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Yang C, Lin J, Liang H, Xue L, Kwart A, Jiang M, Zhao J, Ren H, Jiang X, Munshi NC. CD44 v5 domain inhibition represses the polarization of Th2 cells by interfering with the IL-4/IL-4R signaling pathway. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 100:21-32. [PMID: 34219288 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The balance between Th1 and Th2 cells is critical for both innate and acquired immune reactions. But the precise mechanisms of T helper cells differentiations are still unclear. As an important T cell activation molecular, CD44 participates in the Th1 and Th2 differentiation. We demonstrated that CD44 variant exon-v5 is highly expressed by induced human Th2 cells. In order to investigate the role of CD44v5 domain in Th2 cell differentiation, we treated human CD4+ T cells with CD44v5 antibody and observed that the levels of pSTAT6 and GATA3 and the secretion of IL-4 were significantly decreased after the treatment. We also further found that the inhibition of Th2 differentiation was caused by the IL-4Rα degradation, CD44v5 domain co-localized with IL-4Rα on cell surface, the degradation of IL-4Rα increased after CD44v5 blocking or ablating. Our results indicated that CD44v5 antibody treatment interrupted the interaction between CD44v5 and IL-4Rα, but the CD44v5 domain blockage would not spoil the co-localization between IL4R expression and TCR and the immunological synapse formation, similar results were also found in CD44v5 deficient CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, we revealed the function of CD44v5 domain in Th2 cell differentiation, blocking or ablating CD44v5 domain could accelerate IL-4Rα degradation and then induce the Th2 cell inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 4thHospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianhong Lin
- Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongyan Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 4thHospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 4thHospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ariel Kwart
- Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meng Jiang
- Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of General surgery, the 4th Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Huan Ren
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 4thHospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Nikhil C Munshi
- Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Motegi T, Tomiyasu H, Goto-Koshino Y, Takahashi M, Hiyoshi-Kanemoto S, Fujino Y, Ohno K, Tsuimoto H. Prognostic value of CD44 variant isoform expression in dogs with multicentric high-grade B-cell lymphoma. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:961-969. [PMID: 30153061 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.9.961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prognostic value of CD44 variant isoform expression in dogs with multicentric high-grade B-cell lymphoma (BCL). ANIMALS 45 dogs with multicentric BCL and 10 healthy control Beagles. PROCEDURES The medical record database of a veterinary teaching hospital was searched to identify dogs with BCL that were treated between November 2005 and April 2015. Information regarding overall response to chemotherapy, progression-free survival (PFS) time, and overall survival time was extracted from each record. Archived lymph node aspirate specimens from dogs with BCL and lymph node aspirate specimens from the 10 control dogs underwent real-time PCR analysis to determine mRNA expression of CD44 variant isoforms of exons 3, 6, and 7 and the CD44 whole isoform. For each isoform, mRNA expression was compared between dogs with BCL and control dogs. The mean relative expression of each isoform was used to classify dogs with BCL into either a high- or low-expression group, and overall response rate, PFS time, and overall survival time (ie, indices of prognosis) were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS For all isoforms evaluated, mean relative mRNA expression for dogs with BCL was numerically lower than that for control dogs. Dogs with BCL and high CD44 isoform expression had a lower overall response rate, median PFS time, and median overall survival time, compared with dogs with BCL and low CD44 isoform expression. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that, for dogs with BCL, high expression of exons 3, 6, and 7 was associated with a poor prognosis.
