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Walker KL, Loach RP, Movassaghi M. Total synthesis of complex 2,5-diketopiperazine alkaloids. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2023; 90:159-206. [PMID: 37716796 PMCID: PMC10955524 DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
The 2,5-diketopiperazine (DKP) motif is present in many biologically relevant, complex natural products. The cyclodipeptide substructure offers structural rigidity and stability to proteolysis that makes these compounds promising candidates for medical applications. Due to their fascinating molecular architecture, synthetic organic chemists have focused significant effort on the total synthesis of these compounds. This review covers many such efforts on the total synthesis of DKP containing complex alkaloid natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Richard P Loach
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.
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2
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Klas KR, Kato H, Frisvad JC, Yu F, Newmister SA, Fraley AE, Sherman DH, Tsukamoto S, Williams RM. Structural and stereochemical diversity in prenylated indole alkaloids containing the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system from marine and terrestrial fungi. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 35:532-558. [PMID: 29632911 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to February 2017 Various fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Malbranchea produce prenylated indole alkaloids possessing a bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system. After the discovery of distinct enantiomers of the natural alkaloids stephacidin A and notoamide B, from A. protuberus MF297-2 and A. amoenus NRRL 35660, another fungi, A. taichungensis, was found to produce their diastereomers, 6-epi-stephacidin A and versicolamide B, as major metabolites. Distinct enantiomers of stephacidin A and 6-epi-stephacidin A may be derived from a common precursor, notoamide S, by enzymes that form a bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane core via a putative intramolecular hetero-Diels-Alder cycloaddition. This review provides our current understanding of the structural and stereochemical homologies and disparities of these alkaloids. Through the deployment of biomimetic syntheses, whole-genome sequencing, and biochemical studies, a unified biogenesis of both the dioxopiperazine and the monooxopiperazine families of prenylated indole alkaloids constituted of bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring systems is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Klas
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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3
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Amatov T, Gebauer M, Pohl R, Cisařová I, Jahn U. Oxidative radical cyclizations of diketopiperazines bearing an amidomalonate unit. Heterointermediate reaction sequences toward the asperparalines and stephacidins. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:S6-S17. [PMID: 27806645 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2016.1223295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach to the diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane core of prenylated bridged diketopiperazine alkaloids is described by direct oxidative cyclizations of functionalized diketopiperazines mediated by ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate or the Mn(OAc)3•2H2O/Cu(OTf)2 system. Divergent reaction pathways take place depending on the substitution pattern of the substrates and the oxidation conditions such as temperature or the presence or absence of persistent radical TEMPO. For ester-substituted diketopiperazines, the ester group exerts a significant influence on the reaction outcome and stereochemistry of the radical cyclizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tynchtyk Amatov
- a Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo namesti 2 , Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Gebauer
- a Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo namesti 2 , Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Pohl
- a Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo namesti 2 , Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Cisařová
- b Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Charles University in Prague , Hlavova 2030/8 , Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ullrich Jahn
- a Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo namesti 2 , Prague 6, Czech Republic
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4
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Tang Z, Liu Z, An Y, Jiang R, Zhang X, Li C, Jia X, Li J. Isocyanide-Based Multicomponent Bicyclization with Substituted Allenoate and Isatin: Synthesis of Unusual Spirooxindole Containing [5.5]-Fused Heterocycle. J Org Chem 2016; 81:9158-9166. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry,
Innovative Drug Research Center, and ‡Shanghai Key Laboratory of High
Temperature Superconductors, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry,
Innovative Drug Research Center, and ‡Shanghai Key Laboratory of High
Temperature Superconductors, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu An
- Department of Chemistry,
Innovative Drug Research Center, and ‡Shanghai Key Laboratory of High
Temperature Superconductors, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruolan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry,
Innovative Drug Research Center, and ‡Shanghai Key Laboratory of High
Temperature Superconductors, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinglu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry,
Innovative Drug Research Center, and ‡Shanghai Key Laboratory of High
Temperature Superconductors, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunju Li
- Department of Chemistry,
Innovative Drug Research Center, and ‡Shanghai Key Laboratory of High
Temperature Superconductors, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueshun Jia
- Department of Chemistry,
Innovative Drug Research Center, and ‡Shanghai Key Laboratory of High
Temperature Superconductors, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Chemistry,
Innovative Drug Research Center, and ‡Shanghai Key Laboratory of High
Temperature Superconductors, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic of China
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5
