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Novichkov D, Trigub A, Gerber E, Nevolin I, Romanchuk A, Matveev P, Kalmykov S. Laboratory-based X-ray spectrometer for actinide science. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:1114-1126. [PMID: 37738030 PMCID: PMC10624025 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523006926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopies nowadays are advanced characterization methods for fundamental and applied actinide research. One of the advantages of these methods is to reveal slight changes in the structural and electronic properties of radionuclides. The experiments are generally carried out at synchrotrons. However, considerable progress has been made to construct laboratory-based X-ray spectrometers for X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopies. Laboratory spectrometers are reliable, effective and accessible alternatives to synchrotrons, especially for actinide research, which allow dispensing with high costs of the radioactive sample transport and synchrotron time. Moreover, data from laboratory spectrometers, obtained within a reasonable time, are comparable with synchrotron results. Thereby, laboratory spectrometers can complement synchrotrons or can be used for preliminary experiments to find perspective samples for synchrotron experiments with better resolution. Here, the construction and implementation of an X-ray spectrometer (LomonosovXAS) in Johann-geometry at a radiochemistry laboratory is reported. Examples are given of the application of LomonosovXAS to actinide systems relevant to the chemistry of f-elements, the physical chemistry of nuclear power engineering and the long-term disposal of spent nuclear fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Novichkov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Trigub
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Ploshchad Akademika Kurchatova 1, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny Gerber
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Iurii Nevolin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Romanchuk
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Petr Matveev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Stepan Kalmykov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
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2
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Wolzak LA, de Zwart FJ, Oudsen JPH, Bartlett SA, de Bruin B, Reek JN, Tromp M, Korstanje TJ. Exogenous Ligand‐free Nickel‐catalyzed carboxylate O‐arylation Insight into NiI/NiIII cycles. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas A. Wolzak
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences NETHERLANDS
| | - Felix J. de Zwart
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences NETHERLANDS
| | - Jean-Pierre H. Oudsen
- Technical University of Berlin: Technische Universitat Berlin Physical/Biophysical Chemistry GERMANY
| | | | - Bas de Bruin
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences NETHERLANDS
| | - Joost N.H. Reek
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences NETHERLANDS
| | - Moniek Tromp
- Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Faculty of Science and Engineering Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen NETHERLANDS
| | - Ties J. Korstanje
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences NETHERLANDS
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Zimmermann P, Peredkov S, Abdala PM, DeBeer S, Tromp M, Müller C, van Bokhoven JA. Modern X-ray spectroscopy: XAS and XES in the laboratory. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Baek J, Rungtaweevoranit B, Pei X, Park M, Fakra SC, Liu YS, Matheu R, Alshmimri SA, Alshehri S, Trickett CA, Somorjai GA, Yaghi OM. Bioinspired Metal–Organic Framework Catalysts for Selective Methane Oxidation to Methanol. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:18208-18216. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Myeongkee Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Saeed Alshehri
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia
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Effect of Location and Distribution of Al Sites in ZSM-5 on the Formation of Cu-Oxo Clusters Active for Direct Conversion of Methane to Methanol. Top Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-016-0676-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Single-site trinuclear copper oxygen clusters in mordenite for selective conversion of methane to methanol. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7546. [PMID: 26109507 PMCID: PMC4491810 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper-exchanged zeolites with mordenite structure mimic the nuclearity and reactivity of active sites in particulate methane monooxygenase, which are enzymes able to selectively oxidize methane to methanol. Here we show that the mordenite micropores provide a perfect confined environment for the highly selective stabilization of trinuclear copper-oxo clusters that exhibit a high reactivity towards activation of carbon–hydrogen bonds in methane and its subsequent transformation to methanol. The similarity with the enzymatic systems is also implied from the similarity of the reversible rearrangements of the trinuclear clusters occurring during the selective transformations of methane along the reaction path towards methanol, in both the enzyme system and copper-exchanged mordenite. Copper-exchanged zeolites with mordenite structure can mimic the active sites in particulate methane monooxygenase. Here, the authors show that mordenite micropores can stabilize trinuclear copper-oxo clusters that exhibit a high reactivity towards activation of carbon–hydrogen bonds in methane.