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3
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Wu R, Long L, Chen Q, Wu X, Zhu J, Zhou B, Cheng J. Effects of Tim-3 silencing on the viability of fibroblast-like synoviocytes and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory reactions. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:2721-2727. [PMID: 28962218 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of Tim-3 silencing on cell viability and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory reactions in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). T-cell immunoglobulin mucin domain molecule (Tim)-3 expression in FLS obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and normal controls were detected by western blot analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Small interfering (si)RNA was transfected using Lipofectamine® 2000 to decrease Tim-3 expression. Following transfection, FLS were stimulated by LPS. An MTT assay, RT-PCR and western blot analysis were performed to measure cell viability, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway-related protein expression and inflammatory cytokine release, respectively. The results of the present study indicated that Tim-3 expression was increased in FLS from patients with RA compared with FLS from healthy controls. Transfection of Tim-3 siRNA significantly decreased Tim-3 expression in FLS from patients with RA. Notably, Tim-3 silencing decreased FLS cell viability. Following stimulation with LPS, cell viability and the expression of TLR4, myeloid differentiation protein gene 88 (MyD88) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 were enhanced in FLS. By contrast, Tim-3 silencing attenuated LPS-induced cell proliferation and the expression of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65. In addition, LPS significantly increased levels of cytokines in the supernatant, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ and interleukin-6 (P<0.01). By contrast, Tim-3 silencing significantly decreased LPS-induced cytokine release (P<0.01). However, Tim-3 silencing did not affect TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 expression and the release of cytokines in cells that did not undergo treatment with LPS. Therefore, the results of the present study indicate that Tim-3 silencing decreases the viability of FLS in RA and attenuates the LPS-induced inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Li Long
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Qiqi Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Jia Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
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4
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Ghazi-Visser L, Laman JD, Nagel S, van Meurs M, van Riel D, Tzankov A, Frank S, Adams H, Wolk K, Terracciano L, Melief MJ, Sabat R, Günthert U. CD44 variant isoforms control experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by affecting the lifespan of the pathogenic T cells. FASEB J 2013; 27:3683-701. [PMID: 23752202 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-228809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CD44 variant (CD44(v)) isoforms play important roles in the development of autoimmune disorders, including colitis and arthritis, but their role in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been explored only to a limited extent. We determined the functional relevance of CD44(v) isoforms in MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Genetic ablation of CD44(v7) and CD44(v10) isoforms significantly reduced the clinical EAE burden, as well as the number of inflammatory infiltrates. CD44(v7) and CD44(v10) expression on both memory T and antigen-presenting cells, participated in the development of adoptive transfer EAE. Significantly reduced mRNA expression of Th1 signature genes was detected in the brains of CD44(v10-/-) mice compared with those of CD44(WT) mice. Furthermore, forkhead transcription factor 3 (Foxp3), Bcl-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels were reduced in CD44(v10-/-) brains, whereas active caspase-3 was elevated. Brain-infiltrating CD4(hi)CD44(v10+) T cells preceded EAE onset and paralleled disease severity in wild-type but not in CD44(v7-/-) and CD44(v10-/-) mice. CD44(v7) and CD44(v10) expression contributed to EAE by increasing the longevity of autoreactive CD4(hi)panCD44(hi) T cells. Accordingly, the absence of CD44(v7) and CD44(v10) led to increased apoptosis in the inflammatory infiltrates and reduced Th1 responses, resulting in marked disease reduction. Although absent in noninflamed human brains, we detected CD44(v3), CD44(v7), and CD44(v10) isoforms on glial cells and on perivascular infiltrating cells of MS lesions. We conclude that CD44(v7) and CD44(v10), expressed on autoreactive CD4(hi)panCD44(hi) T cells, are critically involved in the pathogenesis of classic EAE by increasing their life span. Targeting these short CD44(v) isoform regions may reduce inflammatory processes and clinical symptoms in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizette Ghazi-Visser
