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Ottonello A, Wyllie JA, Yahiaoui O, Sun S, Koelln RA, Homer JA, Johnson RM, Murray E, Williams P, Bolla JR, Robinson CV, Fallon T, Soares da Costa TP, Moses JE. Shapeshifting bullvalene-linked vancomycin dimers as effective antibiotics against multidrug-resistant gram-positive bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2208737120. [PMID: 37011186 PMCID: PMC10104512 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208737120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The alarming rise in superbugs that are resistant to drugs of last resort, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci and staphylococci, has become a significant global health hazard. Here, we report the click chemistry synthesis of an unprecedented class of shapeshifting vancomycin dimers (SVDs) that display potent activity against bacteria that are resistant to the parent drug, including the ESKAPE pathogens, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), as well as vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA). The shapeshifting modality of the dimers is powered by a triazole-linked bullvalene core, exploiting the dynamic covalent rearrangements of the fluxional carbon cage and creating ligands with the capacity to inhibit bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. The new shapeshifting antibiotics are not disadvantaged by the common mechanism of vancomycin resistance resulting from the alteration of the C-terminal dipeptide with the corresponding d-Ala-d-Lac depsipeptide. Further, evidence suggests that the shapeshifting ligands destabilize the complex formed between the flippase MurJ and lipid II, implying the potential for a new mode of action for polyvalent glycopeptides. The SVDs show little propensity for acquired resistance by enterococci, suggesting that this new class of shapeshifting antibiotic will display durable antimicrobial activity not prone to rapidly acquired clinical resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ottonello
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC3086, Australia
| | - Jessica A. Wyllie
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC3086, Australia
| | - Oussama Yahiaoui
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5005, Australia
| | - Shoujun Sun
- Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY11724
| | - Rebecca A. Koelln
- Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY11724
| | - Joshua A. Homer
- Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY11724
| | - Robert M. Johnson
- Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY11724
| | - Ewan Murray
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Biodiscovery Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, NottinghamNG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Paul Williams
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Biodiscovery Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, NottinghamNG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Jani R. Bolla
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3RB, U.K.
- The Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QU, U.K.
| | - Carol V. Robinson
- The Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QU, U.K.
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QZ, U.K.
| | - Thomas Fallon
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5005, Australia
| | | | - John E. Moses
- Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY11724
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Li W, Separovic F, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Wade JD. Chemically modified and conjugated antimicrobial peptides against superbugs. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4932-4973. [PMID: 33710195 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01026j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest threats to human health that, by 2050, will lead to more deaths from bacterial infections than cancer. New antimicrobial agents, both broad-spectrum and selective, that do not induce AMR are urgently required. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a novel class of alternatives that possess potent activity against a wide range of Gram-negative and positive bacteria with little or no capacity to induce AMR. This has stimulated substantial chemical development of novel peptide-based antibiotics possessing improved therapeutic index. This review summarises recent synthetic efforts and their impact on analogue design as well as their various applications in AMP development. It includes modifications that have been reported to enhance antimicrobial activity including lipidation, glycosylation and multimerization through to the broad application of novel bio-orthogonal chemistry, as well as perspectives on the direction of future research. The subject area is primarily the development of next-generation antimicrobial agents through selective, rational chemical modification of AMPs. The review further serves as a guide toward the most promising directions in this field to stimulate broad scientific attention, and will lead to new, effective and selective solutions for the several biomedical challenges to which antimicrobial peptidomimetics are being applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Li
- Melbourne Dental School, Centre for Oral Health Research, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia. and Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia and School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Melbourne Dental School, Centre for Oral Health Research, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia. and Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John D Wade
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Nicolaou KC, Rigol S. Perspectives from nearly five decades of total synthesis of natural products and their analogues for biology and medicine. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1404-1435. [PMID: 32319494 PMCID: PMC7578074 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00003e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1970 to 2020By definition total synthesis is the art and science of making the molecules of living Nature in the laboratory, and by extension, their analogues. Although obvious, its application to the synthesis of molecules for biology and medicine was not always the purpose of total synthesis. In recent years, however, the field has acquired momentum as its power to reach higher molecular complexity and diversity is increasing, and as the demand for rare bioactive natural products and their analogues is expanding due to their recognised potential to facilitate biology and drug discovery and development. Today this component of total synthesis endeavors is considered highly desirable, and could be part of interdisciplinary academic and/or industrial partnerships, providing further inspiration and momentum to the field. In this review we provide a brief historical background of the emergence of the field of total synthesis as it relates to making molecules for biology and medicine. We then discuss specific examples of this practice from our laboratories as they developed over the years. The review ends with a conclusion and future perspectives for natural products chemistry and its applications to biology and medicine and other added-value contributions to science and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.