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A Novel Spirooxindole Derivative Inhibits the Growth of Leishmania donovani Parasites both In Vitro and In Vivo by Targeting Type IB Topoisomerase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6281-93. [PMID: 27503653 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00352-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a fatal parasitic disease, and there is an emergent need for development of effective drugs against this neglected tropical disease. We report here the development of a novel spirooxindole derivative, N-benzyl-2,2'α-3,3',5',6',7',7α,α'-octahydro-2methoxycarbonyl-spiro[indole-3,3'-pyrrolizidine]-2-one (compound 4c), which inhibits Leishmania donovani topoisomerase IB (LdTopIB) and kills the wild type as well as drug-resistant parasite strains. This compound inhibits catalytic activity of LdTopIB in a competitive manner. Unlike camptothecin (CPT), the compound does not stabilize the DNA-topoisomerase IB cleavage complex; rather, it hinders drug-DNA-enzyme covalent complex formation. Fluorescence studies show that the stoichiometry of this compound binding to LdTopIB is 2:1 (mole/mole), with a dissociation constant of 6.65 μM. Molecular docking with LdTopIB using the stereoisomers of compound 4c produced two probable hits for the binding site, one in the small subunit and the other in the hinge region of the large subunit of LdTopIB. This spirooxindole is highly cytotoxic to promastigotes of L. donovani and also induces apoptosis-like cell death in the parasite. Treatment with compound 4c causes depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, formation of reactive oxygen species inside parasites, and ultimately fragmentation of nuclear DNA. Compound 4c also effectively clears amastigote forms of wild-type and drug-resistant parasites from infected mouse peritoneal macrophages but has less of an effect on host macrophages. Moreover, compound 4c showed strong antileishmanial efficacies in the BALB/c mouse model of leishmaniasis. This compound potentially can be used as a lead for developing excellent antileishmanial agents against emerging drug-resistant strains of the parasite.
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Mailyan AK, Eickhoff JA, Minakova AS, Gu Z, Lu P, Zakarian A. Cutting-Edge and Time-Honored Strategies for Stereoselective Construction of C–N Bonds in Total Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4441-557. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Artur K. Mailyan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - John A. Eickhoff
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Anastasiia S. Minakova
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Zhenhua Gu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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7
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Jiang H, Jie H, Li J. Scandium triflate-catalyzed selective ring opening and rearrangement reaction of spiro-epoxyoxindole and carbonyl compounds. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21264f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Scandium triflate-catalyzed reactions between spiro-epoxyoxindole and carbonyl compounds have been disclosed. Furthermore, an unprecedented rearrangement takes place to yield alkylidene oxindoles when aromatic aldehydes are used as carbonyl components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu 610054
- P. R. China
- Department of Applied Chemistry
| | - Haohua Jie
- Department of Chemistry
- Innovative Drug Research Center
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Innovative Drug Research Center
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
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8
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Hu C, Zhang Q, Huang Y. Phosphine-Catalyzed Rauhut-Currier Domino Reaction: A Facile Strategy for the Construction of Carbocyclic Spirooxindoles Skeletons. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:1981-4. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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An efficient entry to highly substituted chiral 2-oxopiperazines from α-amino acids via iodocyclization. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.09.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Kwon SH, Lee SM, Byun SM, Chin J, Kim BM. Short Synthesis of Enantiopure trans-3-Arylpiperazine-2-carboxylic Acid Derivatives via Diaza-Cope Rearrangement. Org Lett 2012; 14:3664-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol301506b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soon Ho Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sang Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sang Moon Byun
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jik Chin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - B. Moon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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11
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Li J, Wang N, Li C, Jia X. Multicomponent reaction to construct spirocyclic oxindoles with a Michael (triple Michael)/cyclization cascade sequence as the key step. Chemistry 2012; 18:9645-50. [PMID: 22815218 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201104071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent cycloadditions with readily available isocyanides, allenoates, and isatylidene malononitriles are disclosed. This reaction, which does not require the aid of any catalyst, allows the efficient syntheses of spirocyclic oxindoles with excellent regioselectivity. Reactions with ethyl 2,3-butadienoate and various structurally diverse α- and γ-substituted allenoates are also fully explored. Remarkably, we have shown that the usual three-component process can be further developed into an unprecedented four-component cycloaddition in the presence of water, which provides a new strategy to access highly unusual tricyclic oxindoles. From a synthetic point of view, this protocol is very interesting considering the high level of complexity reached in one step. The mechanism is thought to proceed by a triple Michael/cyclization process by using allenoate as a three carbon atom component (3 C). Furthermore, multicomponent reaction with γ-substituted allenoate also results in a very interesting conversion. In such cases, the unusual cleavage of the "C=C" double bond of isatylidene malononitrile and one of the "C=C" double bonds of allenoate is always observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, P.R. China.
