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Widyan K. An Improved Synthesis of Polyfunctional Acyl Azides in PEG 400. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2020.1862029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Widyan
- Department of Chemistry, Tafila Technical University, Tafila, Jordan
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2
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Surgenor RR, Grote AC, McGeough C, Narayanan A, Wang W, Collier PN. Convergent and Stereoselective Method for the Synthesis of Acyclic α-Chloroenamides. J Org Chem 2020; 85:14158-14165. [PMID: 33045836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A direct, stereocontrolled synthesis of acyclic α-chloroenamides is presented. Our methodology showed good yields and substrate scope. Mechanistic insights are provided that account for the high levels of stereoselectivity reported. Subsequent synthetic manipulation of the α-chloroenamides provides direct entry to polyfunctionalized acyclic enamides, compounds of wide use in organic chemistry and the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Surgenor
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Andrea C Grote
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Catherine McGeough
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Arjun Narayanan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Wenyu Wang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Philip N Collier
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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3
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Lauro G, Bifulco G. Elucidating the Relative and Absolute Configuration of Organic Compounds by Quantum Mechanical Approaches. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Lauro
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
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4
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Dockrey SB, Suh CE, Benítez AR, Wymore T, Brooks CL, Narayan ARH. Positioning-Group-Enabled Biocatalytic Oxidative Dearomatization. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1010-1016. [PMID: 31263760 PMCID: PMC6598382 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysts have the potential to perform reactions with exceptional selectivity and high catalytic efficiency while utilizing safe and sustainable reagents. Despite these positive attributes, the utility of a biocatalyst can be limited by the breadth of substrates that can be accommodated in the active site in a reactive pose. Proven strategies exist for optimizing the performance of a biocatalyst toward unnatural substrates, including protein engineering; however, these methods can be time intensive and require specialized equipment that renders these approaches inaccessible to synthetic chemists. Strategies accessible to chemists for the expansion of a natural enzyme's substrate scope, while maintaining high levels of site- and stereoselectivity, remain elusive. Here, we employ a computationally guided substrate engineering strategy to expand the synthetic utility of a flavin-dependent monooxygenase. Specifically, experimental observations and computational modeling led to the identification of a critical interaction between the substrate and protein which is responsible for orienting the substrate in a pose productive for catalysis. The fundamental hypothesis for this positioning group strategy is supported by binding and kinetic assays as well as computational studies with a panel of compounds. Further, incorporation of this positioning group into substrates through a cleavable ester linkage transformed compounds not oxidized by the biocatalyst SorbC into substrates efficiently oxidatively dearomatized by the wild-type enzyme with the highest levels of site- and stereoselectivity known for this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer
A. Baker Dockrey
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, Program in Chemical Biology, and Department of
Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Carolyn E. Suh
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, Program in Chemical Biology, and Department of
Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Attabey Rodríguez Benítez
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, Program in Chemical Biology, and Department of
Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Troy Wymore
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, Program in Chemical Biology, and Department of
Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Charles L. Brooks
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, Program in Chemical Biology, and Department of
Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alison R. H. Narayan
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, Program in Chemical Biology, and Department of
Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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5
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Abstract
The present review offers an overview of nonclassical (e.g., with no pre- or in situ activation of a carboxylic acid partner) approaches for the construction of amide bonds. The review aims to comprehensively discuss relevant work, which was mainly done in the field in the last 20 years. Organization of the data follows a subdivision according to substrate classes: catalytic direct formation of amides from carboxylic and amines ( section 2 ); the use of carboxylic acid surrogates ( section 3 ); and the use of amine surrogates ( section 4 ). The ligation strategies (NCL, Staudinger, KAHA, KATs, etc.) that could involve both carboxylic acid and amine surrogates are treated separately in section 5 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Marcia de Figueiredo
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier (ICGM), UMR 5253-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie , 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Simon Suppo
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier (ICGM), UMR 5253-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie , 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Marc Campagne
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier (ICGM), UMR 5253-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie , 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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6
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Garcia-Rodriguez J, Mendiratta S, White MA, Xie XS, De Brabander JK. Synthesis and structure-activity studies of the V-ATPase inhibitor saliphenylhalamide (SaliPhe) and simplified analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4393-8. [PMID: 26372654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
An efficient total synthesis of the potent V-ATPase inhibitor saliphenylhalamide (SaliPhe), a synthetic variant of the natural product salicylihalamide A (SaliA), has been accomplished aimed at facilitating the development of SaliPhe as an anticancer and antiviral agent. This new approach enabled facile access to derivatives for structure-activity relationship studies, leading to simplified analogs that maintain SaliPhe's biological properties. These studies will provide a solid foundation for the continued evaluation of SaliPhe and analogs as potential anticancer and antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Garcia-Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Saurabh Mendiratta
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9039, USA
| | - Michael A White
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9039, USA
| | - Xiao-Song Xie
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8591, USA
| | - Jef K De Brabander
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA.