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Ding WY, Yan YM, Meng XH, Nafie LA, Xu T, Dukor RK, Qin HB, Cheng YX. Isolation, Total Synthesis, and Absolute Configuration Determination of Renoprotective Dimeric N-Acetyldopamine-Adenine Hybrids from the Insect Aspongopus chinensis. Org Lett 2020; 22:5726-5730. [PMID: 32525688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Aspongdopamines A and B (1 and 2), unusual adducts composed of N-acetyldopamine and adenine were isolated from the insect Aspongopus chinensis. Compounds 1 and 2 are positional isomers both isolated as racemates. Chiral separation assisted by 14-step total synthesis and computation including vibrational circular dichroism calculations allowed us to unambiguously assign the absolute configurations of eight stereoisomers. Renal fibrosis inhibition of the stereoisomers was evaluated in TGF-β1-induced rat kidney epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Ming Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hui Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Laurence A Nafie
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
| | - Te Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Rina K Dukor
- BioTools, Inc., 17546 Beeline Highway, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Hong-Bo Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Xian Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
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Nickel-Catalyzed Removal of Alkene Protecting Group of Phenols, Alcohols via Chain Walking Process. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030602. [PMID: 32019185 PMCID: PMC7037277 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient nickel-catalyzed removal of alkene protection group under mild condition with high functional group tolerance through chain walking process has been established. Not only phenolic ethers, but also alcoholic ethers can be tolerated with the retention of stereocenter adjacent to hydroxyl group. The new reaction brings the homoallyl group into a start of new type of protecting group.
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Marschall E, Cryle MJ, Tailhades J. Biological, chemical, and biochemical strategies for modifying glycopeptide antibiotics. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18769-18783. [PMID: 31672921 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.006349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of vancomycin in the 1950s, the glycopeptide antibiotics (GPAs) have been of great interest to the scientific community. These nonribosomally biosynthesized peptides are highly cross-linked, often glycosylated, and inhibit bacterial cell wall assembly by interfering with peptidoglycan synthesis. Interest in glycopeptide antibiotics covers many scientific disciplines, due to their challenging total syntheses, complex biosynthesis pathways, mechanism of action, and high potency. After intense efforts, early enthusiasm has given way to a recognition of the challenges in chemically synthesizing GPAs and of the effort needed to study and modify GPA-producing strains to prepare new GPAs to address the increasing threat of microbial antibiotic resistance. Although the preparation of GPAs, either by modifying the pendant groups such as saccharides or by functionalizing the N- or C-terminal moieties, is readily achievable, the peptide core of these molecules-the GPA aglycone-remains highly challenging to modify. This review aims to present a summary of the results of GPA modification obtained with the three major approaches developed to date: in vivo strain manipulation, total chemical synthesis, and chemoenzymatic synthesis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Marschall
- The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; EMBL Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Max J Cryle
- The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; EMBL Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Julien Tailhades
- The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; EMBL Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Abstract
Natural products have served as powerful therapeutics against pathogenic bacteria since the golden age of antibiotics of the mid-20th century. However, the increasing frequency of antibiotic-resistant infections clearly demonstrates that new antibiotics are critical for modern medicine. Because combinatorial approaches have not yielded effective drugs, we propose that the development of new antibiotics around proven natural scaffolds is the best short-term solution to the rising crisis of antibiotic resistance. We analyze herein synthetic approaches aiming to reengineer natural products into potent antibiotics. Furthermore, we discuss approaches in modulating quorum sensing and biofilm formation as a nonlethal method, as well as narrow-spectrum pathogen-specific antibiotics, which are of interest given new insights into the implications of disrupting the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E. Rossiter
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Madison H. Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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8
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Abstract
