Recognition of cell surface GD3 by monoclonal antibody anti-6C2 in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid: expression on human T cells with transendothelial migratory activity

An overview of gene-epigenetic-environmental contributions to MS causation

In this paper we review how environmental factors might interact with genes and epigenetic factors to trigger multiple sclerosis (MS), the latter probably by immune-mediated mechanisms.

Ganglioside signatures of primary and nodal metastatic melanoma cell lines from the same patient

The primary cutaneous melanoma initially migrates to the regional lymph nodes (LNs). Human melanoma overexpresses gangliosides, the sialylglycosphingolipids. The ganglioside signatures may differ between primary and LN melanomas owing to the differences in the tumor microenvironments. The melanoma cells obtained from the primary and LN of the same patient might be useful to evaluate the above hypothesis. For this purpose, the cryopreserved cell lines from a primary cutaneous melanoma (IGR-39) and its nodal metastasis (IGR-37) from the same patient were used. We have also compared the ganglioside signatures of freshly obtained melanoma cells from primary, LN and organ metastases from different patients. Gangliosides were extracted, purified and identified by resorcinol and specific murine monoclonal antibodies. Comparison of the primary cell line with the nodal metastatic line obtained from the same patient distinctly showed the following features: (i) an increased production of gangliosides, (ii) O-acetylation of GM2 and GD3, (iii) an increased and altered O-acetylation of GD2 and (iv) possibly de-N-acetylation of GD3. These findings suggest that the nodal microenvironment might favor activation of O-acetyl-transferases capable of O-acetylating both alpha2, 3 and alpha2, 8 sialic acids of gangliosides. Supporting this, the primary melanoma cells obtained from different patients, showed no O-acetylation of GD3 or GD2. The cell line from groin LN showed the presence of O-acetyl (O-Ac)GD3. The cell lines from thyroid, spleen and jejunum expressed O-AcGD2. In all metastatic melanoma cell lines GD1a is more prevalent than GD3, suggesting that GD1a may be a major melanoma-ganglioside.