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7
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Walleser P, Brückner R. Enantioselective Synthesis of (+)-Obolactone Based on a Symmetry-Breaking Wacker Monooxidation of a Diene. Org Lett 2013; 15:1294-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol400232m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Walleser
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Reinhard Brückner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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8
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Evano G, Theunissen C, Pradal A. Impact of copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in natural product synthesis: the emergence of new retrosynthetic paradigms. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:1467-89. [DOI: 10.1039/c3np70071b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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9
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Nicolaou KC, Hale CRH, Nilewski C, Ioannidou HA. Constructing molecular complexity and diversity: total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5185-238. [PMID: 22743704 PMCID: PMC3426871 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of organic synthesis and the understanding of the molecule as they occurred in the nineteenth century and were refined in the twentieth century constitute two of the most profound scientific developments of all time. These discoveries set in motion a revolution that shaped the landscape of the molecular sciences and changed the world. Organic synthesis played a major role in this revolution through its ability to construct the molecules of the living world and others like them whose primary element is carbon. Although the early beginnings of organic synthesis came about serendipitously, organic chemists quickly recognized its potential and moved decisively to advance and exploit it in myriad ways for the benefit of mankind. Indeed, from the early days of the synthesis of urea and the construction of the first carbon-carbon bond, the art of organic synthesis improved to impressively high levels of sophistication. Through its practice, today chemists can synthesize organic molecules--natural and designed--of all types of structural motifs and for all intents and purposes. The endeavor of constructing natural products--the organic molecules of nature--is justly called both a creative art and an exact science. Often called simply total synthesis, the replication of nature's molecules in the laboratory reflects and symbolizes the state of the art of synthesis in general. In the last few decades a surge in total synthesis endeavors around the world led to a remarkable collection of achievements that covers a wide ranging landscape of molecular complexity and diversity. In this article, we present highlights of some of our contributions in the field of total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. For perspective, we also provide a listing of selected examples of additional natural products synthesized in other laboratories around the world over the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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10
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Balan D, Burns CJ, Fisk NG, Hügel H, Huang DCS, Segal D, White C, Wagler J, Rizzacasa MA. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a potent salicylihalamide A lactam analogue. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:8147-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26649k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Chegondi R, Tan MML, Hanson PR. Phosphate tether-mediated approach to the formal total synthesis of (-)-salicylihalamides A and B. J Org Chem 2011; 76:3909-16. [PMID: 21504150 PMCID: PMC3271935 DOI: 10.1021/jo200337v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A concise formal synthesis of the cytotoxic macrolides (-)-salicylihalamides A and B is reported. Key features of the synthetic strategy include a chemoselective hydroboration, highly regio- and diastereoselective methyl cuprate addition, Pd-catalyzed formate reduction, and an E-selective ring-closing metathesis to construct the 12-membered macrocycle subunit. Overall, two routes have been developed from a readily prepared bicyclic phosphate (4 steps), a 13-step route and a more efficient 9-step sequence relying on regioselective esterification of a key diol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rambabu Chegondi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Mary M. L. Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Paul R. Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
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13