The application of small molecules as catalysts for the diversification of natural product scaffolds is reviewed. Specifically, principles that relate to the selectivity challenges intrinsic to complex molecular scaffolds are summarized. The synthesis of analogues of natural products by this approach is then described as a quintessential "late-stage functionalization" exercise wherein natural products serve as the lead scaffolds. Given the historical application of enzymatic catalysts to the site-selective alteration of complex molecules, the focus of this Review is on the recent studies of nonenzymatic catalysts. Reactions involving hydroxyl group derivatization with a variety of electrophilic reagents are discussed. C-H bond functionalizations that lead to oxidations, aminations, and halogenations are also presented. Several examples of site-selective olefin functionalizations and C-C bond formations are also included. Numerous classes of natural products have been subjected to these studies of site-selective alteration including polyketides, glycopeptides, terpenoids, macrolides, alkaloids, carbohydrates, and others. What emerges is a platform for chemical remodeling of naturally occurring scaffolds that targets virtually all known chemical functionalities and microenvironments. However, challenges for the design of very broad classes of catalysts, with even broader selectivity demands (e.g., stereoselectivity, functional group selectivity, and site-selectivity) persist. Yet, a significant spectrum of powerful, catalytic alterations of complex natural products now exists such that expansion of scope seems inevitable. Several instances of biological activity assays of remodeled natural product derivatives are also presented. These reports may foreshadow further interdisciplinary impacts for catalytic remodeling of natural products, including contributions to SAR development, mode of action studies, and eventually medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Shugrue
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Scott J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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9
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A brief history of antibiotics and select advances in their synthesis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 71:153-184. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Zeng D, Debabov D, Hartsell TL, Cano RJ, Adams S, Schuyler JA, McMillan R, Pace JL. Approved Glycopeptide Antibacterial Drugs: Mechanism of Action and Resistance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:cshperspect.a026989. [PMID: 27663982 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The glycopeptide antimicrobials are a group of natural product and semisynthetic glycosylated peptides that show antibacterial activity against Gram-positive organisms through inhibition of cell-wall synthesis. This is achieved primarily through binding to the d-alanyl-d-alanine terminus of the lipid II bacterial cell-wall precursor, preventing cross-linking of the peptidoglycan layer. Vancomycin is the foundational member of the class, showing both clinical longevity and a still preferential role in the therapy of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and of susceptible Enterococcus spp. Newer lipoglycopeptide derivatives (telavancin, dalbavancin, and oritavancin) were designed in a targeted fashion to increase antibacterial activity, in some cases through secondary mechanisms of action. Resistance to the glycopeptides emerged in delayed fashion and occurs via a spectrum of chromosome- and plasmid-associated elements that lead to structural alteration of the bacterial cell-wall precursor substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daina Zeng
- Agile Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
| | | | - Theresa L Hartsell
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Raul J Cano
- ATCC Center for Translational Microbiology, Union, New Jersey 07083.,Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407
| | - Stacy Adams
- Center for Skin Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Durham, North Carolina 27703
| | | | - Ronald McMillan
- ATCC Center for Translational Microbiology, Union, New Jersey 07083
| | - John L Pace
- ATCC Center for Translational Microbiology, Union, New Jersey 07083.,STEM Program, Kean University, Union, New Jersey 07083.,Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707
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Chang J, Zhou H, Preobrazhenskaya M, Tao P, Kim SJ. The Carboxyl Terminus of Eremomycin Facilitates Binding to the Non-d-Ala-d-Ala Segment of the Peptidoglycan Pentapeptide Stem. Biochemistry 2016; 55:3383-91. [PMID: 27243469 PMCID: PMC6020039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycopeptide antibiotics inhibit cell wall biosynthesis in Gram-positive bacteria by targeting the peptidoglycan (PG) pentapeptide stem structure (l-Ala-d-iso-Gln-l-Lys-d-Ala-d-Ala). Structures of the glycopeptide complexed with a PG stem mimic have shown that the d-Ala-d-Ala segment is the primary drug binding site; however, biochemical evidence suggests that the glycopeptide-PG interaction involves more than d-Ala-d-Ala binding. Interactions of the glycopeptide with the non-d-Ala-d-Ala segment of the PG stem were investigated using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). LCTA-1421, a double (15)N-enriched eremomycin derivative with a C-terminal [(15)N]amide and [(15)N]Asn amide, was complexed with whole cells of Staphylococcus aureus grown in a defined medium containing l-[3-(13)C]Ala and d-[1-(13)C]Ala in the presence of alanine racemase inhibitor alaphosphin. (13)C{(15)N} and (15)N{(13)C} rotational-echo double-resonance (REDOR) NMR measurements determined the (13)C-(15)N internuclear distances between the [(15)N]Asn amide of LCTA-1421 and the (13)C atoms of the bound d-[1-(13)C]Ala-d-[1-(13)C]Ala to be 5.1 and 4.8 Å, respectively. These measurements also determined the distance from the C-terminal [(15)N]amide of LCTA-1421 to the l-[3-(13)C]Ala of PG to be 3.5 Å. The measured REDOR distance constraints position the C-terminus of the glycopeptide in the proximity of the l-Ala of the PG, suggesting that the C-terminus of the glycopeptide interacts near the l-Ala segment of the PG stem. In vivo REDOR measurements provided structural insight into how C-terminally modified glycopeptide antibiotics operate.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery (CD4), Center for Scientific Computation, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 7 5275, USA
