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Nikitina VN, Maksimova ED, Zavolskova MD, Karyakin AA. Flow injection amperometry as an alternative to potentiometry for solid contact ion-selective membrane-based electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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2
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Khataee A, Sohrabi H, Arbabzadeh O, Khaaki P, Majidi MR. Frontiers in conventional and nanomaterials based electrochemical sensing and biosensing approaches for Ochratoxin A analysis in foodstuffs: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 149:112030. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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3
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Flavin MT, Freeman DK, Han J. Interfacial ion transfer and current limiting in neutral-carrier ion-selective membranes: A detailed numerical model. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Afshar MG, Crespo GA, Dorokhin D, Néel B, Bakker E. Thin Layer Coulometry of Nitrite with Ion-Selective Membranes. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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5
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Crespo GA, Bakker E. Dynamic electrochemistry with ionophore based ion-selective membranes. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43751e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Ion amperometry at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions in view of realizing the amperometric ion-selective electrode. Talanta 2012; 63:21-32. [PMID: 18969401 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2003.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2003] [Revised: 11/07/2003] [Accepted: 11/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the development in ion amperometry at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) in view of realizing the amperometric ion-selective electrode (ISE). The concept of polarizability of ITIES in a multi-ion system is outlined. Principle aspects of ion amperometry at ITIES are discussed including the use of amperometry as a tool for the clarification of the ion sensing mechanism, and for determining the concentrations of ions in the solution. The reference is made to recent amperometric measurements at the supported liquid membrane (SLM) and polymer composite liquid membranes (PCLM), which, together with the micro-hole supported ITIES, appear to be particularly suitable for realization of the amperometric ISE.
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Pulsed chronopotentiometric membrane electrodes based on plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) with covalently bound ferrocene functionalities as solid contact transducer. PURE APPL CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-con-11-09-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ion-selective membrane materials based on poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)-containing covalently attached redox-active ferrocene (Fc) groups are characterized here as all-solid-state pulsed voltammetric ion sensors. The redox capacity of the membrane increases 7-fold with a doubling of the Fc content and 3-fold with the addition of 10 wt % of the lipophilic electrolyte ETH 500, tetradodecylammonium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate. This salt improves the ionic conductivity of the membrane and appears to make the Fc groups electrochemically more accessible. A too high content of the two, on the other hand, was found to cause undesired sensitivity to redox-active species present in the sample solution. Dilution of the membrane with a plasticizer eliminated this redox sensitivity while preserving its high redox capacity. A practical application of the designed electrodes in electrochemical analysis was demonstrated with a multi-pulse protocol that includes a current-controlled ion uptake pulse, followed by an open-circuit potential (OCP) measurement and a regeneration pulse. Potentiometric calibration curves obtained with this protocol exhibited a linear response with near-Nernstian slopes for acetate, nitrate, chloride, and perchlorate ions with the selectivity expected for an ion-exchanging membrane.
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Grygolowicz-Pawlak E, Numnuam A, Thavarungkul P, Kanatharana P, Bakker E. Interference Compensation for Thin Layer Coulometric Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes by the Double Pulse Technique. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1327-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202273k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Grygolowicz-Pawlak
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical and Applied
Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet
30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Apon Numnuam
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical and Applied
Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet
30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical and Applied
Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet
30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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9
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Molina Á, Serna C, Ortuño JA, Torralba E. Studies of ion transfer across liquid membranes by electrochemical techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pc90005j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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10
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Cheng C, Tian X, Guo Y, Li Y, Yuan H, Xiao D. Large enhancement of sensitivity and a wider working range of glass pH electrode with amperometric and potentiometric responses. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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11
