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Carvalho AZ, El-Attug MN, Zayed SE, Hove EV, Duppen JV, Hoogmartens J, Schepdael AV. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography method development for determination of impurities in Ritonavir. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:1210-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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2
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Ornskov E, Gottfries J, Erickson M, Folestad S. Experimental modelling of drug membrane permeability by capillary electrophoresis using liposomes, micelles and microemulsions. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 57:435-42. [PMID: 15831203 DOI: 10.1211/0022357055867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) was evaluated as an in-vitro format for experimental modelling of membrane permeability using only nanogram quantities of drug compounds. The rationale for the CE technique emanates from emulation of a lipid-like pseudo-stationary phase that governs separations mainly as a result of differences in molecular size, lipophilicity, hydrogen bonding and charge, all of which also have a strong influence on in-vivo drug absorption. By means of micellar, microemulsion and liposome electrolytes, the migration behaviour was studied at 37°C for 22 model drug compounds. The generated CE retention factor data were then compared with membrane permeability reference data. Both simple log D and more common Caco-2 cell parameters were evaluated. In addition, permeation through intestinal segments of rat ileum and rat colon was included. An improved correlation was obtained in the order: micellar<microemulsion<liposome systems. Although the correlation for the best liposome CE system was only R2 = 0.77, the evaluation results for all emphasized the strength and flexibility of CE for assessing specific drug-membrane interaction through tailor-made lipophilic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eivor Ornskov
- Pharmaceutical and Analytical R and D, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden.
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3
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Viglio S, Fumagalli M, Ferrari F, Iadarola P. MEKC: A powerful tool for the determination of amino acids in a variety of biomatrices. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:93-104. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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4
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Mazzarino M, de la Torre X, Mazzei F, Botrè F. Rapid screening of beta-adrenergic agents and related compounds in human urine for anti-doping purpose using capillary electrophoresis with dynamic coating. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:3562-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Maier V, Znaleziona J, Jirovský D, Skopalová J, Petr J, Ševčík J. Determination of antihyperglycemic drugs in nanomolar concentration levels by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with non-ionic surfactant. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4492-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Jouyban A, Kenndler E. Impurity analysis of pharmaceuticals using capillary electromigration methods. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3531-51. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12 CE in impurity profiling of drugs. CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS METHODS FOR PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(07)00012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Chen Y, Brill GM, Benz NJ, Leanna MR, Dhaon MK, Rasmussen M, Zhou CC, Bruzek JA, Bellettini JR. Normal phase and reverse phase HPLC-UV-MS analysis of process impurities for rapamycin analog ABT-578: Application to active pharmaceutical ingredient process development. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 858:106-17. [PMID: 17826364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ABT-578, an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), is a semi-synthetic tetrazole derivative of the fermented polyene macrolide rapamycin. Reverse phase (RP)-HPLC-UV-MS and normal phase (NP)-HPLC-UV-MS methods employing an LC/MSD trap with electrospray ionization (ESI) have been developed to track and map all significant impurities from the synthetic process. Trace-level tracking of key impurities occurring at various process points was achieved using complimentary methodologies, including a stability indicating reverse phase HPLC method capable of separating at least 25 starting materials and process-related impurities from the API (YMC-Pack Phenyl column, UV-MS, 210 nm) and a targeted reverse phase HPLC method capable of separating very polar compounds from crude reaction mixtures (Phenomenex Synergi Polar RP column, UV, 265 nm). In addition, a normal phase HPLC method condition with post-column modifier infusion is described for the separation of epimeric impurities, and analysis of aqueous-sensitive reactive species (YMC-Pack SIL column, UV-MS, 278 nm). Process control strategies were established with these combinations of analytical technologies for impurities analyses to enable a rich understanding of the ABT-578 process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- D-R45T, Process Analytical Chemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL 60064-4000, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Quality control of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) is commonly performed by means of HPLC. However, CE offers a suitable alternative, especially for the analysis of easily chargeable substances, i.e., amino acids. The article reviews, on the one hand, CE methods developed for impurity profiling of synthesized amino acid analogs. However, nowadays, production of amino acids/peptides is dominated by fermentation. Therefore, on the other hand, CE methods for the analysis of amino acids and small peptides are reported. The results of CE analysis of glutathione samples according to the monograph in the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) 5.7 and amino acid samples after derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC) and 3-(4-carboxybenzoyl)quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde (CBQCA) may pave the way for impurity profiling of fermentatively produced API by means of CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kopec
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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10