| | | | - Peng Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery (CD4), Center for Scientific Computation, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 7 5275, USA
| | - Sung Joon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706
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Choudhury C, Deva Priyakumar U, Narahari Sastry G. Structural and Functional Diversities of the Hexadecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene Framework, a Ubiquitous Scaffold in Steroidal Hormones. Mol Inform 2016; 35:145-57. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201600005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Wadzinski TJ, Gea KD, Miller SJ. A stepwise dechlorination/cross-coupling strategy to diversify the vancomycin 'in-chloride'. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 26:1025-1028. [PMID: 26725950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to rapidly access vancomycin analogues bearing diverse functionality at the 6c-Cl (the 'in-chloride') position, a two-step dechlorination/cross-coupling protocol was developed. Conditions for efficient cross-coupling of the relatively unreactive 6c-Cl group were found that ensure high conversion with minimal product decomposition. A set of 2c-dechloro-6c-functionalized vancomycin derivatives was prepared, and antibiotic activities of the compounds were evaluated against a panel of vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible strains. Results from biological testing further underscore the steric sensitivity of vancomycin's binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Wadzinski
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, PO Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, United States
| | - Katherine D Gea
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, PO Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, United States
| | - Scott J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, PO Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, United States.
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14
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Wang Y, Zhu B, Xu Q, Zhu Q, Yu L. Synthesis of heterocycle-tethered acylbenzofurans and benzodifurans from odorless and recyclable organoseleno polystyrene resin. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08441a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recyclable organoseleno resin-supported solid-phase synthesis (SPS) provided a quick access to heterocycle-tethered acylbenzofurans and benzodifurans in satisfactory overall yields and purities after multiple step reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Wang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bingchun Zhu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Research Institute of Chemical Industry
- Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qing Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou, China
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15
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Schitter G, Wrodnigg TM. Update on carbohydrate-containing antibacterial agents. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 4:315-56. [PMID: 23489128 DOI: 10.1517/17460440902778725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the first known use of antibiotics > 2,500 years ago, a research field with immense importance for the welfare of mankind has been developed. After a decrease in interest in this topic by the end of the 20th century the occurrence of (poly-)resistant strains of bacteria induced a revival of antibiotics research. Health systems have been seeking viable and reliable solutions to this dangerous and expansive threat. OBJECTIVE This review will focus on carbohydrate-containing antibiotics and will give an outline of recently published novel isolated, semisynthetic as well as synthetic structures, their mechanism of action, if known, and the strategies for the design of compounds with potential by improved antibacterial properties. METHODS The literature between 2000 and 2008 was screened with main focus on recent examples of novel structures and strategies for the lead finding of exclusively antibacterial agents. RESULTS/CONCLUSION With the explanation of the role of the carbohydrate moieties in the respective antibacterial agents together with better synthetic strategies in carbohydrate chemistry as well as improvements in assay development for high throughput screening methods, carbohydrate-containing antibiotics can be used for the finding of potential drug leads that contribute to the fight against infections and diseases caused by (resistant) bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Schitter
- Technical University Graz, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Univ.-Doz. TMW, Dip.-Ing. GS, Glycogroup, A-8010 Graz, Austria +43 316 873 8744 ; +43 316 873 8740 ;
