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Electrochemical devices for cholesterol detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 224:115195. [PMID: 36493575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol can be considered as a biomarker of illnesses such as heart and coronary artery diseases or arteriosclerosis. Therefore, the fast determination of its concentration in blood is interesting as a means of achieving an early diagnosis of these unhealthy conditions. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors have become a potential tool for selective and sensitive detection of this biomolecule, combining the analytical advantages of electrochemical techniques with the selective recognition features of modified electrodes. This review covers the different approaches carried out in the development of electrochemical sensors for cholesterol, differentiating between enzymatic biosensors and non-enzymatic systems, highlighting lab-on-a-chip devices. A description of the different modification procedures of the working electrode has been included and the role of the different functional materials used has been discussed.
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Rahim MZA, Govender-Hondros G, Adeloju SB. A single step electrochemical integration of gold nanoparticles, cholesterol oxidase, cholesterol esterase and mediator with polypyrrole films for fabrication of free and total cholesterol nanobiosensors. Talanta 2018; 189:418-428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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3
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From electrochemistry to enzyme kinetics of cytochrome P450. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 121:192-204. [PMID: 30218927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review is an attempt to describe advancements in the electrochemistry of cytochrome P450 enzymes (EC 1.14.14.1) and to study molecular aspects and catalytic behavior of enzymatic electrocatalysis. Electroanalysis of cytochrome P450 demonstrates how to translate theoretical laws and equations of classical electrochemistry for the calculation of the kinetic parameters of enzymatic reactions and then translation of kinetic parameters to interpretation of drug-drug interactions. The functional significance of cytochrome P450s (CYPs) includes the metabolism of drugs, foreign chemicals, and endogenic compounds. The pharmaceutical industry needs sensitive and cost-effective systems for screening new drugs and investigation of drug-drug interactions. The development of different types of CYP-based biosensors is now in great demand. This review also highlights the characteristics of electrode processes and electrode properties for optimization of the cytochrome P450 electroanalysis. Electrochemical cytochrome P450-biosensors are the most studied. In this review, we analyzed electrode/cytochrome P450 systems in terms of the mechanisms underlying P450-catalyzed reactions. Screening of potential substrates or inhibitors of cytochromes P450 by means of electrodes were described.
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Dervisevic M, Çevik E, Şenel M, Nergiz C, Abasiyanik MF. Amperometric cholesterol biosensor based on reconstituted cholesterol oxidase on boronic acid functional conducting polymers. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Bhardwaj H, Solanki S, Sumana G. Electrophoretically deposited multiwalled carbon nanotube based amperometric genosensor forE.colidetection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/704/1/012007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Zhong Q, Xie Z, Ding H, Zhu C, Yang Z, Gu Z. Carbon Inverse Opal Rods for Nonenzymatic Cholesterol Detection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:5766-5770. [PMID: 26415111 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon inverse opal rods made from silica photonic crystal rods are used for nonenzymatic cholesterol sensing. The characteristic reflection peak originating from the physical periodic structure works as sensing signals for quantitatively estimating cholesterol concentrations. Carbon inverse opal rods work both in cholesterol standard solutions and human serum. They are suitable for practical use in clinical diagnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zhuoying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Cun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zixue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zhongze Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Laboratory of Environment and Biosafety Research Institute, Southeast University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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Solanki S, Pandey CM, Soni A, Sumana G, Biradar AM. An amperometric bienzymatic biosensor for the triglyceride tributyrin using an indium tin oxide electrode coated with electrophoretically deposited chitosan-wrapped nanozirconia. Mikrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-015-1618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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8
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Soni A, Pandey CM, Solanki S, Sumana G. One-pot synthesis of a polyaniline–gold nanocomposite and its enhanced electrochemical properties for biosensing applications. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06146f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One pot synthesis of polyaniline–gold nanocomposite using chemical route in the presence of dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Soni
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi-110012
- India
| | - Chandra Mouli Pandey
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi-110012
- India
| | - Shipra Solanki
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi-110012
- India
| | - Gajjala Sumana
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi-110012
- India
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9