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Gemene KL, Meyerhoff ME. Detection of protease activities by flash chronopotentiometry using a reversible polycation-sensitive polymeric membrane electrode. Anal Biochem 2011; 416:67-73. [PMID: 21601559 PMCID: PMC3125491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical method, termed flash chronopotentiometry (FCP), is used to develop a rapid and sensitive method for detecting protease activities. In this method, an appropriate current pulse is applied across a polycation-selective polymer membrane to induce a strong flux of the polycationic peptides from the sample phase into the organic membrane of the electrode. During this current pulse, the cell potential (EMF) is monitored continuously, and is a function of the polypeptide concentration. The imposed current causes a local depletion of the polypeptide at the sample/membrane interface, which yields a drastic potential change in the observed chronopotentiogram at a characteristic time, called the transition time (τ). For a given magnitude of current, the square root of τ is directly proportional to the concentration of the polypeptide. Proteases cleave polypeptides into smaller fragments that are not favorably extracted into the membrane of the sensor. Therefore, a decrease in the transition time is observed during the proteolysis process. The degree of change in the transition time can be correlated to protease activity. To demonstrate this approach, the activities of trypsin and α-chymotrypsin are detected using protamine and synthetic polycationic oligopeptides that possess specific cleavage sites that are recognized by these proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebede L. Gemene
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Mark E. Meyerhoff
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Pawlak M, Grygolowicz-Pawlak E, Bakker E. Ferrocene Bound Poly(vinyl chloride) as Ion to Electron Transducer in Electrochemical Ion Sensors. Anal Chem 2010; 82:6887-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1010662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Pawlak
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Ewa Grygolowicz-Pawlak
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Eric Bakker
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
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13
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Grygolowicz-Pawlak E, Bakker E. Thin Layer Coulometry with Ionophore Based Ion-Selective Membranes. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4537-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100524z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Grygolowicz-Pawlak
- Department of Chemistry, Nanochemistry Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Chemistry, Nanochemistry Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
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Zook JM, Lindner E. Reverse Current Pulse Method To Restore Uniform Concentration Profiles in Ion-Selective Membranes. 2. Comparison of the Efficiency of the Different Protocols. Anal Chem 2009; 81:5155-64. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802065h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Zook
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, 330 Engineering Technology Building, Memphis, Tennessee 38152
| | - Ernő Lindner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, 330 Engineering Technology Building, Memphis, Tennessee 38152
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Gemene KL, Bakker E. Flash chronopotentiometric sensing of the polyions protamine and heparin at ion-selective membranes. Anal Biochem 2009; 386:276-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Michalska A, Pyrzyńska K, Maksymiuk K. Method of achieving desired potentiometric responses of polyacrylate-based ion-selective membranes. Anal Chem 2008; 80:3921-4. [PMID: 18380468 DOI: 10.1021/ac8000622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a simple procedure allowing preparation of cation-selective electrodes with poly( n-butyl acrylate)-based membranes containing different proportions of primary and interfering ions introduced already at the membrane preparation step, by using two different liphophilic salts of the same anion. With this approach the time required to achieve saturation of polyacrylate membranes with primary ions can be significantly shortened. Moreover, depending on the ratio of the primary and interfering ions introduced to the membrane cocktail, different potentiometric responses are obtained ranging from typical (with micromolar detection limit), through lower detection limits to super-Nernstian ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Michalska
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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Fordyce K, Shvarev A. Solid-Contact Electrochemical Polyion Sensors for Monitoring Peptidase Activities. Anal Chem 2007; 80:827-33. [DOI: 10.1021/ac701775n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Fordyce
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Alexey Shvarev
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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Makarychev-Mikhailov S, Shvarev A, Bakker E. Calcium pulstrodes with 10-fold enhanced sensitivity for measurements in the physiological concentration range. Anal Chem 2007; 78:2744-51. [PMID: 16615788 DOI: 10.1021/ac052211y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ion-selective electrodes ideally operate on the basis of the Nernst equation, which predicts less than 60- and 30-mV potential change for a 10-fold activity change of monovalent and divalent ions measured at room temperature, respectively. Typical concentration ranges in extracellular fluids are quite narrow for the electrolytes of key importance. A range of 2.2-2.6 mM for calcium ions, for instance, translates into just a 2.2-mV potential change. The direct potentiometric measurement of physiological electrolytes is certainly possible with direct potentiometry and is done routinely in clinical analyzers and handheld measuring devices. It places, however, strong demands on the precision of the reference electrode and requires careful temperature control and frequent calibration runs. In this paper, a robust 10-20-fold sensitivity enhancement for calcium measurements is attained by departing from the classical response mechanism and operating in a non-Nernstian response mode. Stable and reproducible super-Nernstian responses of these so-called pulstrodes in a narrow calcium activity range can be controlled by instrumental means in good agreement with theory. The potentials may be measured during a galvanostatic excitation pulse (mode I) or immediately after it (mode II), under open-circuit conditions. Subtraction of the potentials, sampled at different times during a single pulse, allows one to obtain a sensitive differential peak-shaped signal at a critical and fully adjustable analyte activity range. Calcium pulstrodes based on the diamide ionophore AU-1 were characterized and applied to the measurement in model physiological liquids. Super-Nernstian responses exceeding 700 mV/decade were observed in a physiological range of calcium concentration. Such remarkable sensitivity of the pulstrodes, complemented with the well-documented high selectivity of these potentiometric sensors, may provide a significant increase in the accuracy and precision of electrolyte measurements in clinical analysis.
