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Gangathade N. Total Synthesis of Macrocyclolipopeptide Dysoxylactam A. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3954-3961. [PMID: 38426216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
A highly stereoselective total synthesis of potent multidrug-resistant reverser dysoxylactum A has been accomplished in the longest linear sequences of 20 steps with an overall 10.2% yield. The key steps of this synthesis included Brown's crotylation, Evans alkylation, the Carreira protocol to generate the stereogenic center, and Yamaguchi macrolactonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namdeo Gangathade
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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2
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Lu D, Zou X, Ye L. The introduction of the disconnection approach into polymer synthesis. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.6050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 102299 China
| | - Xudong Zou
- College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 102299 China
| | - Liqin Ye
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 102299 China
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3
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Thorat SS, Rama Krishna G, Kontham R. Stereoselective Total Synthesis of (±)-Pleurospiroketals A and B. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13572-13582. [PMID: 34547199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A full account of our efforts toward the stereoselective total synthesis of sesquiterpenoid-derived natural products (±)-pleurospiroketals A and B is described. Commercially available 3-methyl-2-cyclohexenone and 2,2-dimethyloxirane were used as key building blocks, and the substrate-controlled stereoselection was exploited to access the entire stereochemistry of these natural products. Initially, a planned synthetic route involving a [6,5]-bicyclic lactone intermediate was found to be insurmountable, and the later strategy comprising OsO4-NMO-mediated dihydroxylation of 3-methyl-2-cyclohexenone, followed by Luche reduction, Eschenmoser methylenation, and Brønsted acid-induced spiroketalization steps, was ultimately identified as the reliable strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar S Thorat
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Gamidi Rama Krishna
- Centre for Materials Characterization, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Ravindar Kontham
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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4
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Zhang J, Eisink NNHM, Witte MD, Minnaard AJ. Regioselective Manipulation of GlcNAc Provides Allosamine, Lividosamine, and Related Compounds. J Org Chem 2019; 84:516-525. [PMID: 30569712 PMCID: PMC6343366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed oxidation of isopropyl N-acetyl-α-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) is used to prepare the rare sugars allosamine, lividosamine, and related compounds with unprecedented selectivity. The Passerini reaction applied on 3-keto-GlcNAc provides an entry into branching of the carbon skeleton in this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhang
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niek N. H. M. Eisink
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin D. Witte
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J. Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Liu Y, Zeng J, Sun J, Cai L, Zhao Y, Fang J, Hu B, Shu P, Meng L, Wan Q. 1,4-Dithiothreitol mediated cleavage of the acetal and ketal type of diol protecting groups. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00247a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
An efficient deprotection of the ketal and acetal type protecting groups has been achieved with Brønsted acid as a catalyst and 1,4-dithiothreitol as a ketal or acetal exchange reagent.
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6
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikael Bols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Serrill JD, Tan M, Fotso S, Sikorska J, Kasanah N, Hau AM, McPhail KL, Santosa DA, Zabriskie TM, Mahmud T, Viollet B, Proteau PJ, Ishmael JE. Apoptolidins A and C activate AMPK in metabolically sensitive cell types and are mechanistically distinct from oligomycin A. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 93:251-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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8
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Wang H, Tao J, Cai X, Chen W, Zhao Y, Xu Y, Yao W, Zeng J, Wan Q. Stereoselective Synthesis of α-Linked 2-Deoxy Glycosides Enabled by Visible-Light-Mediated Reductive Deiodination. Chemistry 2014; 20:17319-23. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Bensoussan C, Rival N, Hanquet G, Colobert F, Reymond S, Cossy J. Isolation, structural determination and synthetic approaches toward amphidinol 3. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:468-88. [PMID: 24531818 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70062c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the isolation and the structural determination of amphidinol 3 (AM3), as well as the synthetic efforts to its preparation. The mechanism of action of AM3 will not be developed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlélie Bensoussan
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique associé au CNRS, ESPCI ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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10
