1
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Nazarian Z, Arab SS. Discovery of carboxylesterases via metagenomics: Putative enzymes that contribute to chemical kinetic resolution. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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2
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Fanali S, Chankvetadze B. History, advancement, bottlenecks, and future of chiral capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1637:461832. [PMID: 33383238 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) represents a technique with less than 30 years of intense development and in this period this technique has seen huge promise, fast development, stagnation, and significant decline of innovative activity. The major goal of the present overview is not to present an extensive review of the literature on chiral CEC but to analyze the reasons for this dramatic development and attempting to answer questions such as: 1) Was the potential of CEC reasonably evaluated in 1990s before starting the explosive development in this field? 2) Did the development of this technique take the right track? 3) What other developments and competitive trends led to stagnation in the advancement of CEC? 4) Why is the activity in this field currently decreasing? 5) What are the current challenges and promises and what is the future of chiral CEC?
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Fanali
- Teaching Committee of Ph.D. School in Natural Science and Engineering, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia.
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3
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Cheng F, Cheng F, Zheng J, Wu G, Zhang Y, Wang Z. A Novel esterase from Pseudochrobactrum asaccharolyticum WZZ003: Enzymatic properties toward model substrate and catalytic performance in chiral fungicide intermediate synthesis. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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4
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Gogolashvili A, Tatunashvili E, Chankvetadze L, Sohajda T, Szeman J, Salgado A, Chankvetadze B. Separation of enilconazole enantiomers in capillary electrophoresis with cyclodextrin-type chiral selectors and investigation of structure of selector-selectand complexes by using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1851-1859. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Gogolashvili
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences; Tbilisi State University; Tbilisi Georgia
| | - Elene Tatunashvili
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences; Tbilisi State University; Tbilisi Georgia
| | - Lali Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences; Tbilisi State University; Tbilisi Georgia
| | | | | | - Antonio Salgado
- Centro de Espectroscopía de RMN (CERMN), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá; University Campus; Madrid Spain
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences; Tbilisi State University; Tbilisi Georgia
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5
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Stavrou IJ, Agathokleous EA, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. Chiral selectors in CE: Recent development and applications (mid-2014 to mid-2016). Electrophoresis 2017; 38:786-819. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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6
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Further proof to the utility of polysaccharide-based chiral selectors in combination with superficially porous silica particles as effective chiral stationary phases for separation of enantiomers in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:163-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Hamidi S, Jouyban A. Pre-Concentration Approaches Combined with Capillary Electrophoresis in Bioanalysis of Chiral Cardiovascular Drugs. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.15171/ps.2015.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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8
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Aturki Z, Rocco A, Rocchi S, Fanali S. Current applications of miniaturized chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques in drug analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:194-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Chiral selectors in CE: Recent developments and applications (2012-mid 2014). Electrophoresis 2014; 36:101-23. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Guan J, Li H, Yan F, Shi S, Wang S. Optimization and validation of a novel CE method for the enantioseparation of pantoprazole and related benzimididazole using a dual chiral selector system. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2800-6. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Guan
- School of Applied Chemistry; Shenyang University of Chemical Technology; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Huan Li
- School of Applied Chemistry; Shenyang University of Chemical Technology; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- School of Applied Chemistry; Shenyang University of Chemical Technology; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Shuang Shi
- School of Applied Chemistry; Shenyang University of Chemical Technology; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Shilin Wang
- School of Applied Chemistry; Shenyang University of Chemical Technology; Shenyang P. R. China
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11
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Špánik I, Kačeriaková D, Krupčík J, Armstrong DW. GC Separation of Enantiomers of Alkyl Esters of 2-Bromo Substituted Carboxylic Acids Enantiomers on 6-TBDMS-2,3-di-alkyl- β- and γ-Cyclodextrin Stationary Phases. Chirality 2014; 26:279-85. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Špánik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology; Slovak University of Technology; Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Darina Kačeriaková
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology; Slovak University of Technology; Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Jan Krupčík
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology; Slovak University of Technology; Bratislava Slovak Republic
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12
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Gao SY, Li H, Wang L, Yang LN. Simultaneous Separation and Determination of Benzoic Acid Compounds in the Plant Medicine by High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Tsioupi DA, Stefan-Vanstaden RI, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. Chiral selectors in CE: recent developments and applications. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:178-204. [PMID: 23161372 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This review article provides an overview of the recent advances in enantioanalysis by use of electrophoretic techniques. Due to the big number of publications in the subject mentioned above, this article is focused on chiral method developments and applications published from 2008 until 2011, and it demonstrates chiral selectors used in CE. Numerous chiral selectors have been used over the years, and these include the cyclic and the linear oligo- and polysaccharides, the branched polysaccharides, the polymeric and monomeric surfactants, the macrocyclic and other antibiotics, and the crown ethers. Different dual-selector systems are also presented in this article, and the results are compared with those obtained by use of a single chiral selector. Finally, several pharmaceutical and biomedical applications based on chiral recognition are summarized.
