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Wieczorkiewicz PA, Zborowski KK, Krygowski TM, Szatylowicz H. Substituent Effect versus Aromaticity─A Curious Case of Fulvene Derivatives. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14775-14780. [PMID: 37773323 PMCID: PMC10594647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
A computational study on amino- and nitro-substituted penta- and heptafulvenes reveals the interplay between the aromaticity and the substituent effect (SE). Ring substitution alone has little influence on the aromaticity, but in combination with an exo substituent of opposite properties, it substantially enhances the cyclic π-electron delocalization. Despite the SE being stronger for β substitution, only γ substitution leads to higher aromaticity. An explanation is provided by the electron density of delocalized bonds (EDDB) method, which proves to be a valuable tool in analyzing both cyclic delocalization and the SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel A. Wieczorkiewicz
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw 00-664, Poland
| | - Krzysztof K. Zborowski
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in
Kraków, Gronostajowa
2, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Tadeusz M. Krygowski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Halina Szatylowicz
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw 00-664, Poland
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2
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Luo H, Wang J, Tian R, Duan Z. 2H-Phosphindole-Enabled Dearomatization and [4+2] Cycloaddition of (Hetero)Arenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301898. [PMID: 37501587 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The heavier main group multiple bonds offer an effective tool for small molecule activation. Transient 2H-phosphinidole working as a reactive phosphadiene system undergoes phospha-Diels-Alder reaction with a wide range of non-activated aromatic carbocycles and heterocycles, including naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyridine, and benzo-fused heterocycles, affording concise access to a range of polycyclic fused rings feature with phosphorus at the bridgehead. These results demonstrate that non-activated (hetero)arenes are capable of acting as 2π systems in [4+2] cycloaddition with highly reactive 2H-phosphindole complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Luo
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Junjian Wang
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Rongqiang Tian
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Duan
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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3
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Abstract
Structurally authenticated free B-alkyl boroles are presented and electronic implications of alkyl substitution were assessed. Deprotonation of a boron-bound exocyclic methyl group in a B-methyl borole yields the first 5-boratafulvene anion-an isomer to boratabenzene. Boratafulvene was structurally characterized and its electronic structure probed by DFT calculations. The pKa value of the exocyclic B-CH3 in a set of boroles was computationally approximated and confirmed a pronounced acidic character caused by the boron atom embedded in an anti-aromatic moiety. The non-aromatic boratafulvene reacts as a C-centered nucleophile with the mild electrophile Me3 SnCl to give a stannylmethyl borole, regenerating the anti-aromaticity. As nucleophilic synthons for boroles, boratafulvenes thus open an entirely new avenue for synthetic strategies toward this highly reactive class of heterocycles. Boratafulvene reacts as a methylene transfer reagent in a bora-Wittig-type reaction generating a borole oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Heitkemper
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Leonard Naß
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Christian P. Sindlinger
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
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4
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Heitkemper T, Naß L, Sindlinger CP. Ein Boratafulven. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Heitkemper
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Leonard Naß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Christian P. Sindlinger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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5
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Liu Y, Fan X, Tian R, Duan Z. FeCl 2 Catalyzed Three-Component Reactions of Phospholes, Pyrrolidine, and Ketones (Aldehydes): Chemoselective Synthesis of 1-Phosphafulvenes. Org Lett 2021; 23:2943-2947. [PMID: 33779177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an unprecedented approach for the synthesis of transient 1-phosphafulvenes through three component reactions of phospholes. The generation of 1-phosphafulvenes was demonstrated by in situ [6 + 4] cycloaddition with 2H-phospholes and [6 + 6] self-dimerization. The [6 + 4] and [6 + 6] reaction pathway could be modulated by the starting ketones and aldehydes. The construction of 1-phosphafulvenes is illustrated by a proposed mechanism combining nucleophilic addition of phospholide to the iminium or isomerized azomethine ylide and a [1,5]-shift of phosphole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Liu