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Williams K, Motiani K, Giridhar PV, Kasper S. CD44 integrates signaling in normal stem cell, cancer stem cell and (pre)metastatic niches. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:324-38. [PMID: 23598979 PMCID: PMC11037417 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213480714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The stem cell niche provides a regulatory microenvironment for cells as diverse as totipotent embryonic stem cells to cancer stem cells (CSCs) which exhibit stem cell-like characteristics and have the capability of regenerating the bulk of tumor cells while maintaining self-renewal potential. The transmembrane glycoprotein CD44 is a common component of the stem cell niche and exists as a standard isoform (CD44s) and a range of variant isoforms (CD44v) generated though alternative splicing. CD44 modulates signal transduction through post-translational modifications as well as interactions with hyaluronan, extracellular matrix molecules and growth factors and their cognate receptor tyrosine kinases. While the function of CD44 in hematopoietic stem cells has been studied in considerable detail, our knowledge of CD44 function in tissue-derived stem cell niches remains limited. Here we review CD44s and CD44v in both hematopoietic and tissue-derived stem cell niches, focusing on their roles in regulating stem cell behavior including self-renewal and differentiation in addition to cell-matrix interactions and signal transduction during cell migration and tumor progression. Determining the role of CD44 and CD44v in normal stem cell, CSC and (pre)metastatic niches and elucidating their unique functions could provide tools and therapeutic strategies for treating diseases as diverse as fibrosis during injury repair to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Williams
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Karan Motiani
- Division of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | | | - Susan Kasper
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
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6
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Girodet PO, Ozier A, Trian T, Begueret H, Ousova O, Vernejoux JM, Chanez P, Marthan R, Berger P, Tunon de Lara JM. Mast cell adhesion to bronchial smooth muscle in asthma specifically depends on CD51 and CD44 variant 6. Allergy 2010; 65:1004-12. [PMID: 20121756 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells infiltrate the bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) in asthmatic patients, but the mechanism of mast cell adhesion is still unknown. The adhesion molecules CD44 (i.e. hyaluronate receptor) and CD51 (i.e. vitronectin receptor) are widely expressed and bind to many extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The aims of the study are (i) to identify the role of ECM in mast cell adhesion to BSM and (ii) to examine the role of CD51 and CD44 in this adhesion. METHODS Human lung mast cells, human mast cell line (HMC-1), and BSM cells from control donors or asthmatic patients were cultured in the presence/absence of various cytokines. Mast cell-BSM interaction was assessed using (3)H-thymidine-pulsed mast cells, confocal immunofluorescence, or electron microscopy. Adhesion molecules expression and collagen production on both cell types were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR, western blot, and flow cytometry. RESULTS Mast cell adhesion to BSM cells mostly involved type I collagen of the ECM. Such an adhesion was increased in normal BSM cells under inflammatory condition, whereas it was maximal in asthmatic BSM cells. Blockade of either CD51 or CD44 significantly decreased mast cell adhesion to BSM. At the molecular level, protein and the transcriptional expression of type I collagen, CD51 or CD44 remained unchanged in asthmatic BSM cells or in mast cells/BSM cells under inflammatory conditions, whereas that of CD44 variant isoform 6 (v6) was increased. CONCLUSIONS Mast cell-BSM cell adhesion involved collagen, CD44, and CD51, particularly under inflammatory conditions. CD44v6 expression is increased in asthmatic BSM cells.
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7
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Rajasagi M, von Au A, Singh R, Hartmann N, Zöller M, Marhaba R. Anti-CD44 induces apoptosis in T lymphoma via mitochondrial depolarization. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 14:1453-67. [PMID: 19765170 PMCID: PMC3829012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A blockade of CD44 can interfere with haematopoietic and leukemic stem cell homing, the latter being considered as a therapeutic option in haematological malignancies. We here aimed to explore the molecular mechanism underlying the therapeutic efficacy of anti-CD44. We noted that in irradiated mice reconstituted with a bone marrow cell transplant, anti-CD44 exerts a stronger effect on haematopoietic reconstitution than on T lymphoma (EL4) growth. Nonetheless, in the non-reconstituted mouse anti-CD44 suffices for a prolonged survival of EL4-bearing mice, where anti-CD44-prohibited homing actively drives EL4 cells into apoptosis. In vitro, a CD44 occupancy results in a 2–4-fold increase in apoptotic EL4 cells. Death receptor expression (CD95, TRAIL, TNFRI) remains unaltered and CD95 cross-linking-mediated apoptosis is not affected. Instead, CD44 ligation promotes mitochondrial depolarization that is accompanied by caspase-9 cleavage and is inhibited in the presence of a caspase-9 inhibitor. Apoptosis becomes initiated by activation of CD44-associated phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and proceeds via ERK1/2 dephosphorylation without ERK1/2 degradation. Accordingly, CD44-induced apoptosis could be mimicked by ERK1/2 inhibition, that also promotes EL4 cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. Thus, during haematopoietic stem cell reconstitution care should be taken not to interfere by a blockade of CD44 with haematopoiesis, which could be circumvented by selectively targeting leukemic CD44 isoforms. Beyond homing/settlement in the bone marrow niche, anti-CD44 drives leukemic T cells into apoptosis via the mitochondrial death pathway by CD44 associating with PP2A. Uncovering this new pathway of CD44-induced leukemic cell death provides new options of therapeutic interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini Rajasagi