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Nicolaou KC, Hale CRH, Nilewski C, Ioannidou HA. Constructing molecular complexity and diversity: total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5185-238. [PMID: 22743704 PMCID: PMC3426871 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of organic synthesis and the understanding of the molecule as they occurred in the nineteenth century and were refined in the twentieth century constitute two of the most profound scientific developments of all time. These discoveries set in motion a revolution that shaped the landscape of the molecular sciences and changed the world. Organic synthesis played a major role in this revolution through its ability to construct the molecules of the living world and others like them whose primary element is carbon. Although the early beginnings of organic synthesis came about serendipitously, organic chemists quickly recognized its potential and moved decisively to advance and exploit it in myriad ways for the benefit of mankind. Indeed, from the early days of the synthesis of urea and the construction of the first carbon-carbon bond, the art of organic synthesis improved to impressively high levels of sophistication. Through its practice, today chemists can synthesize organic molecules--natural and designed--of all types of structural motifs and for all intents and purposes. The endeavor of constructing natural products--the organic molecules of nature--is justly called both a creative art and an exact science. Often called simply total synthesis, the replication of nature's molecules in the laboratory reflects and symbolizes the state of the art of synthesis in general. In the last few decades a surge in total synthesis endeavors around the world led to a remarkable collection of achievements that covers a wide ranging landscape of molecular complexity and diversity. In this article, we present highlights of some of our contributions in the field of total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. For perspective, we also provide a listing of selected examples of additional natural products synthesized in other laboratories around the world over the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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11
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Reyes JCP, Romo D. Bioinspired total synthesis of agelastatin A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:6870-3. [PMID: 22689447 PMCID: PMC3815442 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A one-two punch: two potentially biosynthetically relevant cyclizations of a keramadine analogue give agelastatin A. A diastereoselective C-ring formation, which proceeds through a 5-exo-trig cyclization or a Nazarov cyclization of a red-colored N-acyliminium intermediate, generates the three contiguous stereocenters of the cyclopentane core. A silica gel assisted cyclization of a nagelamide J analogue gives agelastatin A.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Romo
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842-3012 (USA), , Homepage: http://www.chem.tamu.edu/rgroup/romo
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Borovika
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , 48109 , USA
| | - Pavel Nagorny
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , 48109 , USA
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14
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Zanato C, Pignataro L, Ambrosi A, Hao Z, Trigili C, Díaz JF, Barasoain I, Gennari C. Highly Stereoselective Total Synthesis of (+)-9-epi-Dictyostatin and (-)-12,13-Bis-epi-dictyostatin. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Srinivasarao M, Park T, Chen Y, Fuchs PL. Noteworthy observations accompanying synthesis of the apoptolidin disaccharide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:5858-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11448d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Abstract
We report the determination of the full stereostructure of (-)-ushikulide A (1), a spiroketal containing macrolide by total synthesis. Ushikulide A (1) was isolated from a culture broth of Streptomyces sp. IUK-102 and exhibits potent immunosuppressant activity (IC(50) = 70 nM). To embark upon an ushikulide A synthesis, a tentative assignment was made based on analogy to cytovaricin (2), a related macrolide isolated from a culture of Streptomyces diastatochromogenes whose full structure was previously established via synthesis and X-ray crystallography. This report delineates studies on several key steps, namely a direct aldol reaction catalyzed by the dinuclear zinc ProPhenol complex, a metal catalyzed spiroketalization, as well as application of an unprecedented asymmetric alkynylation of a simple saturated aldehyde with methyl propiolate to prepare the nucleophilic partner for a Marshall-Tamaru propargylation. These studies culminated in the first total synthesis and stereochemical assignment of (-)-ushikulide A and significantly extended the scope of the above-mentioned methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M. Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305-5080
| | - Brendan M. O’Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305-5080
| | - Daniel Hund
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305-5080
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17
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Nielsen M, Jacobsen CB, Paixão MW, Holub N, Jørgensen KA. Asymmetric Organocatalytic Formal Alkynylation and Alkenylation of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:10581-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja903920j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Nielsen
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Márcio W. Paixão
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nicole Holub
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Karl Anker Jørgensen
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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18
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Abstract
A highly convergent, enantioselective total synthesis of the potent antitumor agent apoptolidin A has been completed. The key transformations include highly selective glycosylations to attach the C27 disaccharide and the C9 6'-deoxy-l-glucose, a cross-metathesis to incorporate the C1-C10 trienoate unit, and a Yamaguchi macrolactonization to complete the macrocycle. Twelve stereocenters in the polypropionate segments and sugar units were established through diastereoselective chlorotitanium enolate aldol reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Crimmins
- Venable and Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA.