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16
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Li Y, Mo H, Lian G, Yu B. Revisit of the phenol O-glycosylation with glycosyl imidates, BF3·OEt2 is a better catalyst than TMSOTf. Carbohydr Res 2012; 363:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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17
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Nicolaou KC, Hale CRH, Nilewski C, Ioannidou HA. Constructing molecular complexity and diversity: total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5185-238. [PMID: 22743704 PMCID: PMC3426871 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of organic synthesis and the understanding of the molecule as they occurred in the nineteenth century and were refined in the twentieth century constitute two of the most profound scientific developments of all time. These discoveries set in motion a revolution that shaped the landscape of the molecular sciences and changed the world. Organic synthesis played a major role in this revolution through its ability to construct the molecules of the living world and others like them whose primary element is carbon. Although the early beginnings of organic synthesis came about serendipitously, organic chemists quickly recognized its potential and moved decisively to advance and exploit it in myriad ways for the benefit of mankind. Indeed, from the early days of the synthesis of urea and the construction of the first carbon-carbon bond, the art of organic synthesis improved to impressively high levels of sophistication. Through its practice, today chemists can synthesize organic molecules--natural and designed--of all types of structural motifs and for all intents and purposes. The endeavor of constructing natural products--the organic molecules of nature--is justly called both a creative art and an exact science. Often called simply total synthesis, the replication of nature's molecules in the laboratory reflects and symbolizes the state of the art of synthesis in general. In the last few decades a surge in total synthesis endeavors around the world led to a remarkable collection of achievements that covers a wide ranging landscape of molecular complexity and diversity. In this article, we present highlights of some of our contributions in the field of total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. For perspective, we also provide a listing of selected examples of additional natural products synthesized in other laboratories around the world over the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Fowler BS, Laemmerhold KM, Miller SJ. Catalytic site-selective thiocarbonylations and deoxygenations of vancomycin reveal hydroxyl-dependent conformational effects. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9755-61. [PMID: 22621706 PMCID: PMC3374881 DOI: 10.1021/ja302692j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We have examined peptide-based catalysts for the site-selective thiocarbonylation of a protected form of vancomycin. Several catalysts were identified that either enhanced or altered the inherent selectivity profile exhibited by the substrate. Two catalysts, one identified through screening and another through rational design, were demonstrated to be effective on 0.50-g scale. Deoxygenations led ultimately to two new deoxy-vancomycin derivatives, and surprising conformational consequences of deoxygenation were revealed for one of the new compounds. These effects were mirrored in the biological activities of the new analogues and support a structural role for certain hydroxyls in the native structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S. Fowler
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107
| | - Kai M. Laemmerhold
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107
| | - Scott J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107
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Bremner J, Keller P, Pyne S, Boyle T, Brkic Z, David D, Garas A, Morgan J, Robertson M, Somphol K, Miller M, Howe A, Ambrose P, Bhavnani S, Fritsche T, Biedenbach D, Jones R, Buckheit R, Watson K, Baylis D, Coates J, Deadman J, Jeevarajah D, McCracken A, Rhodes D. Binaphthyl-Based Dicationic Peptoids with Therapeutic Potential. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200904392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Bremner J, Keller P, Pyne S, Boyle T, Brkic Z, David D, Garas A, Morgan J, Robertson M, Somphol K, Miller M, Howe A, Ambrose P, Bhavnani S, Fritsche T, Biedenbach D, Jones R, Buckheit R, Watson K, Baylis D, Coates J, Deadman J, Jeevarajah D, McCracken A, Rhodes D. Binaphthyl-Based Dicationic Peptoids with Therapeutic Potential. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 49:537-40. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200904392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Filice M, Vanna R, Terreni M, Guisan JM, Palomo JM. Lipase-Catalyzed Regioselective One-Step Synthesis of Penta-O-acetyl-3-hydroxylactal. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Lipshutz BH, Ghorai S, Leong WWY. Deprotection of homoallyl ((h)Allyl) derivatives of phenols, alcohols, acids, and amines. J Org Chem 2009; 74:2854-7. [PMID: 19278206 DOI: 10.1021/jo900012z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The homoallyl moiety, (h)Allyl, is presented as a general protecting group for several functionalities. It can be chemoselectively removed via a sequential, one-pot cross-metathesis/elimination sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce H Lipshutz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.