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Xinran Fan
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Rongqiang Tian
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Zheng Duan
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
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6
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Liu Y, Tian R, Duan Z, Mathey F. Nonbenzenoid aromaticity of 1-phosphafulvenes: synthesis of phosphacymantrenes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:476-479. [PMID: 33355316 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03934a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The coordination chemistry of 1-phosphafulvenes was investigated by employing their [6 + 4] adducts or α-C2-bridged biphospholes as a precursor. Unbridged phosphacymantrenes arise from 1-phosphafulvenes via proton abstraction. α-C2-bridged biphosphacymantrenes are probably yielded by the reductive coupling of 1-phosphafulvene with Mn2(CO)10. The coordination behavior of 1-phosphafulvenes is comparable to that of pentafulvenes, which again demonstrates the phosphorus-carbon analogy in low-coordinate organophosphorus chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Liu
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - Rongqiang Tian
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - Zheng Duan
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - François Mathey
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
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8
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Hu Z, Tian R, Zhao K, Liu Y, Duan Z, Mathey F. Generation and Trapping of a 1-Phosphafulvene: An Illustration of the P═C/C═C Analogy. Org Lett 2017; 19:5004-5006. [PMID: 28862864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1-Phosphafulvenes can be easily generated by dissociation of dimers resulting from the reaction of phospholes with aldimines. As electron-rich partners, they act as 4π phosphadienic systems toward alkenes and alkynes in [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions. As electron-poor partners, they act either as 2π systems toward conjugated dienes in [2 + 4] cycloaddition reactions via their P═C double bond or as 6π systems toward phosphadienes in [6 + 4] cycloaddition reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengsong Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Rongqiang Tian
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Kang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yanjie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Duan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - François Mathey
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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9
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Ueta Y, Mikami K, Ito S. Chemical Detection of Hydrogen Fluoride by the Phosphorus Congener of Cyclobutane-1,3-diyl. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:8778-85. [PMID: 26313533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heteroaryl-substituted air-tolerant 2,4-bis(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)-1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyls in the open-shell singlet state were synthesized by a sterically promoted regioselective S(N)Ar process. Here we demonstrate that these diyls are effective for capturing hydrogen fluoride (HF) generated by intermediary base-coordinated HF and amine-stabilized HF reagents. The hydrofluorination reaction predominantly occurred on the λ(3)σ(3)-phosphorus atoms to afford the energetically disfavored 1λ(5),3λ(5)-diphosphete. The positively charged t-butyl-substituted phosphorus atom trapped the fluoride anion, and the subsequent protonation was controlled by the steric effect. X-ray crystallographic analysis and an Atoms in Molecule study of the air-stable 1λ(5),3λ(5)-diphosphete bearing P-H and P-F bonds revealed that the delocalized ylidic linkages in the four-membered ring were almost identical, in contrast to the nonsymmetrically substituted 2,4-bis(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)-1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl. Hydrofluorination efficiently induced a remarkable exchange of visible photoabsorption. The charge-transfer-type transition from highest occupied molecular orbital to lowest unoccupied molecular orbital was highly tuned, which is advantageous for the facile identification of HF. In contrast to hitherto known trapping reagents for HF based on cleavage of the H-F bond, several hydrofluorinated P-heterocycles were reconverted into the 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl by treatment with sodium hydride. However, in the hydrofluorination of the benzoyl-substituted 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl, fluorination and protonation occurred at the t-butyl-substituted phosphorus atom and the skeletal carbon atom, respectively, and the energetically preferable 1λ(5),3λ(3)-dihydrodiphosphete was isolated as a purple-blue crystalline compound. These findings are promising not only for the practical detection of HF but also for the development of fluorine technology based on the chemistry of phosphorus heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ueta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Koichi Mikami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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10
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Yoshifuji M, Ito S. Studies on Intramolecular Cyclization of 2,4,6-Tri- Tert-Butylphenyl–P=C:In Memory of Professor Dr. Friedrich Bickelhaupt, Scheikundig Laboratorium, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2014.974753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Yoshifuji
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Ito S, Nanko M, Mikami K. Preparation via Sterically Promoted SN2′ Substitution and Structural Characteristics of a Mes*-Substituted Tertiary Ethynylphosphine. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.21182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Masaki Nanko
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Koichi Mikami
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
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12
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13
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Wu S, Deligonal N, Protasiewicz JD. An unusually unstable ortho-phosphinophenol and its use to prepare benzoxaphospholes having enhanced air-stability. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:14866-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51919h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Miyake H, Sasamori T, Tokitoh N. Synthesis and Properties of 4,5,6-Triphospha[3]radialene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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15
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Miyake H, Sasamori T, Tokitoh N. Synthesis and Properties of 4,5,6-Triphospha[3]radialene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:3458-61. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Geng XL, Ott S. Acetylene-expanded dendralene segments with exotopic phosphaalkene units. Chemistry 2011; 17:12153-62. [PMID: 21915927 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bis-TMS protected C,C-diacetylenic phosphaalkene (A(2)PA) 1 (Mes*P=C(C≡CTMS)(2); Mes* = 2,4,6-tBu(3)Ph) has been used as a building block for the construction of butadiyne-expanded dendralene fragments in which phosphaalkenes feature as exotopic double bonds. Treatment of 1 with CuCl gives rise to a Cu(I) acetylide that is selectively formed at the acetylene trans to the Mes* group. The cis-TMS-acetylene engages in similar chemistry, albeit at higher temperatures and longer reaction times. The differentiation between the two acetylene termini of 1 allows for the controlled synthesis of the title compounds by a variety of different Cu- and Pd-catalyzed oxidative acetylene homo- and heterocoupling protocols. Crystallographic characterization of A(2)PA 1 and dimeric Mes*P=C(C≡CR(1))C(4)(R(2) C≡C)C=PMes* (3b, R(1) = R(2) = Ph; 6, R(1) = R(2) = TMS), and 10 (R(1) = R(2) = C≡CPh) verifies that the stereochemistry across the P=C bond is conserved during the coupling reactions, whereas spectroscopic evidence reveals cis/trans isomerization in an iodo-substituted A(2)PA intermediate 4 (Mes*P=C(C≡CTMS)(C≡CI). UV/Vis spectroscopic and electrochemical studies reveal that efficient π conjugation operates through the entire acetylenic phosphaalkene framework, even in the cross-conjugated dimeric structures. The P centers contribute considerably to the frontier molecular orbitals of the compounds, thereby leading to smaller HOMO-LUMO gaps than in all-carbon-based congeners. Phenyl- and/or ethynylphenyl substituents at the A(2)PA framework influence the HOMO and LUMO to a varying degree depending on their relationship to the Mes* group, thus enabling a fine-tuning of the frontier molecular orbitals of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Li Geng
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Regementsvagen 1, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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Fadhel O, Benkö Z, Gras M, Deborde V, Joly D, Lescop C, Nyulászi L, Hissler M, Réau R. 3,4-Dithiaphosphole and 3,3′,4,4′-Tetrathia-1,1′-Biphosphole π-Conjugated Systems: S Makes the Impact. Chemistry 2010; 16:11340-56. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Ito S, Sugiyama H, Yoshifuji M. SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KINETICALLY STABILIZED 1,3-DIPHOSPHACYCLOBUTENE DERIVATIVES. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500490427033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Ito S, Miyake H, Yoshifuji M. Study on Synthesis and Structure of Sterically Demanding 6-Phosphafulvenes. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500902718240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Ito