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19
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Ghidu VP, Wang J, Wu B, Liu Q, Jacobs A, Marnett LJ, Sulikowski GA. Synthesis and evaluation of the cytotoxicity of apoptolidinones A and D. J Org Chem 2008; 73:4949-55. [PMID: 18543990 PMCID: PMC2572754 DOI: 10.1021/jo800545r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Apoptolidins A-D are microbial secondary metabolites shown to be selectively cytotoxic against several cancer cell lines and noncytotoxic against normal cells. Total syntheses of apoptolidinones A and D are reported. The efficient synthetic strategy leading to the apoptolidinones features construction of the common 20-membered macrolactone by an intramolecular Suzuki reaction and stereocontrolled aldol reactions establishing the C19/C20 and C22/C23 stereocenters. In contrast to apoptolidin A, the aglycones apoptolidinone A and D were shown to be noncytotoxic when evaluated against human lung cancer cells (H292).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor P Ghidu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, USA
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20
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Katagiri T, Fujiwara K, Kawai H, Suzuki T. Synthesis of the ABC-ring models of goniodomin A: preference for the unnatural configuration at C11 of the BC-ring in a non-macrocyclic model system. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Handa M, Smith WJ, Roush WR. Studies on the synthesis of apoptolidin A. 2. Synthesis of the disaccharide unit. J Org Chem 2007; 73:1036-9. [PMID: 18163646 DOI: 10.1021/jo7022526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Disaccharide 3 correspoinding to the disaccharide unit of apoptolidin A has been synthesized via the regio- and stereoselective TBS-OTf-promoted beta-glycosidation reaction of 2,6-dideoxy-2-iodo-beta-glucopyranosyl acetate (5) and p-methoxybenzyl 2,6-dideoxy-2-iodo-3-C-methyl-alpha-mannopyranoside (11).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Handa
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps-Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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22
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Handa M, Scheidt KA, Bossart M, Zheng N, Roush WR. Studies on the Synthesis of Apoptolidin A. 1. Synthesis of the C(1)−C(11) Fragment. J Org Chem 2007; 73:1031-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jo702250z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Handa
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps-Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Karl A. Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps-Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Martin Bossart
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps-Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Nan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps-Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - William R. Roush
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps-Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Wehlan H, Dauber M, Fernaud MTM, Schuppan J, Keiper S, Mahrwald R, Garcia MEJ, Koert U. Apoptolidin A: total synthesis and partially glycosylated analogues. Chemistry 2007; 12:7378-97. [PMID: 16865757 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of apoptolidin A is described employing an early glycosylation strategy. Strategic disconnections were chosen between C11-C12 (cross-coupling) and C19O-C1 (macrocyclization). The cis-selective glycosylation at C9-OH was achieved with the new SIBA protective group at O2/O3 of the L-glucose residue. Auxiliary substitutents at the 2-position of the 2-deoxy sugars were applied to form selectively the glycosidic linkages of the C27 disaccharide. The cross-coupling of the glycosylated northern half with the glycosylated southern half was achieved with CuI-thiophene carboxylate. The macrocyclization of a trihydroxy carboxylic acid produced the 20-membered macrolide selectively. H2SiF6 was suitable for the final deprotection of the silyl ethers and the conversion of the C21 methylketal into the hemiketal. The synthetic flexibility of the approach was proven by the synthesis of some glycovariants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermut Wehlan
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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24
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Synthesis of the C15–C23 fragment of dictyostatin using a highly stereoselective Carreira alkynylation. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Organotrifluoroborates are robust reagents capable of withstanding ozonolysis of remote alkenes, thus providing a new route to oxo-substituted organotrifluoroborates. The primary ozonides initially generated upon ozonolysis can be reduced with Zn/AcOH to afford the carbonyl compounds. Alternatively, capture of the carbonyl oxides with either an appropriate N-oxide or H2O easily gives the desired oxo-substituted organotrifluoroborates. Both unsaturated alkyltrifluoroborates and aryltrifluoroborates effectively participate in the reaction. The process provides oxo-functionalized organotrifluoroborates that cannot be prepared directly via either transmetalation or hydroboration protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.