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12
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Song ZL, Fan CA, Tu YQ. Semipinacol Rearrangement in Natural Product Synthesis. Chem Rev 2011; 111:7523-56. [PMID: 21851053 DOI: 10.1021/cr200055g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Lei Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Chun-An Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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13
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Williams RM. Natural products synthesis: enabling tools to penetrate Nature's secrets of biogenesis and biomechanism. J Org Chem 2011; 76:4221-59. [PMID: 21438619 PMCID: PMC3174107 DOI: 10.1021/jo2003693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Selected examples from our laboratory of how synthetic technology platforms developed for the total synthesis of several disparate families of natural products was harnessed to penetrate biomechanistic and/or biosynthetic queries is discussed. Unexpected discoveries of biomechanistic reactivity and/or penetrating the biogenesis of naturally occurring substances were made possible through access to substances available only through chemical synthesis. Hypothesis-driven total synthesis programs are emerging as very useful conceptual templates for penetrating and exploiting the inherent reactivity of biologically active natural substances. In many instances, new enabling synthetic technologies were required to be developed. The examples demonstrate the often untapped richness of complex molecule synthesis to provide powerful tools to understand, manipulate and exploit Nature's vast and creative palette of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States.
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14
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Li J, Liu Y, Li C, Jia X. Syntheses of spirocyclic oxindole-butenolides by using three-component cycloadditions of isocyanides, allenoates, and isatins. Chemistry 2011; 17:7409-13. [PMID: 21598327 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
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Abstract
In this critical review, the strategic and economic benefits of C-H functionalization logic will be analyzed through the critical lens of total synthesis. In order to illustrate the dramatically simplifying effects this type of logic can potentially have on synthetic planning, we take the reader through a series of case studies in which it has already been successfully applied. In the first section, a chronological look at key historical syntheses will be examined, leading into modern day examples. In the second section, our own experience with applying and executing synthesis with a C-H functionalization "mindset" will be discussed (114 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Will R Gutekunst
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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16
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Zhou YQ, Wang NX, Zhou SB, Huang Z, Cao L. [4 + 3] Cycloaddition of Aromatic α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones with Epoxides: One-Step Approach to Synthesize Seven-Membered Oxacycles Catalyzed by Lewis Acid. J Org Chem 2010; 76:669-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101669t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qiang Zhou
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100190
| | - Nai-Xing Wang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100190
| | - Shu-Bao Zhou
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100190
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China, 830046
| | - Zhong Huang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100190
| | - Linghua Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China, 830046
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17
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Dietrich SA, Lindauer R, Stierlin C, Gertsch J, Matesanz R, Notararigo S, Díaz JF, Altmann KH. Epothilone analogues with benzimidazole and quinoline side chains: chemical synthesis, antiproliferative activity, and interactions with tubulin. Chemistry 2010; 15:10144-57. [PMID: 19697384 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A series of epothilone B and D analogues bearing isomeric quinoline or functionalized benzimidazole side chains has been prepared by chemical synthesis in a highly convergent manner. All analogues have been found to interact with the tubulin/microtubule system and to inhibit human cancer cell proliferation in vitro, albeit with different potencies (IC(50) values between 1 and 150 nM). The affinity of quinoline-based epothilone B and D analogues for stabilized microtubules clearly depends on the position of the N-atom in the quinoline system, while the induction of tubulin polymerization in vitro appears to be less sensitive to N-positioning. The potent inhibition of human cancer cell growth by epothilone analogues bearing functionalized benzimidazole side chains suggests that these systems might be conjugated with tumor-targeting moieties to form tumor-targeted prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Anthoine Dietrich