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Andaloussi AE, Han Y, Lesniak MS. Progression of intracranial glioma disrupts thymic homeostasis and induces T-cell apoptosis in vivo. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1807-16. [PMID: 18392618 PMCID: PMC11030257 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0508-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The thymus is the site where all T-cell precursors develop, mature, and subsequently leave as mature T-cells. Since the mechanisms that mediate and regulate thymic apoptosis are not fully understood, we utilized a syngenic GL261 murine glioma model to further elucidate the fate of T-cells in tumor bearing C57BL/6 mice. First, we found a dramatic reduction in the size of the thymus accompanied by a decrease in thymic cellularity in response to glioma growth in the brains of affected mice. There was a marked reduction of double positive subset and an increase in the frequency of CD4(+) and CD8(+) single positive T-cell subsets. Analysis of double negative thymocytes showed an increase in the accumulation of CD44(+) cells. In contrast, there was a marked loss of CD44 and CD122 expression in CD4(+) and CD8(+) subsets. The growth of intracranial tumors was also associated with decreased levels of HO-1, a mediator of anti-apoptotic function, and increased levels of Notch-1 and its ligand, Jagged-1. To determine whether thymic atrophy could be due to the effect of Notch and its ligand expression by glioma in vivo, we performed a bone marrow transplant experiment. Our results suggest that Notch-1 and its ligand Jagged-1 can induce apoptosis of thymocytes, thereby influencing thymic development, immune system homeostasis, and function of the immune cells in a model of experimental glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdeljabar El Andaloussi
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave MC 3026, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
- Division of Neurosurgery and Neuro-oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, The University of Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Yu Han
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave MC 3026, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Maciej S. Lesniak
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave MC 3026, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
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9
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Ishizuka Y, Yokota A, Nishimura M, Saito Y, Nakaseko C. Ligation of CD44 leads to killing activity in human peripheral mononuclear cells via MAP kinase and tyrosine kinases. Hematology 2008; 13:230-5. [PMID: 18796249 DOI: 10.1179/102453308x348324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 is a widely distributed transmembrane glycoprotein associated with various lymphocyte functions, including lympho-hemopoiesis, adhesion to the extracellular matrix, and T cell activation. In this study, we examined the mechanisms of CD44 involvement in regulating the killing activity of human peripheral mononuclear cells (PMC). An anti-CD44 monoclonal antibody (mAb) J173 enhanced the killing activity of PMC against Daudi and K562 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The increased cytotoxicity peaked at mAb concentration of 1.25 microg/ml. Under this condition, triggering of CD44 enhanced the killing activity by 1.5- and 2.2-fold at an effector-to-target (E/T) ratio of 20 for Daudi and K562 cells, respectively. Cytotoxic activity was remarkably diminished by treatment of PMC with concanamycin A, suggesting that this PMC-mediated cytotoxicity is mainly exerted via the perforin pathway. Moreover, we found that ligation of CD44 transduced signals to PMC that led to the tyrosine phosphorylation of several intracellular proteins and activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. Genistein, an inhibitor of tyrosine phosphorylation, and PD98059, an inhibitor of MAP kinase, suppressed CD44-induced enhancement of cytotoxicity. These results suggest that the CD44 molecule, which is a main receptor for hyaluronan known to be expressed on the surface of tumor cells, plays an important role in PMC-mediated cytotoxicity, and that tyrosine kinases and MAP kinase are essential for CD44-mediated signaling in cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ishizuka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Social Insurance Funabashi Central Hospital, Chiba, Japan
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10