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Nandy JP, Prakesch M, Khadem S, Reddy PT, Sharma U, Arya P. Advances in Solution- and Solid-Phase Synthesis toward the Generation of Natural Product-like Libraries. Chem Rev 2009; 109:1999-2060. [DOI: 10.1021/cr800188v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti P. Nandy
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michael Prakesch
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Shahriar Khadem
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - P. Thirupathi Reddy
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Utpal Sharma
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Prabhat Arya
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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Nicolaou K, Chen J, Edmonds D, Estrada A. Fortschritte in der Chemie und Biologie natürlicher Antibiotika. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Nicolaou KC, Chen JS, Edmonds DJ, Estrada AA. Recent advances in the chemistry and biology of naturally occurring antibiotics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:660-719. [PMID: 19130444 PMCID: PMC2730216 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the world-shaping discovery of penicillin, nature's molecular diversity has been extensively screened for new medications and lead compounds in drug discovery. The search for agents intended to combat infectious diseases has been of particular interest and has enjoyed a high degree of success. Indeed, the history of antibiotics is marked with impressive discoveries and drug-development stories, the overwhelming majority of which have their origin in natural products. Chemistry, and in particular chemical synthesis, has played a major role in bringing naturally occurring antibiotics and their derivatives to the clinic, and no doubt these disciplines will continue to be key enabling technologies. In this review article, we highlight a number of recent discoveries and advances in the chemistry, biology, and medicine of naturally occurring antibiotics, with particular emphasis on total synthesis, analogue design, and biological evaluation of molecules with novel mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Nicolaou KC, Chen JS, Dalby SM. From nature to the laboratory and into the clinic. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:2290-303. [PMID: 19028103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural products possess a broad diversity of structure and function, and they provide inspiration for chemistry, biology, and medicine. In this review article, we highlight and place in context our laboratory's total syntheses of, and related studies on, complex secondary metabolites that were clinically important drugs, or have since been developed into useful medicines, namely amphotericin B (1), calicheamicin gamma(1)(I) (2), rapamycin (3), Taxol (4), the epothilones [e.g., epothilones A (5) and B (6)], and vancomycin (7). We also briefly highlight our research with other selected inspirational natural products possessing interesting biological activities [i.e., dynemicin A (8), uncialamycin (9), eleutherobin (10), sarcodictyin A (11), azaspiracid-1 (12), thiostrepton (13), abyssomicin C (14), platensimycin (15), platencin (16), and palmerolide A (17)].
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, BCC408, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Loll PJ, Derhovanessian A, Shapovalov MV, Kaplan J, Yang L, Axelsen PH. Vancomycin forms ligand-mediated supramolecular complexes. J Mol Biol 2008; 385:200-11. [PMID: 18983853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of resistance to vancomycin and related glycopeptide antibiotics is spurring efforts to develop new antimicrobial therapeutics. High-resolution structural information about antibiotic-ligand recognition should prove valuable in the rational design of improved drugs. We have determined the X-ray crystal structure of the complex of vancomycin with N-acetyl-D-Ala-D-Ala, a mimic of the natural muramyl peptide target, and refined this structure at a resolution of 1.3 A to R and R(free) values of 0.172 and 0.195, respectively. The crystal asymmetric unit contains three back-back vancomycin dimers; two of these dimers participate in ligand-mediated face-face interactions that produce an infinite chain of molecules running throughout the crystal. The third dimer packs against the side of a face-face interface in a tight "side-side" interaction that involves both polar contacts and burial of hydrophobic surface. The trimer of dimers found in the asymmetric unit is essentially identical to complexes seen in three other crystal structures of glycopeptide antibiotics complexed with peptide ligands. These four structures are derived from crystals belonging to different space groups, suggesting that the trimer of dimers may not be simply a crystal packing artifact and prompting us to ask if ligand-mediated oligomerization could be observed in solution. Using size-exclusion chromatography, dynamic light scattering, and small-angle X-ray scattering, we demonstrate that vancomycin forms discrete supramolecular complexes in the presence of tripeptide ligands. Size estimates for these complexes are consistent with assemblies containing four to six vancomycin monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Loll
