arrangement but also actively promote the reaction that covalently captures the interlocked structure. This Review outlines the diverse strategies that currently exist for forming mechanically bonded molecular structures with metal ions and details the tactics that the chemist can utilize for creating cross-over points, maximizing the yield of interlocked over non-interlocked products, and the reactions-of-choice for the covalent capture of threaded and entwined intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon E Beves
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
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Nakatani Y, Furusho Y, Yashima E. Amidinium Carboxylate Salt Bridges as a Recognition Motif for Mechanically Interlocked Molecules: Synthesis of an Optically Active [2]Catenane and Control of Its Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201002382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Nakatani Y, Furusho Y, Yashima E. Amidinium Carboxylate Salt Bridges as a Recognition Motif for Mechanically Interlocked Molecules: Synthesis of an Optically Active [2]Catenane and Control of Its Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:5463-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201002382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Babu S, Praveen V, Prasanthkumar S, Ajayaghosh A. Self-Assembly of Oligo(para-phenylenevinylene)s through Arene-Perfluoroarene Interactions: π Gels with Longitudinally Controlled Fiber Growth and Supramolecular Exciplex-Mediated Enhanced Emission. Chemistry 2008; 14:9577-84. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhu XZ, Chen CF. Efficient Synthesis of a Chiral [4]Pseudocatenane and Its Derivatives: A Novel Ship's Wheel-like Interlocked Structure. Chemistry 2006; 12:5603-9. [PMID: 16548022 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel chiral[4]pseudocatenane 5H(3)[PF(6)](3) was synthesized efficiently by treatment of a solution of chiral triptycene-based tri(crown ether) 1 and three equivalents of a bis[p-(but-3-enyloxy)benzyl]ammonium salt in CH(2)Cl(2) with a Grubbs II catalyst, followed by hydrogenation. It was found that the ammonium groups in 5H(3)[PF(6)](3) could be deprotonated by 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) in acetonitrile or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Consequently, N-acylation of the ammonium groups was easily performed in the presence of DBU, which resulted in a new class of neutral highly ordered interlocked molecules in good yields. In particular, the incorporation of stopper units, for example, diethyl phosphoramidate, lead to the isolation of the interlocked molecule 10 with an interesting ship's wheel-like structure, which was structurally studied with the help of detailed NMR experiments. Compared with 1, it was further found that the Cotton effect of (R)-1,1'-binaphthyl chromophore at 241 nm was greatly reduced in 5H(3)[PF(6)](3) and its derivatives. Moreover, a new positive Cotton effect at 248 nm appeared in the interlocked molecules; this observation could be attributed to the chirality transfer from the binaphthyl units to the macrocycles lying in the cavities of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Zhang Zhu
- Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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Pentecost CD, Peters AJ, Chichak KS, Cave GWV, Cantrill SJ, Stoddart JF. Chiral Borromeates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200600817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pentecost CD, Peters AJ, Chichak KS, Cave GWV, Cantrill SJ, Stoddart JF. Chiral Borromeates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:4099-104. [PMID: 16761307 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200600817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cari D Pentecost
- The California NanoSystems Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
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Chui SSY, Chen R, Che CM. A Chiral [2]Catenane Precursor of the Antiarthritic Gold(I) Drug Auranofin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:1621-4. [PMID: 16444789 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200503431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Sin-Yin Chui
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Chui SSY, Chen R, Che CM. A Chiral [2]Catenane Precursor of the Antiarthritic Gold(I) Drug Auranofin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200503431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hori A, Sawada T, Yamashita KI, Fujita M. Ultramacrocyclization through Reversible Catenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:4896-9. [PMID: 15999381 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200501559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Aricó F, Chang T, Cantrill SJ, Khan SI, Stoddart JF. Template-Directed Synthesis of Multiply Mechanically Interlocked Molecules Under Thermodynamic Control. Chemistry 2005; 11:4655-66. [PMID: 15887196 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The template-directed construction of crown-ether-like macrocycles around secondary dialkylammonium ions (R2NH2+) has been utilized for the expedient (one-pot) and high-yielding synthesis of a diverse range of mechanically interlocked molecules. The clipping together of appropriately designed dialdehyde and diamine compounds around R2NH2+-containing dumbbell-shaped components proceeds through the formation, under thermodynamic control, of imine bonds. The reversible nature of this particular reaction confers the benefits of "error-checking" and "proof-reading", which one usually associates with supramolecular chemistry and strict self-assembly processes, upon these wholly molecular systems. Furthermore, these dynamic covalent syntheses exploit the efficient templating effects that the R2NH2+ ions exert on the macrocyclization of the matched dialdehyde and diamine fragments, resulting not only in rapid rates of reaction, but also affording near-quantitative conversion of starting materials into the desired interlocked products. Once assembled, these "dynamic" interlocked compounds can be "fixed" upon reduction of the reversible imine bonds (by using BH3.THF) to give kinetically stable species, a procedure that can be performed in the same reaction vessel as the inital thermodynamically controlled assembly. Isolation and purification of the mechanically interlocked products formed by using this protocol is relatively facile, as no column chromatography is required. Herein, we present the synthesis and characterization of 1) a [2]rotaxane, 2) a [3]rotaxane, 3) a branched [4]rotaxane, 4) a bis [2]rotaxane, and 5) a novel cyclic [4]rotaxane, demonstrating, in incrementally more complex systems, the efficacy of this one-pot strategy for the construction of interlocked molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Aricó
- California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095-1569, USA
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Hori A, Sawada T, Yamashita KI, Fujita M. Ultramacrocyclization through Reversible Catenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200501559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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