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Bedore MW, Chang SK, Paquette LA. Development of an access route to the c31-c52 central core of amphidinol 3. Org Lett 2007; 9:513-6. [PMID: 17249800 DOI: 10.1021/ol062875+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] An asymmetric synthesis of the heavily oxygenated inner sector of amphidinol 3 constituted of C31-C52 is described. The successful pathway highlights construction of the pair of identical tetrahydropyran subunits from a common intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Bedore
- Evans Chemical Laboratories, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Schuppan J, Wehlan H, Keiper S, Koert U. Apoptolidinone A: Synthesis of the Apoptolidin A Aglycone. Chemistry 2006; 12:7364-77. [PMID: 16865756 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An efficient stereocontrolled synthesis of apoptolidinone A, the aglycone of apoptolidin A is described. The synthetic strategy relies on a cross coupling between C11/C12 of a northern half (C1-C11) and a southern part (C12-C28) followed by a ring-size selective macrolactonization. Key steps for the introduction of the southern half stereocenters are a stereoselective aldol reaction, a substrate controlled dihydroxylation and a chelation-controlled Grignard/aldehyde addition. The conjugated triene of the northern half was built up successively by E-selective Wittig reactions. L-Malic acid was chosen as the chiral pool source for the C8/C9 stereocenters. The final cleavage of the silyl ethers and the conversion of the C21 methyl ketal into the hemiketal was achieved by HF.pyridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schuppan
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Daniel PT, Koert U, Schuppan J. Apoptolidin: Induction of Apoptosis by a Natural Product. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:872-93. [PMID: 16404760 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200502698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Apoptolidin is a natural product that selectively induces apoptosis in several cancer cell lines. Apoptosis, programmed cell death, is a biological key pathway for regulating homeostasis and morphogenesis. Apoptotic misregulations are connected with several diseases, in particular cancer. The extrinsic way to apoptosis leads through death ligands and death receptors to the activiation of the caspase cascade, which results in proteolytic degradation of the cell architecture. The intrinsic pathway transmits signals of internal cellular damage to the mitochondrion, which loses its structural integrity, and forms an apoptosome that initiates the caspase cascade. Compounds which regulate apoptosis are of high medical significance. Many natural products regulate apoptotic pathways, and apoptolidin is one of them. The known synthetic routes to apoptolidin are described and compared in this Review. Selected further natural products which regulate apoptosis are introduced briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Daniel
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, University Medical Center Charité, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
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Daniel PT, Koert U, Schuppan J. Apoptolidin: Induktion von Apoptose durch einen Naturstoff. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200502698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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31
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Wu B, Liu Q, Jin B, Qu T, Sulikowski GA. Studies on the Synthesis of Apoptolidin: Progress on the Stereocontrolled Assembly of the Pseudo Aglycone of Apoptolidin. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Trost BM, Papillon JPN, Nussbaumer T. Ru-catalyzed alkene-alkyne coupling. Total synthesis of amphidinolide P. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:17921-37. [PMID: 16351124 PMCID: PMC2533515 DOI: 10.1021/ja055967n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A coordinatively unsaturated ruthenium complex catalyzed the formation of a carbon-carbon bond between two judiciously chosen alkene and alkyne partners in good yield, and in a chemo- and regioselective fashion, despite the significant degree of unsaturation of the substrates. The resulting 1,4-diene forms the backbone of the cytotoxic marine natural product amphidinolide P. The alkene partner was rapidly assembled from (R)-glycidyl tosylate, which served as a linchpin in a one-flask, sequential three-components coupling process using vinyllithium and a vinyl cyanocuprate. The synthesis of the alkyne partner made use of an unusual anti-selective addition under chelation-control conditions of an allyltin reagent derived from tiglic acid. In addition, a remarkably E-selective E2 process using the azodicarboxylate-triphenylphosphine system is featured. Also featured is the first example of the use of a beta-lactone as a thermodynamic spring to effect macrolactonization. The oxetanone ring was thus used as a productive protecting group that increased the overall efficiency of this total synthesis. This work was also an opportunity to further probe the scope of the ruthenium-catalyzed alkene-alkyne coupling, in particular using enynes, and studies using various functionalized substrates are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