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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28
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Driggers EM, Hale SP, Lee J, Terrett NK. The exploration of macrocycles for drug discovery — an underexploited structural class. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008; 7:608-24. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd2590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 984] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Filice M, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Terreni M, Guisan JM, Palomo JM. Screening of lipases for regioselective hydrolysis of peracetylated β-monosaccharides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Palomo JM, Filice M, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Terreni M, Guisan JM. Regioselective Hydrolysis of Different Peracetylated β-Monosaccharides by Immobilized Lipases from Different Sources. Key Role of The Immobilization. Adv Synth Catal 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200700055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Doi T, Kinbara A, Inoue H, Takahashi T. Donor-Bound Glycosylation for Various Glycosyl Acceptors: Bidirectional Solid-Phase Semisynthesis of Vancomycin and Its Derivatives. Chem Asian J 2007; 2:188-98. [PMID: 17441153 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200600301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The glycosidation of a polymer-supported glycosyl donor, N-phenyltrifluoroacetimidate, with various glycosyl acceptors is reported. The application of the polymer-supported N-phenyltrifluoroacetimidate is demonstrated in the synthesis of vancomycin derivatives. 2-O-[2-(azidomethyl)benzoyl]glycosyl imidate was attached to a polymer support at the 6-position by a phenylsulfonate linked with a C13 alkyl spacer. Solid-phase glycosidation with a vancomycin aglycon, selective deprotection of the 2-(azidomethyl)benzoyl group, and glycosylation of the resulting 2-hydroxy group with a vancosamine unit were performed. Nucleophilic cleavage from the polymer support with acetate, chloride, azido, and thioacetate ions provided vancomycin derivatives in pure form after simple purification. The semisynthesis of vancomycin was achieved by deprotection of the acetate derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Doi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.
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Abstract
With the exception of palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings, no other group of reactions has had such a profound impact on the formation of carbon-carbon bonds and the art of total synthesis in the last quarter of a century than the metathesis reactions of olefins, enynes, and alkynes. Herein, we highlight a number of selected examples of total syntheses in which such processes played a crucial role and which imparted to these endeavors certain elements of novelty, elegance, and efficiency. Judging from their short but impressive history, the influence of these reactions in chemical synthesis is destined to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Jacobsson M, Malmberg J, Ellervik U. Aromatic O-glycosylation. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:1266-81. [PMID: 16650391 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 04/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates carrying an aromatic aglycon are important natural products and thus key synthetic targets. However, due to the electron-withdrawing properties of aromatic rings, phenols are difficult to glycosylate. This review covers the most common carbohydrate donors used for aromatic O-glycosylation (anomeric acetates, halides, trichloroacetimidates and thioglycosides) as well as some less common donors. The scope of the review is to give practical examples of aromatic O-glycosylations and to offer guidelines for glycosylation of typical aromatic residues. Anomeric acetates or trichloroacetimidates, activated under acidic conditions, are preferred for electron rich aromatic aglycons, while glycosyl halides, activated using basic conditions, are preferred for electron deficient aromatic residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mårten Jacobsson
- Organic Chemistry, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Welzel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Germany.