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Pittet MJ, Mempel TR. Regulation of T-cell migration and effector functions: insights from in vivo imaging studies. Immunol Rev 2008; 221:107-29. [PMID: 18275478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the immune system are providing us with ever more detailed information on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie our evolutionarily conserved ability to fend off infectious pathogens. Progress has probably been fastest at two levels: the various basic biological functions of isolated cells on one side and the significance of individual molecules or cells to the organism as a whole on the other. In both cases, direct phenomenological observation has been an invaluable methodological approach. Where we know least is the middle ground, i.e. how immune functions are integrated through the dynamic interplay of immune cell subsets within the organism. Most of our knowledge in this area has been obtained through inference from static snapshots of dynamic processes, such as histological sections, or from surrogate cell co-culture models. The latter are employed under the assumption that an in vivo equivalent exists for each type of cellular contact artificially enforced in absence of anatomical compartmentalization. In this review, we summarize recent insights on migration and effector functions of T cells, focusing on observations gained from their dynamic microscopic visualization in physiological tissue environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael J Pittet
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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11
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Mielgo A, Brondani V, Landmann L, Glaser-Ruhm A, Erb P, Stupack D, Günthert U. The CD44 standard/ezrin complex regulates Fas-mediated apoptosis in Jurkat cells. Apoptosis 2007; 12:2051-61. [PMID: 17726647 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The transmembrane receptor CD44 conveys important signals from the extracellular microenvironment to the cytoplasm, a phenomena known as "outside-in" signaling. CD44 exists as several isoforms that result from alternative splicing, which differ only in the extracellular domain but yet exhibit different activities. CD44 is a binding partner for the membrane-cytoskeleton cross-linker protein ezrin. In this study, we demonstrate that only CD44 standard (CD44s) colocalizes and interacts with the actin cross-linkers ezrin and moesin using well-characterized cell lines engineered to express different CD44 isoforms. Importantly, we also show that the association CD44s-ezrin-actin is an important modulator of Fas-mediated apoptosis. The results highlight a mechanism by which signals from the extracellular milieu regulate intracellular signaling activities involved in programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Mielgo
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Graham VA, Marzo AL, Tough DF. A role for CD44 in T cell development and function during direct competition between CD44+ and CD44- cells. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:925-34. [PMID: 17330818 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200635882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of CD44 in T cell biology remains incompletely understood. Although studies using anti-CD44 antibodies have implicated this cell adhesion molecule in a variety of important T cell processes, few T cell defects have been reported in CD44-deficient mice. We have assessed the requirement for CD44 in T cell development and mature T cell function by analyzing mice in which CD44(-/-) and WT cells were produced simultaneously. In mixed (CD44(-/-) + CD44(+/+)) bone marrow chimeras, production of CD44(-/-) T cells was shown to be reduced compared to WT cells due to inefficient intrathymic development. In addition, mature CD44(-/-) CD8(+) T cells generated a substantially lower response than WT T cells after infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, with the reduction in response apparent in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. Overall, these results demonstrate a poor capacity of CD44(-/-) T lineage cells to compete with WT cells at multiple levels, implicating CD44 in normal T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Graham
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, UK
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13
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Abstract
The thymus is a very sensitive target for environmental pollutants, which can affect this organ as well as thymocyte differentiation. A failure in thymocyte development can be due to the exacerbation of apoptosis, arrest of thymocyte maturation, generation of autoreactive T cells, and inhibition or stimulation of the output of recent thymic emigrants to the periphery. Recent data demonstrate that the immune system has the potential to maintain homeostasis under conditions of elevated risk, and the thymus plays a crucial role in this process. Environmental xenobiotics can exert their effects through receptor-mediated interactions or independently on receptor involvement. Under natural conditions organisms are exposed to a variety of xenobiotics. The final effect of such exposure is not related to the action of a single chemical, but to the action of a mixture of chemicals. The toxic effect of environmental xenobiotics on the generation and functions of immune cells may result in suppression or stimulation of the immune response. The most intensive studies have been done on halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals and various chemicals acting as endocrine disrupters. Recently, special interest has focused on the action of air particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadzieja Drela
- Department of Immunology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland.