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Progress and recent advances in phosphate sensors: A review. Talanta 2013; 114:191-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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Lawal AT, Adeloju SB. Progress and recent advances in fabrication and utilization of hypoxanthine biosensors for meat and fish quality assessment: a review. Talanta 2012; 100:217-28. [PMID: 23141330 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an update on the research conducted on the fabrication and utilization of hypoxanthine (Hx) biosensors published over the past four decades. In particular, the review focuses on progress made in the development and use of Hx biosensors for the assessment of fish and meat quality which has dominated research in this area. The various fish and meat freshness indexes that have been proposed over this period are highlighted. Furthermore, recent developments and future advances in the use of screen-printed electrodes and nanomaterials for achieving improved performances for the reliable determination of Hx in fish and meat are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulazeez T Lawal
- NanoScience and Sensor Technology Research Group, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, Monash University, Churchill, Vic. 3842, Australia
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11
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Torres AC, Ghica ME, Brett CMA. Poly(Neutral Red)/Cholesterol Oxidase Modified Carbon Film Electrode for Cholesterol Biosensing. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Song MJ, Kim JH, Lee SK, Lim DS, Hwang SW, Whang D. Analytical Characteristics of Electrochemical Biosensor Using Pt-Dispersed Graphene on Boron Doped Diamond Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Polypyrrole-based bilayer nitrate amperometric biosensor with an integrated permselective poly-ortho-phenylenediamine layer for exclusion of inorganic interferences. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:4270-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ruecha N, Siangproh W, Chailapakul O. A fast and highly sensitive detection of cholesterol using polymer microfluidic devices and amperometric system. Talanta 2011; 84:1323-8. [PMID: 21641446 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the rapid detection of cholesterol using poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchip capillary electrophoresis, based on the coupling of enzymatic assays and electrochemical detection, was developed. Direct amperometric detection for poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microchip capillary electrophoresis was successfully applied to quantify cholesterol levels. Factors influencing the performance of the method (such as the concentration and pH value of buffer electrolyte, concentration of cholesterol oxidase enzyme (ChOx), effect of solvent on the cholesterol solubility, and interferences) were carefully investigated and optimized. The migration time of hydrogen peroxide, product of the reaction, was less than 100 s when using 40 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 as the running buffer, a concentration of 0.68 U/mL of the ChOx, a separation voltage of +1.6 kV, an injection time of 20s, and a detection potential of +0.5 V. PDMS microchip capillary electrophoresis showed linearity between 38.7 μg/dL (1 μM) and 270.6 mg/dL (7 mM) for the cholesterol standard; the detection limit was determined as 38.7 ng/dL (1 nM). To demonstrate the potential of this assay, the proposed method was applied to quantify cholesterol in bovine serum. The percentages of recoveries were assessed over the range of 98.9-101.8%. The sample throughput was found to be 60 samples per hour. Therefore, PDMS microchip capillary electrophoresis, based on the coupling of enzymatic assays and electrochemical detection, is very rapid, accurate and sensitive method for the determination of cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipapan Ruecha
- Petrochemistry and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Fast cholesterol detection using flow injection microfluidic device with functionalized carbon nanotubes based electrochemical sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:1514-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Song MJ, Kim JH, Lee SK, Lee JH, Lim DS, Hwang SW, Whang D. Pt-polyaniline nanocomposite on boron-doped diamond electrode for amperometic biosensor with low detection limit. Mikrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-010-0432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Matharu Z, Pandey P, Pandey M, Gupta V, Malhotra B. Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles - Octadecylamine Hybrid Langmuir-Blodgett Film for Enzyme Sensor. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200904578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Arya SK, Datta M, Malhotra BD. Recent advances in cholesterol biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 23:1083-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Vidal JC, Espuelas J, Castillo JR. Amperometric cholesterol biosensor based on in situ reconstituted cholesterol oxidase on an immobilized monolayer of flavin adenine dinucleotide cofactor. Anal Biochem 2005; 333:88-98. [PMID: 15351284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A new amperometric biosensor for determining cholesterol based on deflavination of the enzyme cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) and subsequent reconstitution of the apo-protein with a complexed flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) monolayer is described. The charge transfer mediator pyrroquinoline quinone (PQQ) was covalently bound to a cystamine self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on an Au electrode. Boronic acid (BA) was then bound to PQQ using the carbodiimide procedure, and the BA ligand was complexed to the FAD molecules on which the apo-ChOx was subsequently reconstituted. The effective release of the FAD from the enzyme and the successful reconstitution were verified using molecular fluorescence and cyclic voltammetry. The optimal orientation of FAD toward the PQQ mediator and the distances between FAD and PQQ and between PQQ and electrode enhance the charge transfer, very high sensitivity (about 2,500 nAmM(-1)cm(-2)) being obtained for cholesterol determination. The biosensor is selective toward electroactive interferents (ascorbic acid and uric acid) and was tested in reference serum samples, demonstrating excellent accuracy (relative errors below 3% in all cases). The biosensor activity can be successfully regenerated in a simple process by successive reconstitution with batches of recently prepared apo-ChOx on the same immobilized Au/SAM-PQQ-BA-FAD monolayer (it was tested five times); the lifetime of the biosensor is about 45-60 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-C Vidal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Analytical Spectroscopy and Sensors Group, Faculty of Science, University of Zaragoza, Plaza San Francisco s/n, 50009 Saragossa, Spain.