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Tromp M. Catalysis seen in action. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2015; 373:rsta.2013.0152. [PMID: 25624518 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2013.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation techniques are widely applied in materials research and heterogeneous catalysis. In homogeneous catalysis, its use so far is rather limited despite its high potential. Here, insights in the strengths and limitations of X-ray spectroscopy technique in the field of homogeneous catalysis are given, including new technique developments. A relevant homogeneous catalyst, used in the industrially important selective oligomerization of ethene, is taken as a worked-out example. Emphasis is placed on time-resolved operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy with outlooks to novel high energy resolution and emission techniques. All experiments described have been or can be done at the Diamond Light Source Ltd (Didcot, UK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Moniek Tromp
- Characterisation in Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
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Groppo E, Seenivasan K, Barzan C. The potential of spectroscopic methods applied to heterogeneous catalysts for olefinpolymerization. Catal Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cy20559a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Synchrotron radiation X-ray absorption spectroscopic studies in solution and electrochemistry of a nitroimidazole conjugated heteroscorpionate copper(II) complex. Polyhedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2012.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Atkins AJ, Jacob CR, Bauer M. Probing the Electronic Structure of Substituted Ferrocenes with High-Resolution XANES Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2012; 18:7021-5. [PMID: 22555875 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Atkins
- Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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12
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Tromp M, van Strijdonck GPF, van Berkel SS, van den Hoogenband A, Feiters MC, de Bruin B, Fiddy SG, van der Eerden AMJ, van Bokhoven JA, van Leeuwen PWNM, Koningsberger DC. Multitechnique Approach to Reveal the Mechanism of Copper(II)-Catalyzed Arylation Reactions. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om9010643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moniek Tromp
- Debye Institute, Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sander S. van Berkel
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martinus C. Feiters
- IMM, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- IMM, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jeroen A. van Bokhoven
- Debye Institute, Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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13
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Giorgetti M, Guadagnini L, Fiddy SG, Santini C, Pellei M. Cu K-edge EXAFS on copper(I) complexes containing dihydridobis(3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)borate and bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acetate ligand: Evidence for the Cu–O interaction. Polyhedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2009.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Groppo E, Uddin M, Bordiga S, Zecchina A, Lamberti C. Structure and Redox Activity of Copper Sites Isolated in a Nanoporous P4VP Polymeric Matrix. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:9269-73. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200802815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Groppo
- Department of Inorganic, Physical and Material Chemistry, NIS Centre of Excellence, and INSTM Unità di Torino, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino (Italy), Fax: (+39) 011‐670‐7855
| | - Mohammed Jasim Uddin
- Department of Inorganic, Physical and Material Chemistry, NIS Centre of Excellence, and INSTM Unità di Torino, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino (Italy), Fax: (+39) 011‐670‐7855
| | - Silvia Bordiga
- Department of Inorganic, Physical and Material Chemistry, NIS Centre of Excellence, and INSTM Unità di Torino, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino (Italy), Fax: (+39) 011‐670‐7855
| | - Adriano Zecchina
- Department of Inorganic, Physical and Material Chemistry, NIS Centre of Excellence, and INSTM Unità di Torino, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino (Italy), Fax: (+39) 011‐670‐7855
| | - Carlo Lamberti