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Kitamura M, Tashiro N, Takamoto Y, Okauchi T. Direct Synthesis of Acyl Azides from Carboxylic Acids Using 2-Azido-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium Chloride. CHEM LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2010.732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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Copper-catalyzed cross-coupling of amides and potassium alkenyltrifluoroborate salts: a general approach to the synthesis of enamides. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Swamy KCK, Kumar NNB, Balaraman E, Kumar KVPP. Mitsunobu and Related Reactions: Advances and Applications. Chem Rev 2009; 109:2551-651. [PMID: 19382806 DOI: 10.1021/cr800278z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 873] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Kumara Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad − 500046, A. P., India
| | - N. N. Bhuvan Kumar
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad − 500046, A. P., India
| | - E. Balaraman
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad − 500046, A. P., India
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17
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Sugimoto Y, Konoki K, Murata M, Matsushita M, Kanazawa H, Oishi T. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Fluorinated Analogues of Salicylihalamide. J Med Chem 2008; 52:798-806. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801265e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Sugimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Konoki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Matsushita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kanazawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tohru Oishi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Evano G, Blanchard N, Toumi M. Copper-mediated coupling reactions and their applications in natural products and designed biomolecules synthesis. Chem Rev 2008; 108:3054-131. [PMID: 18698737 DOI: 10.1021/cr8002505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1690] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gwilherm Evano
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France.
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Elzner S, Schmidt D, Schollmeyer D, Erkel G, Anke T, Kleinert H, Förstermann U, Kunz H. Inhibitors of inducible NO synthase expression: total synthesis of (S)-curvularin and its ring homologues. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:924-39. [PMID: 18366037 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
(S)-Curvularin and its 13-, 14-, and 16-membered lactone homologues were synthesized through a uniform strategy in which a Kochi oxidative decarboxylation and ring-closing metathesis reactions constitute the key processes. In the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of the synthesized compounds in assays using cells stably transfected with a human iNOS promoter-luciferase reporter gene construct, the 14- and 16-membered homologues showed a slightly higher inhibitory effect towards iNOS promoter activity than curvularin itself. However, the larger ring homologues also exhibited higher cytotoxicity, manifest in downregulated eNOS promoter activity. In contrast, the di-O-acetyl and 4-chloro derivatives of (S)-curvularin showed higher inhibitory efficiency towards induction of the iNOS promoter and less negative effect on eNOS promoter activity than curvularin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Elzner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Naturstoffsynthese-Zentrum, Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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20
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Lebreton S, Jaunbergs J, Roth MG, Ferguson DA, De Brabander JK. Evaluating the potential of vacuolar ATPase inhibitors as anticancer agents and multigram synthesis of the potent salicylihalamide analog saliphenylhalamide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5879-83. [PMID: 18657422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The natural product salicylihalamide is a potent inhibitor of the Vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), a potential target for antitumor chemotherapy. We generated salicylihalamide-resistant tumor cell lines typified by an overexpansion of lysosomal organelles. We also found that many tumor cell lines upregulate tissue-specific plasmalemmal V-ATPases, and hypothesize that tumors that derive their energy from glycolysis rely on these isoforms to maintain a neutral cytosolic pH. To further validate the potential of V-ATPase inhibitors as leads for cancer chemotherapy, we developed a multigram synthesis of the potent salicylihalamide analog saliphenylhalamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Lebreton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