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Crimmins MT, Christie HS, Chaudhary K, Long A. Enantioselective Synthesis of Apoptolidinone: Exploiting the Versatility of Thiazolidinethione Chiral Auxiliaries. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:13810-2. [PMID: 16201800 DOI: 10.1021/ja0549289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient, enantioselective synthesis of apoptolidinone has been completed, demonstrating the versatility of thiazolidinethione auxiliaries. Three propionate aldol additions and two asymmetric glycolate alkylations function to establish 8 of the 12 stereogenic carbon centers. A cross-metathesis reaction is utilized to assemble the C1-C10 trieneoate fragment and the C11-C28 polypropionate region of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Crimmins
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA.
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Abstract
Our bodies are made of molecules, and it is from molecules that we derive our strength and joys. The joys of molecules manifest themselves in many ways. These include beautiful colors, exquisite aromas, distinct tastes, psychological ups and downs, and intellectual inspirations, among other forms of stimulation, material or spiritual. In this Perspective, written on the occasion of the 2005 American Chemical Society Arthur C. Cope Award address, I recount some of the joys I have experienced and shared with my students during campaigns to synthesize some of Nature's most intriguing and complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Abstract
[structure: see text] The de novo synthesis of the C9 and C27 sugar subunits (2) and (3), respectively, of the potent antitumor agent, apoptolidin, has been accomplished. A titanium tetrachloride-mediated asymmetric anti glycolate aldol addition was utilized to establish the 4' and 5' stereogenic centers of each of the three monosaccharides. Elaboration of the aldol adducts efficiently provided the three sugar units. A beta-selective glycosidation completed the construction of the C27 disaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Crimmins
- Venable and Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA.
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Bouchez LC, Vogel P. Synthesis of the C(1)-C(11) Polyene Fragment of Apoptolidin with a New Sulfur Dioxide-Based Organic Chemistry. Chemistry 2005; 11:4609-20. [PMID: 15954151 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A new sulfur dioxide-based organic chemistry has been developed as a novel approach for the stereoselective synthesis of polyene fragments based on our one-pot, four-component synthesis of polyfunctional epsilon-alkanesulfonyl-gamma,delta-unsaturated ketones. The flexibility and efficiency of this methodology are illustrated by the preparation of (+)-methyl (2E,4E,6E,8R,9S)-9-{[(tert-butyl)dimethylsilyl]oxy}-2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-11-(triethylsilyl)undeca-2,4,6-trien-10-ynoate, a synthetic intermediate of Nicolaou and co-workers, that corresponds to the C(1)-C(11) fragment of apoptolidin, which was used by the authors in their total synthesis of this promising anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure C Bouchez
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Switzerland
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Development of an end-game strategy towards apoptolidin: a sequential Suzuki coupling approach. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7920 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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Trost BM, Papillon JPN. Alkene-alkyne coupling as a linchpin: an efficient and convergent synthesis of amphidinolide P. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:13618-9. [PMID: 15493910 DOI: 10.1021/ja045449x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A short and efficient synthesis of the cytotoxic macrolide amphidinolide P is described. A remarkably chemo- and regioselective ruthenium-catalyzed alkene-alkyne coupling allows for a convergent synthesis and demonstrates that both enynes and beta-lactones are suitable coupling partners. This work also features a novel strategy for the preparation of macrolactones via intramolecular transesterification of beta-lactones. The target structure was prepared in 15 steps for the longest linear sequence and 10% overall yield, 24 steps total.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