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14
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Goldschneider I. Cyclical mobilization and gated importation of thymocyte progenitors in the adult mouse: evidence for a thymus-bone marrow feedback loop. Immunol Rev 2006; 209:58-75. [PMID: 16448534 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It has recently been observed, as in the fetal thymus, that the importation of hematogenous thymocyte progenitors by the adult thymus is a gated phenomenon, whereby saturating numbers of progenitors periodically enter the thymus and occupy a finite number of intrathymic niches. In addition, the mobilization of thymocyte progenitors from the bone marrow appears to be a cyclical process that coincides temporally with the periods of thymic receptivity (open gate). It is proposed that these events are coordinated by a thymus-bone marrow feedback loop in which a wave of developing triple negative (CD3- CD4- CD8-) thymocytes interacts with stromal cells in the stratified regions of the thymus cortex to sequentially induce the release of diffusible cytokines that regulate the production, mobilization, and recruitment of thymocyte progenitors. The likely components of this feedback loop are described here, as are the properties of the intrathymic vascular gates and niches for thymocyte progenitors. The cyclical production and release of thymocyte progenitors from the bone marrow is placed in the context of a general phenomenon of oscillatory feedback regulation involving all lymphohemopoietic cell lineages. Lastly, the question of whether the gated (as opposed to the continuous) entry of thymocyte progenitors is essential for normal thymocytopoiesis in adult life is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving Goldschneider
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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15
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Abstract
T-cell development in the thymus requires periodic importation of hematopoietic progenitors from the bone marrow. Such thymus settling progenitors arise from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that are retained in a specific bone marrow microenvironmental niche. Vacation of this niche is required for HSC proliferation and differentiation into downstream progenitors. In order to reach the thymus, progenitors must then be mobilized from bone marrow to blood. Finally, progenitors in blood must settle in the thymus. Here we review signals and molecular interactions that are likely to play a role in trafficking from the bone marrow to the thymus, focusing on how these interactions may regulate which progenitors physiologically contribute to thymopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Schwarz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
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16
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Lin CW, Liu TY, Chen SU, Wang KT, Medeiros LJ, Hsu SM. CD94 1A transcripts characterize lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia of immature natural killer cell origin with distinct clinical features. Blood 2005; 106:3567-74. [PMID: 16046525 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-02-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most lymphoblastic lymphomas (LBLs) are regarded as neoplasms of immature T cells because they express cytoplasmic CD3 and frequently carry T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements. Immature natural killer (NK) and T cells, however, have a common bipotent T/NK-cell precursor in the thymus, and NK cells also express cytoplasmic CD3. Thus, some LBLs could arise from immature NK cells. Mature NK cells express 2 CD94 transcripts: 1A, induced by interleukin 15 (IL-15), and 1B constitutively. Because immature NK cells require IL-15 for development, CD94 1A transcripts could be a marker of NK-LBL. To test this hypothesis, we used laser capture microdissection to isolate IL-15 receptor alpha(+) lymphoid cells from the thymus and showed that these cells contained CD94 1A transcripts. We then assessed for CD94 transcripts in 21 cases of LBL that were cytoplasmic CD3(+), nuclear terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase positive (TdT(+)), and CD56(-), consistent with either the T-cell or NK-cell lineage. We found that 7 LBLs expressed CD94 1A transcripts without TCR gene rearrangements, suggesting NK-cell lineage. Patients with NK-LBL were younger than patients with T-LBL (15 years versus 33 years; P = .11) and had a better 2-year survival (100% versus 27%; P < .01). These results improve the current classification of LBL and contribute to our understanding of NK-cell differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Interleukin-15/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Leukemia/metabolism
- Leukemia/mortality
- Leukemia/pathology
- Male
- Microdissection/methods
- Middle Aged
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D/biosynthesis
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/metabolism
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/mortality
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-15
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Wu Lin
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei
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17
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Esser C, Temchura V, Majora M, Hundeiker C, Schwärzler C, Günthert U. Signaling via the AHR leads to enhanced usage of CD44v10 by murine fetal thymic emigrants: possible role for CD44 in emigration. Int Immunopharmacol 2004; 4:805-18. [PMID: 15135321 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2003] [Revised: 02/24/2004] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Signaling via the endogenous arylhydrocarbon receptor (AHR) affects proliferation, differentiation, function and gene expression of thymocytes. In the present study, we show that treatment of mouse fetal thymus lobes in organ culture (FTOC) with AHR ligands results in (a) a drastic decrease in the emigration of thymocytes in terms of numbers and types of cells, and (b) preferential emigration of CD4-CD8- (DN) cells expressing CD44v7- and CD44v10-containing isoforms on the cell surface. Moreover, a higher level of transcripts of various other CD44 variant isoforms (CD44v) could be detected by RT-PCR in emigrants from fetal thymi exposed to either AHR-agonist during culture. Expression of CD44v9-10-containing isoforms could be exclusively detected in DN thymic emigrants. Thus, signaling via AHR by ligands alters CD44v expression patterns in a thymocyte subpopulation. Furthermore, emigration could be decreased by the addition of anti-panCD44 antibodies to TCDD-treated FTOCs, suggesting a role for CD44 in emigration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Esser
