1
|
Baliu-Rodriguez D, Stewart BJ, Ognibene TJ. HPLC-Parallel accelerator and molecular mass spectrometry analysis of 14C-labeled amino acids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1216:123590. [PMID: 36669256 PMCID: PMC9994536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is the method of choice for quantitation of low amounts of 14C-labeled biomolecules. Despite exquisite sensitivity, an important limitation of AMS is its inability to provide structural information about the analyte. This limitation is not critical when the labeled compounds are well-characterized prior to AMS analysis. However, analyte identity is important in other experiments where, for example, a compound is metabolized and the structures of its metabolites are not known. We previously described a moving wire interface that enables direct AMS measurement of liquid sample in the form of discrete drops or HPLC eluent without the need for individual fraction collection, termed liquid sample-AMS (LS-AMS). We now report the coupling of LS-AMS with a molecular mass spectrometer, providing parallel accelerator and molecular mass spectrometry (PAMMS) detection of analytes separated by liquid chromatography. The repeatability of the method was examined by performing repeated injections of 14C-labeled tryptophan, and relative standard deviations of the 14C peak areas were ≤10.57% after applying a normalization factor based on a standard. Five 14C-labeled amino acids were separated and detected to provide simultaneous quantitative AMS and structural MS data, and AMS results were compared with solid sample-AMS (SS-AMS) data using Bland-Altman plots. To demonstrate the utility of the workflow, yeast cells were grown in a medium with 14C-labeled tryptophan. The cell extracts were analyzed by PAMMS, and 14C was detected in tryptophan and its metabolite kynurenine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Baliu-Rodriguez
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA.
| | - Benjamin J Stewart
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - Ted J Ognibene
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vlaming MLH, van Duijn E, Dillingh MR, Brands R, Windhorst AD, Hendrikse NH, Bosgra S, Burggraaf J, de Koning MC, Fidder A, Mocking JAJ, Sandman H, de Ligt RAF, Fabriek BO, Pasman WJ, Seinen W, Alves T, Carrondo M, Peixoto C, Peeters PAM, Vaes WHJ. Microdosing of a Carbon-14 Labeled Protein in Healthy Volunteers Accurately Predicts Its Pharmacokinetics at Therapeutic Dosages. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015; 98:196-204. [PMID: 25869840 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical development of new biological entities (NBEs), such as human protein therapeutics, requires considerable expenditure of time and costs. Poor prediction of pharmacokinetics in humans further reduces net efficiency. In this study, we show for the first time that pharmacokinetic data of NBEs in humans can be successfully obtained early in the drug development process by the use of microdosing in a small group of healthy subjects combined with ultrasensitive accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). After only minimal preclinical testing, we performed a first-in-human phase 0/phase 1 trial with a human recombinant therapeutic protein (RESCuing Alkaline Phosphatase, human recombinant placental alkaline phosphatase [hRESCAP]) to assess its safety and kinetics. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed dose linearity from microdose (53 μg) [(14) C]-hRESCAP to therapeutic doses (up to 5.3 mg) of the protein in healthy volunteers. This study demonstrates the value of a microdosing approach in a very small cohort for accelerating the clinical development of NBEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M R Dillingh
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands, UK
| | - R Brands
- AMRIF BV, Wageningen, The Netherlands, UK
| | - A D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, UK
| | - N H Hendrikse
- Department of Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, UK
| | | | - J Burggraaf
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - W Seinen
- AMRIF BV, Wageningen, The Netherlands, UK.,Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands, UK
| | - T Alves
- GenIBET/IBET, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | - P A M Peeters
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
DNA Adduct Formation of 17β-Estradiol in MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2009.30.9.2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
4
|
Hah SS. Determination of protein-ligand interactions using accelerator mass spectrometry: modified crosslinking assay. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:731-3. [PMID: 19430162 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive detection method for the determination of protein-ligand interactions has been developed. Radiocarbon-labeled 17beta-estradiol was incubated with estrogen receptor-alpha; as a selective binding partner, and covalently attached using crosslinking agents, to form covalently linked protein-ligand complexes. After separation using a denaturing gel, the (14)C content in the sliced gels was identified by accelerator mass spectrometry. The obtained data demonstrated specific binding of the small molecule to its binding partner. In theory, this method can be applied to most protein-ligand interaction studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Soo Hah
- Research Resource for Biomedical Accelerator Mass Spectrometry.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hah SS, Henderson PT, Turteltaub KW. Recent advances in biomedical applications of accelerator mass spectrometry. J Biomed Sci 2009; 16:54. [PMID: 19534792 PMCID: PMC2712465 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-16-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of radioisotopes has a long history in biomedical science, and the technique of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), an extremely sensitive nuclear physics technique for detection of very low-abundant, stable and long-lived isotopes, has now revolutionized high-sensitivity isotope detection in biomedical research, because it allows the direct determination of the amount of isotope in a sample rather than measuring its decay, and thus the quantitative analysis of the fate of the radiolabeled probes under the given conditions. Since AMS was first used in the early 90's for the analysis of biological samples containing enriched 14C for toxicology and cancer research, the biomedical applications of AMS to date range from in vitro to in vivo studies, including the studies of 1) toxicant and drug metabolism, 2) neuroscience, 3) pharmacokinetics, and 4) nutrition and metabolism of endogenous molecules such as vitamins. In addition, a new drug development concept that relies on the ultrasensitivity of AMS, known as human microdosing, is being used to obtain early human metabolism information of candidate drugs. These various aspects of AMS are reviewed and a perspective on future applications of AMS to biomedical research is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Soo Hah