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Tang S, Erickson KL. Synthesis and cytotoxicity of a salicylihalamide A analogue. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:898-901. [PMID: 18407694 DOI: 10.1021/np070694q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a simple analogue of salicylihalamide A with a truncated lactone ring (+/- 2) was achieved in 10 steps. Its cytotoxicity profile in the NCI 60-cell-line human tumor assay differed significantly from that of salicylihalamide A in both level and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoshan Tang
- Gustaf H Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
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22
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Leach SG, Cordier CJ, Morton D, McKiernan GJ, Warriner S, Nelson A. A fluorous-tagged linker from which small molecules are released by ring-closing metathesis. J Org Chem 2008; 73:2753-9. [PMID: 18327951 DOI: 10.1021/jo7026273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A fluorous-tagged linker for the parallel synthesis of small- and medium-ring and macrocyclic nitrogen heterocycles using ring-closing metathesis is described. The linker was designed such that "cyclization-release" of the cyclic heterocyclic products was coupled with liberation of the active catalyst. The design of the linker was validated using a non-fluorous-tagged model. A wide range of unsaturated alcohols were used as reagents to functionalize a fluorous-tagged sulfonamide, (Z)-{N-[4-(2-(N'-3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heptadecafluorodecyl)-4-methylsulfonamido)methylallyloxy]but-2-enyl}-2-nitrobenzenesulfonamide, using Fukuyama-Mitsunobu reactions; in each case, fluorous-solid-phase extraction (F-SPE) was used to purify the functionalized linker from the excess reagents. In general, the "cyclization-release" of cyclic products was triggered using a light-fluorous tagged derivative of the Grubbs-Hoveyda second-generation catalyst. After the metathesis step, F-SPE was used to purify released cyclic compounds from the fluorous-tagged linker and the fluorous-tagged catalyst. The scope and limitations of the approach were determined using a range of substrates which probed different aspects of the functionalization and metathesis steps. In the study as a whole, a wide range of small- and medium-ring and macrocyclic nitrogen heterocycles were prepared using polyene and polyenyne metathesis cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Leach
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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23
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Sureshbabu VV, Chennakrishnareddy G, Narendra N. A facile and one-pot synthesis of Nα-Fmoc/Bsmoc/Boc/Z-protected ureidopeptides and peptidyl ureas employing diphenylphosphoryl azide [DPPA]. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Abdo DA, Motti CA, Battershill CN, Harvey ES. Temperature and Spatiotemporal Variability of Salicylihalamide A in the Sponge Haliclona sp. J Chem Ecol 2007; 33:1635-45. [PMID: 17610117 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-007-9326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The production of salicylihalamide A by the marine sponge Haliclona sp. was investigated. Samples of the two morphologies (green and brown) were collected from four locations covering approximately 1,200 km of coastline. Temporal variation between winter and summer was also examined at Bremer Bay. Chemical profiling by using liquid chromatography coupled with ultra violet detection and mass spectrometry showed that salicylihalamide A was produced only by the green morphology. Salicylihalamide A concentration was significantly correlated to water temperature but not to the size or depth of the sponge. Salicylihalamide A concentration was found to differ significantly among locations (Bremer Bay 13.5 microg g(-1), Hamelin Bay 11 microg g(-1), Rottnest Island 9.9 microg g(-1), and Jurien Bay 8.5 microg g(-1)) partially accounted for by the influence of water temperature. A difference between seasons was also observed in Bremer Bay (summer concentration of 13.5 microg g(-1) vs. winter concentration of 8.2 microg g(-1)). Environmental and physiological factors appear to be important in the production of salicylihalamide A by the green morphology. Additionally, the brown morphology does not produce salicylihalamide A, thus adding to the evidence that this morphology may be a different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Abdo
- School of Plant Biology (M090), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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Abstract
A general synthesis of acyl azides from the corresponding N-acyl benzotriazoles is described. The procedure affords acyl azides in good yields and avoids the use of acid activators and NO+ equivalents typically employed to synthesize these compounds from acid chlorides and hydrazides, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Katritzky
- Center of Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA.