- a Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Tohoku University , Aoba, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideaki Miyake
- a Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Tohoku University , Aoba, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yoshifuji
- a Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Tohoku University , Aoba, Sendai, Japan
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20
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Ito S, Miyake H, Yoshifuji M. 1,3‐Dipolarophile Character of an Extremely Bulky Phosphaalkyne Mes*C≡P (Mes* = 2,4,6‐
t
Bu
3
C
6
H
2
) Leading to the Formation of 1,2,4‐Diazaphospholes with Unique Hydrogen Bonding Properties. Eur J Inorg Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200700180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980‐8578, Japan, Fax: +81‐22‐795‐6562
| | - Hideaki Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980‐8578, Japan, Fax: +81‐22‐795‐6562
| | - Masaaki Yoshifuji
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980‐8578, Japan, Fax: +81‐22‐795‐6562
- Present address: Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487‐0336, USA, Fax: +1‐205‐348‐4704
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Baumgartner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Höltzl T, Szieberth D, Nguyen MT, Veszprémi T. Formation of Phosphaethyne Dimers: A Mechanistic Study. Chemistry 2006; 12:8044-55. [PMID: 16871504 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
High-level ab initio (CCSD(T), CBS-QB3 and CASSCF, CASPT2, MR-ACPF, MR-ACPF-2) and density functional theory (B3LYP) calculations were carried out to study the dimerization of phosphaacetylene or phosphaethyne (HCP). Seventeen low energy closed-shell and five open-shell phosphaacetylene dimers were found on the potential energy surface. Two head-to-head, one head-to-tail and three other dimerization reaction pathways were determined, all with high activation barriers, suggesting that closed-shell minima are usually kinetically stable. An open-shell head-to-head reaction pathway has also been found with moderate initial barrier (95.0 kJ mol(-1)) leading to 1,2- and 1,3-diphosphacyclobutadiene, suggesting that polymerization of HCP and oligomerization of its derivatives have open-shell mechanism. Formation of 1,2-diphosphacyclobutadiene is both thermodynamically and kinetically favored over 1,3-diphosphacyclobutadiene. A head-to-head reaction involving LiBr as a catalyst was also studied. It has been pointed out that LiBr catalyze the closed-shell mechanism. All the four possible reaction channels of this reaction yield 1,4-diphosphatriafulvene with a fairly low activation Gibbs-free energy (44.8 kJ mol(-1)), suggesting that this compound could be synthesized. This finding fully supports the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Höltzl
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Gellért tér 4, 1524 Budapest, Hungary
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23
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Ito S, Miyake H, Yoshifuji M, Höltzl T, Veszprémi T. Synthesis of phosphorus ylides bearing a P-H bond from a kinetically stabilized 1,3,6-triphosphafulvene. Chemistry 2005; 11:5960-5. [PMID: 16052657 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In mixing 2,4,6-tris(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,6-triphosphafulvene with alkyllithium compounds and acetic acid, both of nucleophilic alkylation and electrophilic protonation occurred at the exo sp2-phosphorus atoms to afford [2,4-bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3-diphosphacyclopentadienylidene](alkyl)(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)phosphoranes which are phosphorus ylides that bear a P-H bond. A phosphorus ylide bearing both P-H and P-F bonds was obtained by reaction of 2,4,6-tris(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,6-triphosphafulvene with hydrogen tetrafluoroborate, and the structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. Both P=C double bond and P(+)-C(-) zwitterionic character was indicated by the metric parameters. The isolated phosphorus ylide bearing a P-H bond, [2,4-bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3-diphosphacyclopentadienylidene](2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)phosphorane, showed no isomerization by H-migration to the corresponding phosphinodiphospholes, probably due to the pi-accepting ability of the unsaturated PC bonds and aromaticity of the C3P2 ring. The ylide structure and aromaticity of 2,4-diphosphacyclopenta-2,4-dienylidenephosphorane was characterized by theoretical calculations. In addition, the regioselective protonation of the lithiated phosphinodiphospholes generated from the 1,3,6-triphosphafulvene is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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Yoshifuji M, Sugiyama H, Ito S. Syntheses and reactivity of novel unsaturated cyclic compounds containing phosphorus atoms. J Organomet Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ito S, Miyake H, Sugiyama H, Yoshifuji M. Preparation of 1,3-diphosphabuta-1,3-dienes from sterically encumbered phosphaalkyne and phosphaethenyllithium. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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26