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim SH, Kelly PB, Clifford AJ. Biological/biomedical accelerator mass spectrometry targets. 1. optimizing the CO2 reduction step using zinc dust. Anal Chem 2008; 80:7651-60. [PMID: 18785761 PMCID: PMC2651631 DOI: 10.1021/ac801226g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biological and biomedical applications of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) use isotope ratio mass spectrometry to quantify minute amounts of long-lived radioisotopes such as 14C. AMS target preparation involves first the oxidation of carbon (in sample of interest) to CO2 and second the reduction of CO2 to filamentous, fluffy, fuzzy, or firm graphite-like substances that coat a −400-mesh spherical iron powder (−400MSIP) catalyst. Until now, the quality of AMS targets has been variable; consequently, they often failed to produce robust ion currents that are required for reliable, accurate, precise, and high-throughput AMS for biological/biomedical applications. Therefore, we described our optimized method for reduction of CO2 to high-quality uniform AMS targets whose morphology we visualized using scanning electron microscope pictures. Key features of our optimized method were to reduce CO2 (from a sample of interest that provided 1 mg of C) using 100 ± 1.3 mg of Zn dust, 5 ± 0.4 mg of −400MSIP, and a reduction temperature of 500 °C for 3 h. The thermodynamics of our optimized method were more favorable for production of graphite-coated iron powders (GCIP) than those of previous methods. All AMS targets from our optimized method were of 100% GCIP, the graphitization yield exceeded 90%, and δ13C was −17.9 ± 0.3‰. The GCIP reliably produced strong 12C− currents and accurate and precise Fm values. The observed Fm value for oxalic acid II NIST SRM deviated from its accepted Fm value of 1.3407 by only 0.0003 ± 0.0027 (mean ± SE, n = 32), limit of detection of 14C was 0.04 amol, and limit of quantification was 0.07 amol, and a skilled analyst can prepare as many as 270 AMS targets per day. More information on the physical (hardness/color), morphological (SEMs), and structural (FT-IR, Raman, XRD spectra) characteristics of our AMS targets that determine accurate, precise, and high-hroughput AMS measurement are in the companion paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Coecke S, Blaauboer BJ, Elaut G, Freeman S, Freidig A, Gensmantel N, Hoet P, Kapoulas VM, Ladstetter B, Langley G, Leahy D, Mannens G, Meneguz A, Monshouwer M, Nemery B, Pelkonen O, Pfaller W, Prieto P, Proctor N, Rogiers V, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Sabbioni E, Steiling W, van de Sandt JJM. Toxicokinetics and metabolism. Altern Lab Anim 2005; 33 Suppl 1:147-75. [PMID: 16194147 DOI: 10.1177/026119290503301s15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Coecke
- ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Palmblad M, Buchholz BA, Hillegonds DJ, Vogel JS. Neuroscience and accelerator mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2005; 40:154-159. [PMID: 15706618 DOI: 10.1002/jms.734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is a mass spectrometric method for quantifying rare isotopes. It has had a great impact in geochronology and archaeology and is now being applied in biomedicine. AMS measures radioisotopes such as 3H, 14C, 26Al, 36Cl and 41Ca, with zepto- or attomole sensitivity and high precision and throughput, allowing safe human pharmacokinetic studies involving microgram doses, agents having low bioavailability or toxicology studies where administered doses must be kept low (<1 microg kg(-1)). It is used to study long-term pharmacokinetics, to identify biomolecular interactions, to determine chronic and low-dose effects or molecular targets of neurotoxic substances, to quantify transport across the blood-brain barrier and to resolve molecular turnover rates in the human brain on the time-scale of decades. We review here how AMS is applied in neurotoxicology and neuroscience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Palmblad
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is the most sensitive method for detecting and quantifying rare long-lived isotopes with high precision. In this chapter, we review the principles underlying AMS-based biomedical studies, focusing on important practical considerations and experimental procedures needed for the detection and quantitation of (14)C- and (3)H-labeled compounds in various experiment types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Brown
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) traces isotopically labeled biochemicals and provides significant new directions for understanding molecular kinetics and dynamics in biological systems. AMS traces low-abundance radioisotopes for high specificity but detects them with MS for high sensitivity. AMS reduces radiation exposure doses to levels safe for use in human volunteers of all ages. Total radiation exposures are equivalent to those obtained in very short airplane flights, a commonly accepted radiation risk. Waste products seldom reach the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) definition of radioactive waste material for (14)C and (3)H. Attomoles of labeled compounds are quantified in milligram-sized samples, such as 20 microl of blood. AMS is available from several facilities that offer services and new spectrometers that are affordable. Detailed examples of designing AMS studies are provided, and the methods of analyzing AMS data are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John S Vogel