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Amperometric cholesterol biosensors based on the electropolymerization of pyrrole and the electrocatalytic effect of Prussian-Blue layers helped with self-assembled monolayers. Talanta 2004; 64:655-64. [PMID: 18969656 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2004.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2003] [Revised: 03/23/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Steady-state oxidation of cholesterol catalyzed by cholesterol oxidase in lipid bilayer membranes on platinum electrodes. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Shumyantseva V, Deluca G, Bulko T, Carrara S, Nicolini C, Usanov SA, Archakov A. Cholesterol amperometric biosensor based on cytochrome P450scc. Biosens Bioelectron 2004; 19:971-6. [PMID: 15018951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2003.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2003] [Revised: 09/03/2003] [Accepted: 09/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A screen-printed enzyme electrode based on flavocytochrome P450scc (RfP450scc) for amperometric determination of cholesterol has been developed. A one-step method for RfP450scc immobilization in the presence of glutaraldehyde or by entrapment of enzyme within a hydrogel of agarose is discussed. The sensitivity of the biosensor based on immobilization procedures of flavocytochrome P450scc by glutaric aldehyde is 13.8 nA microM(-1) and the detection limit is 300 microM with a coefficient of linearity 0.98 for cholesterol in the presence of sodium cholate as detergent. The detection limits and the sensitivity of the agarose-based electrode are 155 microM and 6.9 nA microM(-1) with a linearity coefficient of 0.99. For both types of electrodes, the amperometric response to cholesterol in the presence of detergent was rather quick (1.5-2 min).
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Divritsioti MH, Karalemas ID, Georgiou CA, Papastathopoulos DS. Flow Injection Analysis System forl-Lysine Estimation in Foodstuffs Using a Biosensor Based on Lysine Oxidase Immobilization on a Gold-Poly(m-Phenylenediamine) Electrode. ANAL LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120023623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Vidal JC, Espuelas J, Garcia-Ruiz E, Castillo JR. A POLYMERIC BILAYER CONFIGURATION FOR A CHOLESTEROL AMPEROMETRIC BIOSENSOR BASED ON THE COMBINATION OF OVEROXIDIZED POLYPYRROLE AND A POLYNAPHTHALENE DERIVATIVE. ANAL LETT 2002. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120004073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Vidal JC, Garcia E, Castillo JR. Development of a platinized and ferrocene-mediated cholesterol amperometric biosensor based on electropolymerization of polypyrrole in a flow system. ANAL SCI 2002; 18:537-42. [PMID: 12036121 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of a cholesterol amperometric biosensor using a platinized Pt electrode as a support for the electropolymerization of a polypyrrole film, in which cholesterol oxidase and ferrocene monocarboxylic acid (electron-transfer mediator) were co-entrapped, is described. All the biosensor preparation steps (platinization and electropolymerization) and the cholesterol determination take place in the same flow system. The presence of the mediator enhances the sensitivity and selectivity of the platinized biosensor without modifying the dynamic parameters of the response, and the platinized layer improves the operational lifetime of the mediated sensor. The sensitivity obtained was 88.51 nA mM(-1) and the limit of detection was 12.4 microM of cholesterol. The analytical properties of the biosensor for the flow-injection determination of cholesterol were studied and compared with those of other more simple amperometric biosensor configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-C Vidal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GEAS, Faculty of Science, University of Zaragoza, Spain.
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