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Natishan TK. Recent Progress in the Analysis of Pharmaceuticals by Capillary Electrophoresis. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200053014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa K. Natishan
- a Merck & Co., Inc. , Merck Research Laboratories, Analytical Research , Rahway, New Jersey, USA
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11
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Debowski JK. SELECTED APPLICATIONS OF CAPILLARY ELECTROCHROMATOGRAPHY IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY: TO BUY OR NOT TO BUY? J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120013988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Hedeland Y, Lehtinen J, Pettersson C. Ketopinic acid and diisoproylideneketogulonic acid as chiral ion-pair selectors in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1141:287-94. [PMID: 17187814 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
1S,4R-(+)-ketopinic acid [(+)-KPA] has been introduced as a chiral selector for the separation of pharmacologically active amines by non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE). (+)-KPA gave enantioresolution for most of the compounds previously separated by 2R,3S,4R,5S-(-)-2,3:4,6-di-O-isopropylidene-2-keto-L-gulonic acid [(-)-DIKGA], but with a reversed migration order. A complete enantioresolution (Rs=4.2) was obtained for timolol, a compound that could not be resolved using (-)-DIKGA as the selector. Thus, (+)-KPA was evaluated for the enantiomeric purity determination of S-timolol. A method based on pre-concentration by transient isotachophoresis (tITP) provided a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.2% R-timolol in S-timolol samples. Because of the lack of enantioresolution of ephedrine when (+)-KPA was used as the selector, a method with (-)-DIKGA has been developed and validated for determination of the enantiomeric purity of the 1R,2S enantiomer. The method gave good precision and accuracy with an LOD (S/N=3) of 0.033% for the enantiomeric impurity 1S,2R-ephedrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Hedeland
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Wiberg K. Quantitative impurity profiling by principal component analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection data. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1108:50-67. [PMID: 16430906 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Revised: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Related organic impurities generally have approximately similar molar absorption coefficients (epsilon) due to their structural similarities. On the assumption that all peaks in an impurity profiling chromatogram have approximately the same maximum molar absorption coefficients (epsilon(max)) and the chromatogram contains one major peak and several much smaller ones, all of which are completely separated, integration of the summed score vectors from the principal component analysis (PCA) decomposition of high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) data will give areas that are quantitatively proportional to the actual content of the compounds. Due to the sequential nature of PCA, the first principal component (PC) will primarily be related to the main compound and all peaks showing a similar spectrum, while the second PC will be related to the impurities with a spectrum different from the main peak. Summing the two score vectors thus makes it possible to take account of different spectra in the score chromatogram, which make the method proposed give better quantitative estimates of the impurities than any single wavelength chromatogram. Multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) is used for comparison. The results are presented for two examples of simulated HPLC-DAD data as well as for three examples of real HPLC-DAD data from impurity profiling. The results show that integration of the score chromatograms can handle differences in the unknown epsilon(max) of the peaks and take account of the different spectra of the impurity peaks, giving quantitative estimates of the content of the impurities that closely correspond to the reference values. The results obtained are also better than integration with the best possible separate wavelength. The method could be a straightforward approach to impurity profiling in order to obtain a good estimate of the content or relative response factors of small chromatographic impurity peaks without knowledge of their molar absorption coefficients and without any precalibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent Wiberg
- AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, Analytical Development, SE-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden.
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Tagliaro F, Bortolotti F. Recent advances in the applications of CE to forensic sciences (2001–2004). Electrophoresis 2006; 27:231-43. [PMID: 16421953 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present article reviews the applications of CE in forensic science covering the period from 2001 until the first part of 2005. The overview includes the most relevant examples of analytical applications of capillary electrophoretic and electrokinetic techniques in the following fields: (i) Forensic drugs and poisons, (ii) explosive analysis and gunshot residues, (iii) small ions of forensic interest, (iv) forensic DNA and RNA analysis, (v) proteins of forensic interest, and (vi) ink analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Tagliaro
- Department of Public Medicine and Health, Section of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Gibson G, Ramstad T, Mills KA, Dunn MJ. A method for the determination of minoxidil in hair-regrowth formulations by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2005; 60:847-53. [PMID: 16043173 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2005.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A method based on micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) was developed for determination of minoxidil in Rogaine and competing products. The original intent of the work was to offer an orthogonal means to HPLC for testing illicit imitations of Rogaine. However, because the patent has since expired, we offer the procedure as a confirmatory measure to HPLC for assay of generic minoxidil products. The MEKC procedure complements an earlier method based on free solution capillary electrophoresis (FSCE), designed to the same end. Validation was carried out on both a Dionex CES-1, which utilizes gravity injection, and a PE-ABI 270HT, which employs vacuum injection. The procedure was validated for both active pharmaceutical ingredient and for minoxidil solutions. The run buffer is pH 7.0, 20 mM sodium phosphate, 20 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate, with 10% isopropanol; the internal standard is dl-tryptophan. The method bears the attributes of simplicity, ease of use, and short analysis time (12 min). It is selective with respect to known process and degradation impurities. High efficiency was achieved on the CES-1, with a plate count exceeding 200,000 for minoxidil at an elution time of 9 min. Although slight differences in performance were noted across the two instruments, results on both were in conformance with modern day validation expectations. Comparison of MEKC with HPLC resulted in slightly higher values for the former, but all results met registration specifications and internal targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