- Institute of Environmental Medical Research (IUF), University of Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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18
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Donskoy E, Foss D, Goldschneider I. Gated Importation of Prothymocytes by Adult Mouse Thymus Is Coordinated with Their Periodic Mobilization from Bone Marrow. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 171:3568-75. [PMID: 14500653 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.7.3568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The wavelike pattern of fetal T cell neogenesis is largely determined by the intermittent generation and exportation of waves of prothymocytes by the hemopoietic tissues in coordination with their gated importation by the thymus. Having previously shown that the importation of prothymocytes by the adult mouse thymus is also gated and that thymocytopoiesis proceeds in discrete (albeit overlapping) waves, we now demonstrate that prothymocytes are periodically exported in saturating numbers from the adult mouse bone marrow. Experiments in normal, radioablated, and parabiotic mice document the cyclical accumulation (3-5 wk) of prothymocytes in both the steady state and regenerating bone marrow, followed by their release into the blood approximately 1 wk before intrathymic gate opening. The results also show that circulating donor-origin thymocyte precursors can transiently ( approximately 1 wk) establish high level chimerism in the bone marrow after the mobilization of endogenous prothymocytes, presumably by occupying vacated microenvironmental niches. Hence, by analogy with the fetal state, we posit the existence of a feedback loop whereby diffusible chemokines of thymic origin regulate the production and/or release of bone marrow prothymocytes during each period of thymic receptivity. Because each resulting wave of thymocytopoiesis is accompanied by a wave of intrathymic dendritic cell formation, these coordinated events may help to optimize thymocyte selection as well as production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Donskoy
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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19
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Wittig BM, Stallmach A, Zeitz M, Günthert U. Functional involvement of CD44 variant 7 in gut immune response. Pathobiology 2003; 70:184-9. [PMID: 12571424 DOI: 10.1159/000068152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A major problem in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the accumulation of highly activated T-helper cells that are refractory to apoptosis induction. Hence, persistent inflammatory lesions are prevalent and are the basis of chronic disease. In IBD upregulation of costimulatory molecules on lamina propria lymphocytes has been described leading to apoptosis resistance. CD44 is a cell adhesion molecule and a signalling receptor that functions as a costimulatory molecule in T-cell activation. Several variant isoforms of CD44 (CD44v) are expressed by alternative splicing of variant exons encoding extracellular regions. Particularly isoforms containing CD44v7 are expressed on T cells and macrophages in T-helper-1 (Th1)-mediated chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases. In this review recent data on the functional involvement of CD44v7 isoforms in IBD are discussed. In a mouse model of experimental colitis blockade or deletion of CD44v7 protects mice from severe intestinal inflammation by inducing apoptosis in lamina propria mononuclear cells. Recently, we observed that in lamina propria mononuclear cells from the inflamed but not uninflamed mucosa of patients with Crohn's disease, blockade of CD44v7 isoforms also induces apoptosis. The finding that obstruction of CD44v7 isoforms can antagonize Th1-cytokine-dependent immune pathology identifies CD44v7 as a target in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as IBD, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases in which CD44v7 isoforms are upregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca M Wittig
- Medical Clinic I, Benjamin Franklin University Hospital, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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20
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Ponta H, Sherman L, Herrlich PA. CD44: from adhesion molecules to signalling regulators. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2003; 4:33-45. [PMID: 12511867 DOI: 10.1038/nrm1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1741] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell-adhesion molecules, once believed to function primarily in tethering cells to extracellular ligands, are now recognized as having broader functions in cellular signalling cascades. The CD44 transmembrane glycoprotein family adds new aspects to these roles by participating in signal-transduction processes--not only by establishing specific transmembrane complexes, but also by organizing signalling cascades through association with the actin cytoskeleton. CD44 and its associated partner proteins monitor changes in the extracellular matrix that influence cell growth, survival and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Ponta
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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21
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Abstract
In some respects, our understanding of the cellular and molecular aspects of early T-cell differentiation is lagging behind that of B cells. Papers describing gene-knockout and reporter-transgenic mice in which thymocyte development is affected are often difficult to interpret. Progress in this field will be hampered unless a more detailed phenotypic and molecular analysis of progenitor thymocytes at the single-cell level is carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod Ceredig
- U548 INSERM, CEA-G, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
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