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37
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Huang CH, McClenaghan ND, Kuhn A, Bravic G, Bassani DM. Hierarchical self-assembly of all-organic photovoltaic devices. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.09.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Kan JTW, Toy PH. Sulfur- and selenium-based linkers in polymer-supported organic synthesis. J Sulphur Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/0141160500371140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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39
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McAllister LA, McCormick RA, Procter DJ. Sulfide- and selenide-based linkers in phase tag-assisted synthesis. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yao NH, Liu G, He WY, Niu C, Carlson JR, Lam KS. Solid-phase synthesis and antibacterial evaluations of N-demethylvancomycin derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2325-9. [PMID: 15837318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.02.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2005] [Revised: 02/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-five N-demethylvancomycin derivatives were synthesized on solid-support and their structures were determined by LC-MS/MS. Biological evaluation of these compounds indicated that bulky hydrophobic substituent on vancosamine of N-demethylvancomycin can increase antibacterial activity against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian-Huan Yao
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Materia Medica, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, PR China
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Abstract
The introduction of high-throughput synthesis and combinatorial chemistry has precipitated a global decline in the screening of natural products by the pharmaceutical industry. Some companies terminated their natural products program, despite the unproven success of the new technologies. This was a premature decision, as natural products have a long history of providing important medicinal agents. Furthermore, they occupy a complementary region of chemical space compared with the typical synthetic compound library. For these reasons, the interest in natural products has been rekindled. Various approaches have evolved that combine the power of natural products and organic chemistry, ranging from the combinatorial total synthesis of analogues to the exploration of natural product scaffolds and the design of completely unnatural molecules that resemble natural products in their molecular characteristics.
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Abstract
glycorandomization is a chemoenzymatic strategy that overcomes the limitations in natural product derivatization associated with both solely chemistry-based approaches or in vivo engineering. In this article we present the basic strategies for glycorandomization development as a next-generation tool in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53705, USA
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45
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Fu X, Albermann C, Jiang J, Liao J, Zhang C, Thorson JS. Antibiotic optimization via in vitro glycorandomization. Nat Biotechnol 2003; 21:1467-9. [PMID: 14608364 DOI: 10.1038/nbt909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2003] [Accepted: 08/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In nature, the attachment of sugars to small molecules is often used to mediate targeting, mechanism of action and/or pharmacology. As an alternative to pathway engineering or total synthesis, we report a useful method, in vitro glycorandomization (IVG), to diversify the glycosylation patterns of complex natural products. We have used flexible glycosyltransferases on nucleotide diphosphosugar (NDP-sugar) libraries to generate glycorandomized natural products and then applied chemoselective ligation to produce monoglycosylated vancomycins that rival vancomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Fu
- Laboratory for Biosynthetic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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Abstract
Natural sources offer a wealth of chemically diverse compounds that have been evolutionary preselected to modulate biochemical pathways. Several industrial and academic groups are accessing this source using advanced technology platforms. Methods have been reported to generate large and diverse natural-product libraries optimised for high-throughput screening and for a fast discovery process. In addition to prefractionated and pure natural-product libraries, parallel synthesis gives access to synthetic, semi-synthetic and natural-product-like libraries. Natural-product chemistry and organic synthesis are powerful tools for optimising natural leads and for generating new diversity from natural scaffolds. The amalgamation of both may be expected to become an important strategy in future drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Abel
- bioLeads GmbH, Waldhoferstr. 104, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Combinatorial syntheses allow production of compound libraries in an expeditious and organized manner immediately applicable for high-throughput screening. Natural products possess a pedigree to justify quality and appreciation in drug discovery and development. Currently, we are seeing a rapid increase in application of natural products in combinatorial chemistry and vice versa. The therapeutic areas of infectious disease and oncology still dominate but many new areas are emerging. Several complex natural products have now been synthesised by solid-phase methods and have created the foundation for preparation of combinatorial libraries. In other examples, natural products or intermediates have served as building blocks or scaffolds in the synthesis of complex natural products, bioactive analogues or designed hybrid molecules. Finally, structural motifs from the biologically active parent molecule have been identified and have served for design of natural product mimicry, which facilitates the creation of combinatorial libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Building 207, Kemitorvet, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.
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Abstract
The application of combinatorial chemistry to the synthesis of carbohydrate-based compound collections has received increased attention in recent years. New strategies for the solution-phase synthesis of oligosaccharide libraries have been reported, and the use of monosaccharides as scaffolds in the generation of combinatorial libraries has been described. Novel approaches to the assembly of carbohydrate-based antibiotics, such as aminoglycoside analogs and vancomycin derivatives, have also been disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Marcaurelle
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Nakamura S, Uchiyama Y, Ishikawa S, Fukinbara R, Watanabe Y, Toru T. Asymmetric conjugate addition reactions of polymer-supported highly enantioenriched β-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl sulfoxides. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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