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16
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Schluga P, Hartinger CG, Galanski MS, Meelich K, Timerbaev AR, Keppler BK. Tumour-inhibiting platinum(II) complexes with aminoalcohol ligands: biologically important transformations studied by micellar electrokinetic chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Analyst 2005; 130:1383-9. [PMID: 16172663 DOI: 10.1039/b506490b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
(SP-4-2)-Bis[(R)-(-)-2-aminobutanol-kappaN]dichloroplatinum(II) and (SP-4-2)-bis[(R)-(-)-2-aminobutanolato-kappa2N,O]platinum(II) are promising cytotoxic agents exhibiting a strongly pH-dependent rate of reaction with the DNA-modeling nucleotide guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP). This potential mode-of-action binding, directly correlating with cytotoxicity, is influenced by the intramolecular chelation of bifunctional aminoalcohol ligands which was examined by means of micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). While NMR clearly proves the existence of equilibrium between the ring-opened and ring-closed species, no such transformation was observed under MEKC conditions. In a kinetic study performed by MEKC, the half-lives of GMP bound to the platinum complexes were determined and compared to the kinetic data acquired by capillary zone electrophoresis. An appreciable increase in binding in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles was explained in terms of activation of (SP-4-2)-bis[(R)-(-)-2-aminobutanol-kappaN]dichloroplatinum(II). This apparently takes place due to the shifting of the equilibrium towards the ring-opened species, induced by adduct formation between SDS and the platinum complex that was confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Schluga
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry - Bioinorganic, Environmental and Radiochemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Vassort A, Barrett DA, Shaw PN, Ferguson PD, Szucs R. A generic approach to the impurity profiling of drugs using standardised and independent capillary zone electrophoresis methods coupled to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1712-23. [PMID: 15800964 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Three standardised, capillary zone electrophoresis-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (CZE-ESI-MS) methods were developed for the analysis of six drug candidates and their respective process-related impurities comprising a total of 22 analytes with a range of functional groups and lipophilicities. The selected background electrolyte conditions were found to be: 60/40 v/v 10 mM ammonium formate pH 3.5/organic, 60/40 v/v 10 mM ammonium acetate pH 7.0/organic and 10 mM piperidine, pH 10.5, where the organic solvent is 50/50 v/v methanol/acetonitrile. The coaxial sheath flow consisted of either 0.1% v/v formic acid in 50/50 v/v methanol/water, or 10 mM ammonium acetate in 50/50 v/v methanol/water, depending on the mixture being analysed. Factor analysis and informational theory were used to quantify the orthogonality of the methods and predict their complementarities. The three selected CZE-ESI-MS methods allowed the identification of 21 out of 22 of all the drug candidates and their process-related impurities and provided orthogonality with four established high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) methods. These methodologies therefore form the basis of a generic approach to impurity profiling of pharmaceutical drug candidates and can be applied with little or no analytical method development, thereby offering significant resource and time savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Vassort
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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DiFeo TJ. Safety and Efficacy: The Role of Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls in Pharmaceutical Drug Development. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2004; 30:247-57. [PMID: 15109024 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-120030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J DiFeo
- ChemPharm CMC Sciences & Dossier Management, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, USA.
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Olsen BA, Baertschi SW. Strategies for investigation and control of process- and degradation-related impurities. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(03)80007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lucas C, Foley JP, Ahuja ES. Analysis of glycopeptide antibiotics using micellar electrokinetic chromatography and borate complexation. Biomed Chromatogr 2003; 17:172-81. [PMID: 12717807 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) was investigated as a technique for the separation and analysis of the following related glycopeptide antibiotics: alpha-avoparcin, beta-avoparcin, ristocetin A, ristocetin B and vancomycin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles were employed as the pseudostationary phase in conjunction with borate or CHES buffers at pH 9.2. A complete separation of the glycopeptides was achieved only when two separation mechanisms were employed simultaneously: (i) differential partitioning of the glycopeptides into SDS micelles; and (ii) differential complexation of the glycopeptides with the borate anion from the borate buffer. Quantitatively, linearity was confirmed for each antibiotic from 0.5 to 40 ppm, with correlation coefficients (r(2)) ranging from 0.9996 (vancomycin and beta-avoparcin) to 0.9986 (alpha-avoparcin). Detection limits ranging from 0.01 ppm (vancomycin) to 0.2 ppm (avoparcin) were achieved, and the mean recovery of avoparcin at the 10 ppm level was 99.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelle Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085-1699, USA
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