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sandhu P, Vogel JS, Rose MJ, Ubick EA, Brunner JE, Wallace MA, Adelsberger JK, Baker MP, Henderson PT, Pearson PG, Baillie TA. Evaluation of microdosing strategies for studies in preclinical drug development: demonstration of linear pharmacokinetics in dogs of a nucleoside analog over a 50-fold dose range. Drug Metab Dispos 2004; 32:1254-9. [PMID: 15286054 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.104.000422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The technique of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) was validated successfully and used to study the pharmacokinetics and disposition in dogs of a preclinical drug candidate (7-deaza-2'-C-methyl-adenosine; Compound A), after oral and intravenous administration. The primary objective of this study was to examine whether Compound A displayed linear kinetics across subpharmacological (microdose) and pharmacological dose ranges in an animal model, before initiation of a human microdose study. The AMS-derived disposition properties of Compound A were comparable to data obtained via conventional techniques such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and liquid scintillation counting analyses. Compound A displayed multiphasic kinetics and exhibited low plasma clearance (5.8 ml/min/kg), a long terminal elimination half-life (17.5 h), and high oral bioavailability (103%). Currently, there are no published comparisons of the kinetics of a pharmaceutical compound at pharmacological versus subpharmacological doses using microdosing strategies. The present study thus provides the first description of the full pharmacokinetic profile of a drug candidate assessed under these two dosing regimens. The data demonstrated that the pharmacokinetic properties of Compound A following dosing at 0.02 mg/kg were similar to those at 1 mg/kg, indicating that in the case of Compound A, the pharmacokinetics in the dog appear to be linear across this 50-fold dose range. Moreover, the exceptional sensitivity of AMS provided a pharmacokinetic profile of Compound A, even after a microdose, which revealed aspects of the disposition of this agent that were inaccessible by conventional techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Punam Sandhu
- Department of Drug Metabolism, WP75A-203, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Grant PG, Palmblad M, Murov S, Hillegonds DJ, Ueda DL, Vogel JS, Bench G. α-Particle Energy Loss Measurement of Microgram Depositions of Biomolecules. Anal Chem 2003; 75:4519-24. [PMID: 14632059 DOI: 10.1021/ac034170g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A commercially available alpha-particle spectrometer and 210Po alpha-particle source were used to determine the mass of microgram quantities of biomolecules. Samples were deposited in microliter volumes on thin silicon nitride windows and dried. The energy loss of the alpha-particles after traversing the sample was converted to a mass using tabulated alpha-particle stopping powers. The measurement was absolute, independent of biomolecule species, and no standards were needed for quantitation. The method has a dynamic range of 0.1-100 microg for deposits of diameter 1-2 mm. The precision varies from approximately 20% at 100 ng to a few percent at 5-100 microg. The silicon nitride windows allow multimodal analysis of the same quantified sample, including PIXE probing of elemental abundances, molecular identification by mass spectrometry, and isotopic quantitation of interactions. The method was used with accelerator mass spectrometry to quantify specific activities of microgram quantities of 14C-labeled proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Grant
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, L-397, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Williams KE, Carver TA, Miranda JJL, Kautiainen A, Vogel JS, Dingley K, Baldwin MA, Turteltaub KW, Burlingame AL. Attomole detection of in vivo protein targets of benzene in mice: evidence for a highly reactive metabolite. Mol Cell Proteomics 2002; 1:885-95. [PMID: 12488464 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m200067-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified proteins were detected in liver and bone marrow of mice following treatment with [(14)C]benzene. Stained sections were excised from one-dimensional and two-dimensional gels and converted to graphite to enable (14)C/(13)C ratios to be measured by accelerator mass spectrometry. Protein adducts of benzene or its metabolites were indicated by elevated levels of (14)C. A number of proteins were identified by in-gel proteolysis and conventional mass spectrometric methods with the low molecular weight proteins identified including hemoglobin and several histones. The incorporation of (14)C was largely proportional to the density of gel staining, giving little evidence that these proteins were specific targets for selective labeling. This was also true for individual histones subfractionated with Triton-acid-urea gels. A representative histone, H4, was isolated and digested with endopeptidase Asp-N, and the resulting peptides were separated by high performance liquid chromatography. (14)C levels in collected fractions were determined, and the peptides were identified by conventional mass spectrometry. The modifications were distributed throughout the protein, and no particular amino acids or groups of amino acids were identified as selective targets. Thus chemical attack by one or more benzene metabolites upon histones was identified and confirmed, but the resulting modifications appeared to be largely nonspecific. This implies high reactivity toward proteins, enabling such attack to occur at multiple sites within multiple targets. It is not known to what extent, if any, the modification of the core histones may contribute to the carcinogenicity of benzene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Williams
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0446, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:1324-1333. [PMID: 11754125 DOI: 10.1002/jms.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
15
|
Current Awareness on Comparative and Functional Genomics. Comp Funct Genomics 2001. [PMCID: PMC2447222 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
|