- Department of Inorganic, Physical and Material Chemistry, NIS Centre of Excellence, and INSTM Unità di Torino, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino (Italy), Fax: (+39) 011‐670‐7855
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15
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Groppo E, Uddin M, Bordiga S, Zecchina A, Lamberti C. Structure and Redox Activity of Copper Sites Isolated in a Nanoporous P4VP Polymeric Matrix. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200802815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Groppo
- Department of Inorganic, Physical and Material Chemistry, NIS Centre of Excellence, and INSTM Unità di Torino, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino (Italy), Fax: (+39) 011‐670‐7855
| | - Mohammed Jasim Uddin
- Department of Inorganic, Physical and Material Chemistry, NIS Centre of Excellence, and INSTM Unità di Torino, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino (Italy), Fax: (+39) 011‐670‐7855
| | - Silvia Bordiga
- Department of Inorganic, Physical and Material Chemistry, NIS Centre of Excellence, and INSTM Unità di Torino, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino (Italy), Fax: (+39) 011‐670‐7855
| | - Adriano Zecchina
- Department of Inorganic, Physical and Material Chemistry, NIS Centre of Excellence, and INSTM Unità di Torino, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino (Italy), Fax: (+39) 011‐670‐7855
| | - Carlo Lamberti
- Department of Inorganic, Physical and Material Chemistry, NIS Centre of Excellence, and INSTM Unità di Torino, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino (Italy), Fax: (+39) 011‐670‐7855
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16
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Keller DE, Weckhuysen BM, Koningsberger DC. Application of AXAFS Spectroscopy to Transition-Metal Oxides: Influence of the Nearest and Next Nearest Neighbour Shells in Vanadium Oxides. Chemistry 2007; 13:5845-56. [PMID: 17444544 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The influence of changes in coordination number, interatomic distances, and oxidation state on the intensity and centroid position of the Fourier transform (FT) of the atomic X-ray absorption fine structure (AXAFS) peak of vanadium oxide bulk model compounds and alumina-supported vanadium oxide clusters has been investigated. Using Na3VO4 and V2O5 as model compounds, it has been shown that the nearest neighbour shells have a pronounced influence on the AXAFS intensity; specifically, a 40 % decrease in intensity was observed between these two compounds. Secondly, the influence of partial reduction of the vanadium oxide species has been determined; this led to a 50 % decrease in the AXAFS intensity and to an increase in the centroid position. Furthermore, the influence of the vanadium oxide loading has been assessed. A non-linear relationship between the vanadium oxide loading and the AXAFS intensity has been found, indicating that the AXAFS intensity is sensitive to the formation of V-O-V bridging bonds between the vanadium VO4 clusters. The results show that AXAFS can be used to probe the relative energy level of the vanadium valence orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne E Keller
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Keller DE, de Groot FMF, Koningsberger DC, Weckhuysen BM. ΛO4 Upside Down: A New Molecular Structure for Supported VO4 Catalysts. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:10223-33. [PMID: 16852239 DOI: 10.1021/jp044539l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vanadium oxide (1 wt %) supported on gamma-Al(2)O(3) was used to investigate the interface between the catalytically active species and the support oxide. Raman, UV-vis-NIR DRS, ESR, XANES, and EXAFS were used to characterize the sample in great detail. All techniques showed that an isolated VO(4) species was present at the catalyst surface, which implies that no V-O-V moiety is present. Surprisingly, a Raman band was present at 900 cm(-1), which is commonly assigned to a V-O-V vibration. This observation contradicts the current literature assignment. To further elucidate on potential other Raman assignments, the exact molecular structure of the VO(4) entity (1 V=O bond of 1.58 A and 3 V-O bonds of 1.72 A) together with its position relative to the support O anions and Al cation of the Al(2)O(3) support has been investigated with EXAFS. In combination with a structural model of the alumina surface, the arrangement of the support atoms in the proximity of the VO(4) entity could be clarified, leading to a new molecular structure of the interface between VO(4) and Al(2)O(3). It was found that VO(4) is anchored to the support oxide surface, with only one V-O support bond instead of three, which is commonly accepted in the literature. The structural model suggested in this paper leaves three possible assignments for the 900 cm(-1) band: a V-O-Al vibration, a V-O-H vibration, and a V-(O-O) vibration. The pros and cons of these different options will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne E Keller