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Ortuño JA, Serna C, Molina A, Gil A. Differential pulse voltammetry and additive differential pulse voltammetry with solvent polymeric membrane ion sensors. Anal Chem 2007; 78:8129-33. [PMID: 17134149 DOI: 10.1021/ac061224o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ion transfer across the water-solvent polymeric membrane interface is investigated by using a new device based on a modification of a commercial ion-selective electrode body that permits the accommodation of a platinum counter electrode inside the inner filling solution compartment and, therefore, use of a four-electrode potentiostat with ohmic drop compensation. This device is used here to apply two different double potential pulse techniques--differential pulse voltammetry and additive differential pulse voltammetry--which are more advantageous than other voltammetric techniques, such as normal pulse voltammetry or cyclic voltammetry, for the determination of the characteristic electrochemical parameters of the system. This is due to the concurrence of two factors in these double potential pulse techniques, the peak-shaped response together with a considerable reduction of undesirable current contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Ortuño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Murcia, 30071-Murcia, Spain.
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Gemene KL, Shvarev A, Bakker E. Selectivity enhancement of anion-responsive electrodes by pulsed chronopotentiometry. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 583:190-6. [PMID: 17386545 PMCID: PMC1826444 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A large and robust selectivity improvement of ion-selective electrodes is presented for the measurement of abundant ions. An improvement in selectivity by more than two orders of magnitude has been attained for the hydrophilic chloride ions measured in a dilute background of the lipophilic ions perchlorate and salicylate in a pulsed chronopotentiometric measurement mode. This is attributed to a robust kinetic discrimination of the dilute lipophilic ions in this measuring mode, which is not possible to achieve in classical potentiometry. Maximum tolerable concentrations of the interfering ions are found to be on the order of 30 microM before causing substantial changes in potential. As an example of practical relevance, the robust detection of chloride in 72 microM salicylate (reflecting 1:10 diluted blood) with a detection limit of 0.5 mM chloride is demonstrated. Corresponding potentiometric sensors did not give a useful chloride response under these conditions.
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Pawłowski P, Michalska A, Maksymiuk K. Galvanostatic Polarization of All-Solid-State K+-Selective Electrodes with Polypyrrole Ion-to-Electron Transducer. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Flow-injection pulse amperometric detection based on ion transfer across a water-plasticized polymeric membrane interface for the determination of verapamil. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Influence of cationic and anionic additives on the electrical properties of ionophore-based ion-selective membranes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Xu Y, De Marco R, Shvarev A, Bakker E. Reversible electrochemical monitoring of surface confined reactions at liquid-liquid interfaces by modulation of ion transfer fluxes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:3074-6. [PMID: 15959589 DOI: 10.1039/b503548a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption of the neutral surfactant Brij35 at a liquid-liquid interface is reversibly monitored via its disturbance of an electrochemically imposed ion flux across the interface, forming a promising experimental tool for the detection of surface confined reactions at such liquids and polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yida Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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25
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Makarychev-Mikhailov S, Shvarev A, Bakker E. Pulstrodes: triple pulse control of potentiometric sensors. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:10548-9. [PMID: 15327306 DOI: 10.1021/ja047728q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ion-selective electrode membranes based on hydrophobic materials doped with chemically selective host molecules are an attractive sensing technology but normally suffer from a limited sensitivity, given by the Nernst equation, and a direct reliance on the reference electrode potential, which makes miniaturization difficult. These fundamental problems are addressed here by imposing a multipulse electrochemical excitation signal onto ion-selective membranes that lack ion-exchange properties. Current pulses are responsible for the generation of ion fluxes in the direction of the membrane, which give reproducible super-Nernstian response slopes that originate from depletion processes at the membrane surface. Membranes may also be measured at zero current after this pulse, giving super-Nernstian response regions at lower concentrations. Difference potentials obtained from subsequent pulses give about 10-fold higher sensitivities than predicted on the basis of the Nernst equation.
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Sutter J, Morf WE, de Rooij NF, Pretsch E. Current response of ion-selective solvent polymeric membranes at controlled potential. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
This paper describes a pulsed galvanostatic technique to interrogate ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) with no intrinsic ion-exchange properties. Each applied current pulse is followed by a longer baseline potential pulse to regenerate the phase boundary region of the ion-selective membrane. The applied current fully controls the magnitude and sign of the ion flux into the membrane, thus offering instrumental control over an effect that has become very important in ion-selective electrode research in recent years. The resulting chronopotentiometric response curves essentially mimic traditional ISE behavior, with apparently Nernstian response slopes and selectivities that can be described with the Nicolsky equation. Additionally, the magnitude and sign of the current pulse may be used to tune sensor selectivity. Perhaps most important, however, appears to be the finding that the extent of concentration polarization near the membrane surface can be accurately controlled by this technique. A growing number of potentiometric techniques are starting to make use of nonequilibrium principles, and the method introduced here may prove to be very useful to advance these areas of research. The basic characteristics of this pulsed galvanostatic technique are here evaluated with plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membranes containing the sodium-selective ionophore tert-butyl calix[4]arene tetramethyl ester and a lipophilic inert salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Shvarev
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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28
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Lo CK, Choi MM. Symmetrical electrochemical cell for determination of coextraction constants of metal salts for ion-selective polymeric membranes. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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