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Krupinski K, Wagler J, Brendler E, Kroke E. A Non-Hydrolytic Sol–Gel Route to Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Polymers: Linearly Expanded Silica and Silsesquioxanes. Gels 2023; 9:gels9040291. [PMID: 37102903 PMCID: PMC10138140 DOI: 10.3390/gels9040291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Condensation reactions of chlorosilanes (SiCl4 and CH3SiCl3) and bis(trimethylsilyl)ethers of rigid, quasi-linear diols (CH3)3SiO–AR–OSi(CH3)3 (AR = 4,4′-biphenylene (1) and 2,6-naphthylene (2)), with release of (CH3)3SiCl as a volatile byproduct, afforded novel hybrid materials that feature Si–O–C bridges. The precursors 1 and 2 were characterized using FTIR and multinuclear (1H, 13C, 29Si) NMR spectroscopy as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis in case of 2. Pyridine-catalyzed and non-catalyzed transformations were performed in THF at room temperature and at 60 °C. In most cases, soluble oligomers were obtained. The progress of these transsilylations was monitored in solution with 29Si NMR spectroscopy. Pyridine-catalyzed reactions with CH3SiCl3 proceeded until complete substitution of all chlorine atoms; however, no gelation or precipitation was found. In case of pyridine-catalyzed reactions of 1 and 2 with SiCl4, a Sol–Gel transition was observed. Ageing and syneresis yielded xerogels 1A and 2A, which exhibited large linear shrinkage of 57–59% and consequently low BET surface area of 10 m2⋅g−1. The xerogels were analyzed using powder-XRD, solid state 29Si NMR and FTIR spectroscopy, SEM/EDX, elemental analysis, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The SiCl4-derived amorphous xerogels consist of hydrolytically sensitive three-dimensional networks of SiO4-units linked by the arylene groups. The non-hydrolytic approach to hybrid materials may be applied to other silylated precursors, if the reactivity of the corresponding chlorine compound is sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Krupinski
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (TUBAF), Leipziger Strasse 29, 09596 Freiberg, Saxony, Germany
| | - Jörg Wagler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (TUBAF), Leipziger Strasse 29, 09596 Freiberg, Saxony, Germany
- Center of Efficient High Temperature Processes and Material Conversion (ZeHS), Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (TUBAF), Winklerstr. 5, 09599 Freiberg, Saxony, Germany
| | - Erica Brendler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (TUBAF), Leipziger Strasse 29, 09596 Freiberg, Saxony, Germany
| | - Edwin Kroke
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (TUBAF), Leipziger Strasse 29, 09596 Freiberg, Saxony, Germany
- Center of Efficient High Temperature Processes and Material Conversion (ZeHS), Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (TUBAF), Winklerstr. 5, 09599 Freiberg, Saxony, Germany
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Krupinski K, Brendler E, Gericke R, Wagler J, Kroke E. A new aspect of the “pseudo water” concept of bis(trimethylsilyl)carbodiimide – “pseudohydrates” of aluminum. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2018-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Bis(trimethylsilyl)carbodiimide (BTSC), so-called “pseudo water” because of some analogies such as similar (group)electronegativities of Me3Si– vs. H– and –N=C=N– vs. –O–, may form two different kinds of “pseudo hydrates” of metals (M), i.e. M–N(SiMe3)=C=N(SiMe3) and M–N≡C–N(SiMe3)2, derived from its carbodiimide and cyanamide isomeric forms, respectively. With anhydrous AlCl3 in Me3SiCl solution BTSC was shown to be capable of forming both kinds of solvates, i.e. Cl3Al–N(SiMe3)–C≡N(SiMe3) (1) and ((Cl3Al)(Me3Si)NCN)3–Al–(N≡C–N(SiMe3)2)3 (2). Both compounds were isolated as crystalline solids, which undergo condensation reactions upon storage. By single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis the constitution of 1 was confirmed unambiguously, and quantum chemical calculations (B3LYP/6-311++g(d,p)) confirmed that compound 1 is 6 kcal mol−1 more stable than its hypothetical N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyanamide isomer Cl3Al–N≡C–N(SiMe3)2. Compound 1 represents the first crystallographically confirmed disilylcarbodiimide complex of a metal salt. The molecules of compound 2 are heavily disordered in the solid state (positional disorder of N≡C–N(SiMe3)2 vs. N≡C–N(SiMe3)(AlCl3) and positional disorder of SiMe3 vs. AlCl3 groups in the latter). Therefore, the identity of 2 was additionally confirmed by 13C, 15N, 27Al and 29Si CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Krupinski
- TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Department of Chemistry and Physics , Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , Leipziger Str. 29 , 09599 Freiberg , Germany
| | - Erica Brendler
- TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Department of Chemistry and Physics , Institute of Analytical Chemistry , Leipziger Str. 29 , 09599 Freiberg , Germany
| | - Robert Gericke
- TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Department of Chemistry and Physics , Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , Leipziger Str. 29 , 09599 Freiberg , Germany
| | - Jörg Wagler
- TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Department of Chemistry and Physics , Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , Leipziger Str. 29 , 09599 Freiberg , Germany
| | - Edwin Kroke
- TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Department of Chemistry and Physics , Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , Leipziger Str. 29 , 09599 Freiberg , Germany
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Müller C, Kraushaar K, Doebbe A, Mussgnug JH, Kruse O, Kroke E, Patel AV. Synthesis of transparent aminosilane-derived silica based networks for entrapment of sensitive materials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:10163-5. [PMID: 24051654 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45023f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel sol-gel synthesis route is reported which results in the formation of optically transparent silica based hydro- and xerogels from an aminosilane precursor in aqueous solutions. These materials can be used for entrapment of microalgae and light-harvesting complex (LHC) samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Müller
- University of Applied Sciences Bielefeld, Faculty of Engineering Science and Mathematics, Wilhelm-Bertelsmann-Str. 10, 33602 Bielefeld, Germany.
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Cheng HJ, Lippe K, Kroke E, Wagler J, Fester GW, Li YL, Schwarz MR, Saplinova T, Herkenhoff S, Ischenko V, Woltersdorf J. Sol-gel derived Si/C/O/N-materials: molecular model compounds, xerogels and porous ceramics. Appl Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Raidongia K, Hembram K, Waghmare U, Eswaramoorthy M, Rao C. Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Mesoporous B/C/N Microspheres. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200900377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Wiltzsch C, Wagler J, Roewer G, Kroke E. Sol–gel analogous aminolysis–ammonolysis of chlorosilanes to chlorine-free Si/(C)/N–materials. Dalton Trans 2009:5474-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b823030g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cheng F, Kelly SM, Clark S, Bradley JS, Lefebvre F. Catalytic ammonolytic sol–gel preparation of a mesoporous silicon aluminium nitride from a single-source precursor. J Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2007.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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El-Gamel NEA, Schwarz M, Brendler E, Kroke E. s-Triazine and tri-s-triazine based organic–inorganic hybrid gels prepared from chlorosilanes by exchange reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:4741-3. [PMID: 17109055 DOI: 10.1039/b609349c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid polymers [(DeltaO3)4Si3]n and [(DeltaO3)SiMe]n (where Delta = C6N7 or C3N3) have been prepared by a novel sol-gel process based on exchange reactions of MeSiCl3 or SiCl4 with C6N7(OSiMe3)3 and C3N3(OSiMe3)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia E A El-Gamel
- Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Leipziger Strasse 29, 09596, Freiberg, Germany
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Jeon JK, Uchimaru Y, Kim DP. Synthesis of Novel Amorphous Boron Carbonitride Ceramics from the Borazine Derivative Copolymer via Hydroboration. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:4796-8. [PMID: 15285647 DOI: 10.1021/ic035254a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A preceramic polymer for boron carbonitride was synthesized for the first time by the hydroboration of borazine derivatives, B-triethynyl, N-trimethyl borazine and borazine, without a catalyst. A homogeneous, amorphous boron carbonitride ceramic was prepared by the thermolysis of a hydroborated copolymer in an argon atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Kyu Jeon
- Department of Fine Chemicals Engineering & Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
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