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26
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Gradillas A, Pérez-Castells J. Makrocyclisierung durch Ringschlussmetathese bei der Totalsynthese von Naturstoffen: Reaktionsbedingungen und Grenzen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200690171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Gradillas A, Pérez-Castells J. Macrocyclization by Ring-Closing Metathesis in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products: Reaction Conditions and Limitations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200690171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bräse S, Gil C, Knepper K, Zimmermann V. Organic azides: an exploding diversity of a unique class of compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:5188-240. [PMID: 16100733 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200400657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1636] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of organic azides by Peter Griess more than 140 years ago, numerous syntheses of these energy-rich molecules have been developed. In more recent times in particular, completely new perspectives have been developed for their use in peptide chemistry, combinatorial chemistry, and heterocyclic synthesis. Organic azides have assumed an important position at the interface between chemistry, biology, medicine, and materials science. In this Review, the fundamental characteristics of azide chemistry and current developments are presented. The focus will be placed on cycloadditions (Huisgen reaction), aza ylide chemistry, and the synthesis of heterocycles. Further reactions such as the aza-Wittig reaction, the Sundberg rearrangement, the Staudinger ligation, the Boyer and Boyer-Aubé rearrangements, the Curtius rearrangement, the Schmidt rearrangement, and the Hemetsberger rearrangement bear witness to the versatility of modern azide chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bräse
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe TH, Germany.
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29
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Abstract
The paper illustrates two efficient routes to macrolactone 19 containing a 3-(para-methoxybenzyloxy)propyl side chain at C-15. The chiral center at C-15 was introduced by a Noyori reduction of keto ester 5. The intermediate common to both routes, aldehyde 8, was prepared from keto ester 5. The subsequent chain extension utilized Evans aldol reactions. The first route leads to the alkene 14, which was used, after hydroboration, for a Suzuki cross-coupling reaction with vinyl iodide 15. The derived seco acid 18 was converted into the macrolactone 19 by a Mitsunobu lactonization by using immobilized triphenylphosphine. Alternatively, an aldol reaction of 8 with the 4-pentenoyl derivative 20 was used to prepare alkene 26. This building block led to ester 28, which could also be converted into macrolactone 19 by the classical ring-closing metathesis. After conversion of the C-15 side chain to the corresponding aldehyde, the enamide was introduced through hemiaminal formation and formal elimination of water. Separation of the double-bond isomers and removal of the silyl protecting groups provided salicylihalamides A (E)-1 and B (Z)-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Herb
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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30
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Bräse S, Gil C, Knepper K, Zimmermann V. Organische Azide - explodierende Vielfalt bei einer einzigartigen Substanzklasse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200400657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Lebreton S, Xie XS, Ferguson D, De Brabander JK. Ring-closing metathesis: a powerful tool for the synthesis of simplified salicylihalamide-based V-ATPase inhibitors. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.06.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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Nakamura I, Yamamoto Y. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Reactions in Heterocyclic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2004; 104:2127-98. [PMID: 15137788 DOI: 10.1021/cr020095i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1294] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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33
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Deiters A, Martin SF. Synthesis of Oxygen- and Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles by Ring-Closing Metathesis. Chem Rev 2004; 104:2199-238. [PMID: 15137789 DOI: 10.1021/cr0200872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1121] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Deiters
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA.
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Yet
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Albany Molecular Research, Inc., P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212-5098, USA
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35
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36
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37
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Abstract
An efficient synthesis of the macrolactone 3 of the salicylihalamides in 10 linear steps from alkene 6 is described. The key steps involved a Stille coupling between the chiral stannane 5 and benzyl bromide 4, which produced alkene 15 in good yield, and subsequent base-induced macrolactonization then gave compound 3. Macrolactone 3 was then converted into the known salicylihalamide A intermediate 18 in a three-step sequence. Compound 3 was also converted into another known salicylihalamide A and B intermediate 23 in a five-step sequence.