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, HCI H405, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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18
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Sundberg RJ. Electrophilic Substitution Reactions of Indoles. TOPICS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2010_52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Generation and α-hydroxyalkylation of a novel 3-piperidinol N-α-carbanion intermediate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-009-0229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Studies on Paraherquamide Biosynthesis: Synthesis of Deuterium-Labeled 7-Hydroxy-Pre-Paraherquamide, a Putative Precursor of Paraherquamides A, E & F. Tetrahedron 2009; 65:3246-3260. [PMID: 20161298 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The stereocontrolled, asymmetric synthesis of triply deuterium-labeled 7-hydroxy-pre-paraherquamide (27) was accomplished, employing a diastereoselective intramolecular S(N)2' cyclization strategy. The deuterium-labeled substrate was interrogated in a precursor incorporation experiment in the paraherquamide-producing organism Penicillium fellutanum. The isolated sample of paraherquamide A revealed incorporation of one of the two geminal deuterons of the CD(2)-group at C-12 exclusively. The lack of signals for the second deuteron of the CD(2)-group at C-12 and for the CH(2)D-group (C-22/C-23) suggests that this substrate suffered an unexpectedly selective catabolic degradation and metabolic re-incorporation of deuterium thus casting doubt on the proposed biosynthetic intermediacy of 27. Consideration of alternative biosynthetic pathways, including oxidation of the indole C-6 position prior to hydroxylation at C-7 or oxidative spiro-contraction of pre-paraherquamide prior to construction of the dioxepin is discussed. The synthesis of 27 also provides for a concise, asymmetric stereocontrolled synthesis of an advanced intermediate that will be potentially useful in the synthesis of paraherquamide E & F.
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Nguyen TT, Chang J, Jung EJ, Cho CG. Total syntheses of (+/-)-crinine, (+/-)-crinamine, and (+/-)-6a-epi-crinamine via the regioselective synthesis and Diels-Alder reaction of 3-aryl-5-bromo-2-pyrone. J Org Chem 2008; 73:6258-64. [PMID: 18630885 DOI: 10.1021/jo8008353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have devised a new unified synthetic protocol to (+/-)-crinine, (+/-)-crinamine, and (+/-)-6a- epi-crinamine from the Diels-Alder cycloadduct of 3-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-5-bromo-2-pyrone with TBS vinyl ether. The requisite 3-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-5-bromo-2-pyrone was prepared from the C3-selective Stille coupling reaction of 3,5-dibromo-2-pyrone. Also noted is that the vinyl bromide can be used as a handle for further derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Tam Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea 133-791
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22
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Sommer K, Williams RM. Studies Towards Paraherquamides E & F and Related C-labeled Putative Biosynthetic Intermediates: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of the α-Alkyl-β-Methylproline Ring System. Tetrahedron 2008; 64:7106-7111. [PMID: 20336192 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A substituted 2R-allyl-3S-methylproline ethyl ester suitable for elaboration to paraherquamides E, F and related (13)C-labelled putative biosynthesis intermediates have been prepared efficiently in six steps and 24% overall yield. The key steps are a 5-exo-trig cyclization of a zinc enolate on an unactivated alkene and a stereocontrolled alkylation of the enolate formed from 3S-methyl-pyrrolidine-1,2R-dicarboxylic acid 1-tert-butyl ester 2-ethyl ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Sommer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
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23
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Ferreira EM, Zhang H, Stoltz BM. C-H Bond Functionalizations with Palladium(II): Intramolecular Oxidative Annulations of Arenes. Tetrahedron 2008; 64:5987-6001. [PMID: 18587498 PMCID: PMC2441596 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative annulations for the synthesis of carbocycles were developed using a catalytic palladium(II) system. Indoles with pendant olefin tethers were oxidatively cyclized to form annulated products. Electron-rich aromatic systems were also investigated, culminating in the synthesis of benzofurans and dihydrobenzofurans by a similar protocol. These reactions were demonstrated to proceed by an initial C-H bond functionalization event, followed by olefin insertion and β-hydride elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Ferreira
