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From Equilibrium Liquid Crystal Formation and Kinetic Arrest to Photonic Bandgap Films Using Suspensions of Cellulose Nanocrystals. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lyotropic cholesteric liquid crystal phase developed by suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) has come increasingly into focus from numerous directions over the last few years. In part, this is because CNC suspensions are sustainably produced aqueous suspensions of a fully bio-derived nanomaterial with attractive properties. Equally important is the interesting and useful behavior exhibited by solid CNC films, created by drying a cholesteric-forming suspension. However, the pathway along which these films are realized, starting from a CNC suspension that may have low enough concentration to be fully isotropic, is more complex than often appreciated, leading to reproducibility problems and confusion. Addressing a broad audience of physicists, chemists, materials scientists and engineers, this Review focuses primarily on the physics and physical chemistry of CNC suspensions and the process of drying them. The ambition is to explain rather than to repeat, hence we spend more time than usual on the meanings and relevance of the key colloid and liquid crystal science concepts that must be mastered in order to understand the behavior of CNC suspensions, and we present some interesting analyses, arguments and data for the first time. We go through the development of cholesteric nuclei (tactoids) from the isotropic phase and their potential impact on the final dry films; the spontaneous CNC fractionation that takes place in the phase coexistence window; the kinetic arrest that sets in when the CNC mass fraction reaches ∼10 wt.%, preserving the cholesteric helical order until the film has dried; the ’coffee-ring effect’ active prior to kinetic arrest, often ruining the uniformity in the produced films; and the compression of the helix during the final water evaporation, giving rise to visible structural color in the films.
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McBride SA, Tilger CF, Sanford SP, Tessier PM, Hirsa AH. Comparison of Human and Bovine Insulin Amyloidogenesis under Uniform Shear. J Phys Chem B 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b04488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A. McBride
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical,
Aerospace,
and Nuclear Engineering, and §Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Christopher F. Tilger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical,
Aerospace,
and Nuclear Engineering, and §Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Sean P. Sanford
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical,
Aerospace,
and Nuclear Engineering, and §Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Peter M. Tessier
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical,
Aerospace,
and Nuclear Engineering, and §Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Amir H. Hirsa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical,
Aerospace,
and Nuclear Engineering, and §Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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Shimura K, Kasai KI. Analysis of lectin-carbohydrate interactions by capillary affinophoresis. Methods Enzymol 2003; 362:398-417. [PMID: 12968379 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)01028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohito Shimura
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Teikyo University, Sagamiko, Kanagawa 199-0195, Japan
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Shimura K, Arata Y, Uchiyama N, Hirabayashi J, Kasai KI. Determination of the affinity constants of recombinant human galectin-1 and -3 for simple saccharides by capillary affinophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 768:199-210. [PMID: 11939553 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The affinity constants of recombinant human galectin-1 and galectin-3 for sugars were determined by capillary affinophoresis. The monoliganded affinophore contains p-aminophenyl-beta-lactoside as an affinity ligand in the matrix of succinylglutathione and has three negative charges. An analysis of the mobility change of the lectins caused by the affinophore and its inhibition by neutral sugars allowed, for the first time, a determination of the affinity constants between the binding sites of the lectins and sugars. The relative magnitude of the affinity constants for each of the sugars in terms of dissociation constants found to be consistent with previously reported data on the concentrations of sugars that caused a 50% inhibition (I50) in the binding assay of the lectin to oligosaccharide-immobilized agarose beads but the absolute values of the dissociation constants were considerably smaller than the I50 values. Capillary affinophoresis indicated microheterogeneity of the lectin preparations and enabled the separate analysis of the affinity of each component simultaneously showing the advantage in using a separation method for analysis of bioaffinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohito Shimura
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko, Kanagawa, Japan.
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