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute, Utrecht University, PO Box 80083, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Clot E, Eisenstein O, Weng TC, Penner-Hahn J, Caulton KG. Is the Allylpalladium Structure Altered between Solid and Solutions? J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:9079-84. [PMID: 15264841 DOI: 10.1021/ja049091g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent EXAFS measurements on [(Ph(2)PCH(2)CH(2)PPh(2))Pd(H(2)CCHCMe(2))]O(3)SCF(3) (Tromp et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 14814) were interpreted as evidence that, when the complex is dissolved in THF, the allyl ligand adopts an eta(2) structure with a dangling allyl CH(2) substituent. DFT calculations of the Pd complex using H(2)P-CH(2)CH(2)-PH(2) as a model for Ph(2)P-CH(2)CH(2)-PPh(2) (dppe), in the absence or the presence of the triflate counteranion, and modeling the THF solvent by explicit Me(2)O molecules or by a continuum model give always a conventional eta(3)-H(2)CCHCMe(2) structure with equal Pd-C bonds to the terminal carbon centers of the allyl. QM/MM calculations using the dppe ligand also fail to support an eta(2)-allyl structure as a global minimum. The EXAFS parameter space is shown to have multiple minima. These have very similar overall EXAFS, but have very different structural parameters. The minimum that was the basis for the previous structural conclusion gives a slightly better fit but has unrealistic Debye-Waller factors and threshold energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Clot
- LSDSMS (UMR 5636), case courrier 14, Université Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Groothaert MH, van Bokhoven JA, Battiston AA, Weckhuysen BM, Schoonheydt RA. Bis(mu-oxo)dicopper in Cu-ZSM-5 and its role in the decomposition of NO: a combined in situ XAFS, UV-vis-near-IR, and kinetic study. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:7629-40. [PMID: 12812505 DOI: 10.1021/ja029684w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In situ XAFS combined with UV-vis-near-IR spectroscopy are used to identify the active site in copper-loaded ZSM-5 responsible for the catalytic decomposition of NO. Cu-ZSM-5 was probed with in situ XAFS (i) after O(2) activation and (ii) while catalyzing the direct decomposition of NO into N(2) and O(2). A careful R-space fitting of the Cu K-edge EXAFS data is presented, including the use of different k-weightings and the analysis of the individual coordination shells. For the O(2)-activated overexchanged Cu-ZSM-5 sample a Cu.Cu contribution at 2.87 A with a coordination number of 1 is found. The corresponding UV-vis-near-IR spectrum is characterized by an intense absorption band at 22 700 cm(-1) and a relatively weaker band at 30 000 cm(-1), while no corresponding EPR signal is detected. Comparison of these data with the large databank of well-characterized copper centers in enzymes and synthetic model complexes leads to the identification of the bis(mu-oxo)dicopper core, i.e. [Cu(2)(mu-O)(2)](2+). After dehydration in He, Cu-ZSM-5 shows stable NO decomposition activity and the in situ XAFS data indicate the formation of a large fraction of the bis(mu-oxo)dicopper core during reaction. When the Cu/Al ratio of Cu-ZSM-5 exceeds 0.2, both the bis(mu-oxo)dicopper core is formed and the NO decomposition activity increases sharply. On the basis of the in situ measurements, a reaction cycle is proposed in which the bis(mu-oxo)dicopper core forms the product O(2) on a single active site and realizes the continuous O(2) release and concomitant self-reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke H Groothaert
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Groothaert MH, Lievens K, van Bokhoven JA, Battiston AA, Weckhuysen BM, Pierloot K, Schoonheydt RA. Bis(mu-oxo)dicopper as key intermediate in the catalytic decomposition of nitric oxide. Chemphyschem 2003; 4:626-30. [PMID: 12836487 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200300746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marijke H Groothaert
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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