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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24
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Diastereoselective synthesis of highly functionalized fluoroalkene dipeptide isosteres and its application to Fmoc-based solid-phase synthesis of a cyclic pentapeptide mimetic. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Tam NT, Cho CG. Total Synthesis of (±)-Crinine via the Regioselective Stille Coupling and Diels−Alder Reaction of 3,5-Dibromo-2-pyrone. Org Lett 2008; 10:601-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol702907u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thanh Tam
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea 133-791
| | - Cheon-Gyu Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea 133-791
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26
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Calaza MI, Cativiela C. Stereoselective Synthesis of Quaternary Proline Analogues. European J Org Chem 2008; 20:3427-3448. [PMID: 19655047 PMCID: PMC2719988 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review describes available methods for the diastereoselective and asymmetric synthesis of quaternary prolines. The focus is on the preparation of alpha-functionalized prolines with the pyrrolidine moiety not embedded in a polycyclic frame. The diverse synthetic approaches are classified according to the bond which is formed to complete the quaternary skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Isabel Calaza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza–CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, Fax: +34 976 761210
| | - Carlos Cativiela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza–CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, Fax: +34 976 761210
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27
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Synthesis of enantiopure vicinal diaminoesters and ketopiperazines from N-sulfinylimidazolidines. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Abstract
The design and implementation of cascade reactions is a challenging facet of organic chemistry, yet one that can impart striking novelty, elegance, and efficiency to synthetic strategies. The application of cascade reactions to natural products synthesis represents a particularly demanding task, but the results can be both stunning and instructive. This Review highlights selected examples of cascade reactions in total synthesis, with particular emphasis on recent applications therein. The examples discussed herein illustrate the power of these processes in the construction of complex molecules and underscore their future potential in chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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30
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Feyen F, Gertsch J, Wartmann M, Altmann KH. Design and Synthesis of 12-Aza-Epothilones (Azathilones)—“Non-Natural” Natural Products with Potent Anticancer Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:5880-5. [PMID: 16871640 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200601359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Feyen
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Hönggerberg, HCI H 405, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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31
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Feyen F, Gertsch J, Wartmann M, Altmann KH. Entwurf und Synthese von 12-Aza-Epothilonen (Azathilonen) – “nicht-natürliche Naturstoffe” mit potenter Antitumorwirkung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200601359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Kamijo S, Sasaki Y, Kanazawa C, Schüßeler T, Yamamoto Y. Oxindole Synthesis through Intramolecular Nucleophilic Addition of Vinylpalladiums to Aryl Isocyanates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200502252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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33
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Kamijo S, Sasaki Y, Kanazawa C, Schüsseler T, Yamamoto Y. Oxindole Synthesis through Intramolecular Nucleophilic Addition of Vinylpalladiums to Aryl Isocyanates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:7718-21. [PMID: 16276547 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200502252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Kamijo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 32306, USA.