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38
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Rivas L, Quintero L, Fourrey JL, Benhida R. A short synthesis of aspergillamide B. The marine natural product from Aspergillus sp. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)01602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Shen R, Lin CT, Bowman EJ, Bowman BJ, Porco JA. Synthesis and V-ATPase inhibition of simplified lobatamide analogues. Org Lett 2002; 4:3103-6. [PMID: 12201727 DOI: 10.1021/ol026391z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] Simplified analogues of the lobatamides have been synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of bovine V-ATPase. The salicylate phenol, enamide NH, and the ortho-substitution of the salicylate ester have been shown to be important for V-ATPase inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichao Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Streamlined Synthesis, Metcalf Center for Science and Engineering, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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40
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41
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbontransition metal double and triple bond: annual survey covering the year 2000. Coord Chem Rev 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0010-8545(01)00445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Vicario JL, Job A, Wolberg M, Müller M, Enders D. Asymmetric total synthesis of (-)-callystatin A employing the SAMP/RAMP hydrazone alkylation methodology. Org Lett 2002; 4:1023-6. [PMID: 11893212 DOI: 10.1021/ol0256116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] The asymmetric total synthesis of (-)-callystatin A has been achieved. The key steps generating the stereogenic centers rely on the asymmetric alpha-alkylation of aldehydes or ketones exploiting the SAMP/RAMP hydrazone alkylation methodology, as well as an enzymatic enantioselective reduction of a 3,5-dioxocarboxylate. For the construction of the alkene moieties, highly selective Wittig or Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reactions were employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Vicario
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Professor Pirlet-Strasse 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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43
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Grimaud L, de Mesmay R, Prunet J. Diastereoselective synthesis of protected syn 1,3-diols: preparation of the C16-C24 portion of Dolabelides. Org Lett 2002; 4:419-21. [PMID: 11820894 DOI: 10.1021/ol017122w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have designed a new method to make synthons encompassing a protected syn 1,3-diol motif and an aldehyde alpha to the 1,3-dioxane ring. An additional stereocenter was also created, potentially leading to stereochemically defined 1,2,4-triols. This method was successfully applied to the synthesis of the C16-C24 portion of Dolabelides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Grimaud
- Laboratoire Chimie et Procédés, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Techniques Avancées, 32 boulevard Victor, F-75015 Paris, France
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44
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Abstract
A concise total synthesis of the potent cytotoxic marine natural products salicylihalamide A and B (la, b) is reported. Key steps of our approach were the asymmetric hydrogenation reactions of beta-keto esters 18 and 32 catalyzed by [((S)-BINAP)Ru-Cl2]2. NEt3 and the cyclization of the macrolide core by ring closing olefin metathesis (RCM) using the "second-generation" ruthenium carbene complex 24 as the catalyst which bears an imidazol-2-ylidene ligand. The EIZ ratio obtained in this macrocyclization reaction was determined by the protecting groups at the remote phenolic OH group of the cyclization precursor. The elaboration of the resulting cycloalkene 37 into the final target involved a CrCl2-mediated synthesis of vinyliodide 49 which, after deprotection, did undergo a copper-catalyzed cross-coupling process with the (Z,Z)-configurated carboxamide 42 to form the labile enamide moiety of 1. Compound 42 was derived from a palladium-catalyzed Negishi coupling between butynylzinc chloride and 3-iodoacrylate 39 followed by a Lindlar reduction of enyne 40 thus obtained and a final aminolysis of the ester group.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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45
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Wang X, Porco JA. Modification of C-terminal peptides to form peptide enamides: synthesis of chondriamides A and C. J Org Chem 2001; 66:8215-21. [PMID: 11722228 DOI: 10.1021/jo0158027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Streamlined Synthesis, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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46
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Lewis A, Stefanuti I, Swain SA, Smith SA, Taylor RJ. Carbohydrate-based routes to salicylate natural products: formal total synthesis of (+)-apicularen A from d-glucal. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)01038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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47
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Labrecque D, Charron S, Rej R, Blais C, Lamothe S. Enantioselective total synthesis of salicylihalamides A and B. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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48
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Bhattacharjee A, Seguil OR, De Brabander JK. Total synthesis and biological evaluation of apicularen A and synthetic analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)02245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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49
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