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Yoshifuji M, Ito S, Miyake H, Sugiyama H. Characterization of a 3,4-Dihydro-1,3,4- triphosphacyclopenta[a]indene as an Isomer of a Mes*-substituted 1,3,6- Triphosphafulvene (Mes* = 2,4,6- t-Bu3C6H2). HETEROCYCLES 2004. [DOI: 10.3987/com-04-10177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Filippou AC, Philippopoulos AI, Schnakenburg G. Triple Bonding to Tin: Synthesis and Characterization of the Square-Pyramidal Stannylyne Complex Cation [(dppe)2W⋮Sn−C6H3-2,6-Mes2]+ (dppe = Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2, Mes = C6H2-2,4,6-Me3). Organometallics 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/om030303c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C. Filippou
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor Strasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor Strasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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Weber L. The Quest for Isophosphaalkynes (Isophosphocyanides) C≡P−R — Still an Elusive Class of Compounds. Eur J Inorg Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200200674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Weber
- Fakultät für Chemie der Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Ito S, Kimura S, Yoshifuji M. Preparation and Properties of Kinetically Stabilized Phosphaethene Derivatives Carrying the Methylsulfanyl Group. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2003. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.76.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Da Re RE, Hopkins MD. Electronic spectra and structures of d2 molybdenum-oxo complexes. Effects of structural distortions on orbital energies, two-electron terms, and the mixing of singlet and triplet states. Inorg Chem 2002; 41:6973-85. [PMID: 12495335 DOI: 10.1021/ic020565r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molybdenum-oxo ions of the type [Mo(IV)OL(4)Cl](+) (L = CNBu(t), PMe(3), (1)/(2)Me(2)PCH(2)CH(2)PMe(2)) have been studied by X-ray crystallography, vibrational spectroscopy, and polarized single-crystal electronic absorption spectroscopy (300 and ca. 20 K) in order to investigate the effects of the ancillary ligand geometry on the properties of the MotriplebondO bond. The idealized point symmetries of the [Mo(IV)OL(4)Cl](+) ions were established by X-ray crystallographic studies of the salts [MoO(CNBu(t)())(4)Cl][BPh(4)] (C(4)(v)), [MoO(dmpe)(2)Cl]Cl.5H(2)O (C(2)(v)), and [MoO(PMe(3))(4)Cl][PF(6)] (C(2)(v)()); the lower symmetries of the phosphine derivatives are the result of the steric properties of the phosphine ligands. The Motbd1;O stretching frequencies of these ions (948-959 cm(-)(1)) are essentially insensitive to the nature and geometry of the equatorial ligands. In contrast, the electronic absorption bands arising from the nominal d(xy)() --> d(xz), d(yz) (n --> pi(MoO)) ligand-field transition exhibit a large dependence on the geometry of the equatorial ligands. Specifically, the electronic spectrum of [MoO(CNBu(t)())(4)Cl](+) exhibits a single (1)[n --> pi(xz)(,)(yz)] band, whereas the spectra of both [MoO(dmpe)(2)Cl](+) and [MoO(PMe(3))(4)Cl](+) reveal separate (1)[n --> pi(xz)] and (1)[n --> pi(yz)] bands. A general theoretical model of the n --> pi state energies of structurally distorted d(2) M(triplebondE)L(4)X chromophores is developed in order to interpret the electronic spectra of the phosphine derivatives. Analysis of the n --> pi transition energies using this model indicates that the d(xz) and d(yz) pi(MotriplebondO) orbitals are nondegenerate for the C(2)(v)-symmetry ions and the n --> pi(xz) and n --> pi(yz) excited states are characterized by different two-electron terms. These effects lead to a significant redistribution of intensity between certain spin-allowed and spin-forbidden absorption bands. The applicability of this model to the excited states produced by delta --> pi and pi --> delta symmetry electronic transitions of other chromophores is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Da Re
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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Sugiyama H, Ito S, Yoshifuji M. Synthesis and Structure of a Kinetically Stabilized 1,3,6-Triphosphafulvene. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500213341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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