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34
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Vitale JP, Wolckenhauer SA, Do NM, Rychnovsky SD. Synthesis of the C3−C19 Segment of Phorboxazole B. Org Lett 2005; 7:3255-8. [PMID: 16018634 DOI: 10.1021/ol051039h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text]. Three segment-coupling Prins approaches to the C3-C19 segment of phorboxazole B have been developed. One successful strategy utilized a novel TMSBr-mediated cyclization that proceeded with complete axial selectivity. Displacement of bromide with cesium acetate provided the C13 hydroxyl stereocenter of 22. Additionally, treatment of alpha-acetoxy ether 20 with TFA enabled a more concise synthesis of the C3-C19 target 13 by allowing direct access to the equatorial alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Vitale
- Department of Chemistry, University of California--Irvine, 92697-2025, USA
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35
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Zheng X, Feng CG, Ye JL, Huang PQ. Samarium Diiodide Promoted Generation and Asymmetric Hydroxyalkylation of N,O-Diprotected (3S)-3-Pyrrolidinol 2-Carbanions. Org Lett 2005; 7:553-6. [PMID: 15704892 DOI: 10.1021/ol047733z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The N,O-diprotected chiral nonracemic 2-pyridyl 3-pyrrolidinol-2-yl sulfide 5a undergoes efficient SmI(2) mediated reduction to give the N,O-diprotected 3-pyrrolidinol 2-carbanion intermediate D, which reacted under Barbier-type conditions with ketones and aldehydes to afford the protected N-alpha-hydroxyalkyl-3-pyrrolidines 10b-h with excellent diastereoselectivity at the newly formed chiral center in the pyrrolidine ring. Application of the present method led to the formal asymmetric syntheses of (2R,3S)-2-hydroxymethyl-3-pyrrolidinol (2) and (2S,3S)-3-hydroxyproline (12). [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
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36
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Brinkmann Y, Carreño MC, Urbano A, Colobert F, Solladié G. Asymmetric Synthesis of the Tetrahydropyran Ring, C32−C38 Fragment, of Phorboxazoles. Org Lett 2004; 6:4335-8. [PMID: 15524477 DOI: 10.1021/ol048099s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric synthesis of a model aldehyde (2R,6R)-2 and the C32-C38 fragment of phorboxazoles, (2R,4R,6R)-1, is described using a sulfoxide as chiral auxiliary. Key advances include the stereoselective reductions of beta-keto- or beta,gamma-diketosulfoxides, the acid-catalyzed cyclization of enantiopure sulfinyl hydroxy ketone precursors to the tetrahydropyran ring, and the Pummerer reaction on the pendant sulfoxide to create the formyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Brinkmann
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (C-I), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
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Novikov AV, Kennedy AR, Rainier JD. Sulfur ylide-initiated thio-claisen rearrangements. The synthesis of highly substituted indolines. J Org Chem 2003; 68:993-6. [PMID: 12558426 DOI: 10.1021/jo026582f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The coupling of rhodium carbenoids from vinyl diazoacetates with 2-thio-3-alkyl indoles was found to generate C(3) quaternary substituted indolines via a thionium ylide-initiated [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei V Novikov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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38
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Synthesis and Modification of Marcfortine and Paraherquamide Class of Anthelmintics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(03)80145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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39
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Williams RM. Total synthesis and biosynthesis of the paraherquamides: an intriguing story of the biological Diels-Alder construction. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2002; 50:711-40. [PMID: 12045324 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.50.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses and biosyntheses of the paraherquamide and brevianamide families of prenylated indole-derived alkaloids are reviewed. It has been proposed that the unique bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctan ring system that is common to this family of natural products, arises by a biological intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction. Both synthetic approaches and total syntheses of several members of this family of natural products are reviewed. The biosynthesis of these alkaloids has also constituted an active area of research and the current state of knowledge on the biosynthesis of these natural products are reviewed.
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40
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Cox RJ, Williams RM. Synthetic studies towards paraherquamide F: synthesis of the 1,7-dihydropyrano[2,3-g]indole ring system. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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42
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Campos KR, Cai D, Journet M, Kowal JJ, Larsen RD, Reider PJ. Controlled Semihydrogenation of Aminoalkynes Using Ethylenediamine as a Poison of Lindlar's Catalyst. J Org Chem 2001; 66:3634-5. [PMID: 11348162 DOI: 10.1021/jo015514a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K R Campos
- Department of Process Research, Merck & Co., Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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