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Abe K, Kato K, Arai T, Rahim MA, Sultana I, Matsumura S, Toshima K. Synthetic studies on apoptolidin: synthesis of the C12–C28 fragment via a highly stereoselective aldol reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.09.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] A novel approach toward the synthesis of the triene portion of the biologically active polyketide apoptolidin is described. The use of an iterative thionyl chloride rearrangement/oxidation sequence to construct trisubstituted olefins is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Paquette
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Walther Cancer Research Center, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670, USA
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Wender PA, Jankowski OD, Tabet EA, Seto H. Facile synthetic access to and biological evaluation of the macrocyclic core of apoptolidin. Org Lett 2003; 5:2299-302. [PMID: 12816433 DOI: 10.1021/ol0346335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative cleavage of the C-20/C-21 bond in apoptolidin (1) provides two fragments of similar complexity, facilitating a divide-and-diversify strategy for the determination of the structural basis for apoptolidin's biological activity, the remarkably selective induction of apoptosis in sensitive cell lines. The ability of compounds derived from this cleavage to inhibit mitochondrial F(0)F(1)-ATPase is reported. [structure: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA.
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Chng SS, Xu J, Loh TP. A divergent approach to apoptolidin and FD-891: asymmetric preparation of a common intermediate. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)01173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wender PA, Jankowski OD, Tabet EA, Seto H. Toward a structure-activity relationship for apoptolidin: selective functionalization of the hydroxyl group array. Org Lett 2003; 5:487-90. [PMID: 12583750 DOI: 10.1021/ol027366w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] To investigate the structural basis for the exceptional selectivity and activity of apoptolidin (1), a strategy has been devised that allows for selective functionalization of seven of its eight hydroxyl groups based on progressive silyl protection, derivatization, and deprotection. The syntheses of these derivatives and their ability to inhibit F(0)F(1)-ATPase are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305-5080, USA.
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Yang Z, Cao H, Hu J, Shan R, Yu B. 1→2 Migration and concurrent glycosidation of phenyl 1-thio-α-mannopyranosides via 2,3-O-cyclic dioxonium intermediates. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)01452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Pennington JD, Williams HJ, Salomon AR, Sulikowski GA. Toward a stable apoptolidin derivative: identification of isoapoptolidin and selective deglycosylation of apoptolidin. Org Lett 2002; 4:3823-5. [PMID: 12599468 DOI: 10.1021/ol026829v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[formula: see text] Isoapoptolidin was isolated from crude fermentation extracts of the apoptolidin-producing microorganism Nocardiopsis sp. Apoptolidin isomerizes to isoapoptolidin upon treatment with methanolic triethylamine to establish a 1.4:1 equilibrium mixture of isoapoptolidin and apoptolidin. Semisynthesis of a peracetylated and deglycosylated derivative of apoptolidin is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Pennington
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, USA
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Wender PA, Gulledge AV, Jankowski OD, Seto H. Isoapoptolidin: structure and activity of the ring-expanded isomer of apoptolidin. Org Lett 2002; 4:3819-22. [PMID: 12599467 DOI: 10.1021/ol0266222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[formula: see text] Apoptolidin (1) is a novel oncolytic lead that induces apoptosis in transformed cell lines with exceptional selectivity. We report the isolation and characterization of a ring-expanded macrolide isomer of apoptolidin: isoapoptolidin (2). The solution conformation of isoapoptolidin is described. The rate of isomerization was measured under biologically relevant conditions and found to approach equilibrium within the time frame of most cell-based assays. Isoapoptolidin's ability to inhibit mitochondrial F0F1-ATPase is over 10-fold less than that of apoptolidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
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