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14
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Recent progress in capillary electrophoretic analysis of amino acid enantiomers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3078-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Aturki Z, D'Orazio G, Rocco A, Fanali S. Advances in the enantioseparation of β-blocker drugs by capillary electromigration techniques. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2602-28. [PMID: 21905049 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
β-Blocker drugs or β-adrenergic blocking agents are an important class of drugs, prescribed with great frequency. They are used for various diseases, particularly for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, cardioprotection after myocardial infarction (heart attack), and hypertension. Almost all β-blocker drugs possess one or more stereogenic centers; however; only some of them are administered as single enantiomers. Since both enantiomers can differ in their pharmacological and toxicological properties, enantioselective analytical methods are required not only for pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies but also for quality control of pharmaceutical preparations with the determination of enantiomeric purity. In addition to the chromatographic tools, in recent years, capillary electromigration techniques (CE, CEC, and MEKC) have been widely used for enantioselective purposes employing a variety of chiral selectors, e.g. CDs, polysaccharides, macrocyclic antibiotics, proteins, chiral ion-paring agents, etc. The high separation efficiency, rapid analysi,s and low consumption of reagents of electromigration methods make them a very attractive alternative to the conventional chromatographic methods. In this review, the development and applications of electrodriven methods for the enantioseparation of β-blocker drugs are reported. The papers concerning this topic, published from January 2000 until December 2010, are summarised here. Particular attention is given to the coupling of chiral CE and CEC methods to MS, as this detector provides high sensitivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeineb Aturki
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area della Ricerca di Roma, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
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Kwon C, Jung S. Stereoisomeric separation of some flavanones using highly succinate-substituted α-cyclosophoro-octadecaoses as chiral additives in capillary electrophoresis. Carbohydr Res 2010; 346:133-9. [PMID: 21093852 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
α-Cyclosophoro-octadecaoses (α-C18), produced by Rhodobacter sphaeroides, are mostly homogeneous in size with 18 glucose units per ring as the predominant form. α-C18s are linked by β-(1→4)-linkages and one α-(1→6)-linkage and are also known to be highly substituted by acetyl (0-2 per mol) and/or succinoyl groups (1-7 per mol). We isolated and purified α-C18 and successfully used it in capillary electrophoresis (CE) as a chiral additive for the separation of five flavanones and flavanone-7-O-glycosides, including naringenin, hesperetin, eriodictyol, homoeriodictyol, isosakuranetin, and hesperidin. Throughout the CE experiment with unsubstituted α-C18 (uα-C18) obtained after alkaline treatment of the isolated α-C18, we found that successful chiral separation critically depends on the presence of succinate substituents attached to α-C18 in CE, suggesting that succinoylation of α-C18 is decisive for effective stereoisomeric separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanho Kwon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
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17
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Abstract
This review article addresses the developments and applications of capillary electromigration methods coupled on-line with MS for chiral analysis. The multiple enantiomeric applications of this hyphenated technology are covered including chiral analysis of drugs, food compounds, pesticides, natural metabolites, etc. in different matrices such as plasma, urine, medicines, foods, etc. This work intends to provide an updated overview (including works published till September 2009) on the principal chiral applications carried out by CZE-MS, CEC-MS and MEKC-MS, discussing their main advantages and drawbacks in all their different areas of application as well as their foreseeable development in the not too distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Simó
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Industrial Fermentations (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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18
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Fanali S, D’Orazio G, Lomsadze K, Samakashvili S, Chankvetadze B. Enantioseparations on amylose tris(5-chloro-2-methylphenylcarbamate) in nano-liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1166-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Buchinger S, Follrich B, Lämmerhofer M, Lubda D, Lindner W. Chirally functionalized anion-exchange type silica monolith for enantiomer separation of 2-aryloxypropionic acid herbicides by non-aqueous capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3804-13. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Fakhari AR, Nojavan S, Haghgoo S, Mohammadi A. Development of a stability-indicating CE assay for the determination of amlodipine enantiomers in commercial tablets. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:4583-92. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Chiral separation by capillary electromigration techniques. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1204:140-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Elbashir AA, Saad B, Mohamed Ali AS, Saleh MI, Aboul‐Enein HY. Determination of Ofloxacin Enantiomers in Pharmaceutical Formulations by Capillary Electrophoresis. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701780631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla A. Elbashir
- a School of Chemical Sciences , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang, Malaysia
| | - Bahruddin Saad
- a School of Chemical Sciences , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Hassan Y. Aboul‐Enein
- b Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department , National Research Centre , Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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23
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Shpigun OA, Ananieva IA, Budanova NY, Shapovalova EN. Use of cyclodextrins for separation of enantiomers. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2003v072n12abeh000817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Stapf FI, Oehme M, Kiessig S, Schwarz MA, Kálmán F. Peak splitting in the CE separation of enantiomers caused by organic solvents in the sample. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:3625-38. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Tang W, Muderawan I, Ong TT, Ng SC. Facile synthesis of positively charged monosubstituted α- and γ-cyclodextrins for chiral resolution of anionic racemates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2007.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Chu BL, Guo BY, Peng Z, Wang Z, Guo G, Lin JM. Studies on degradation of imazalil enantiomers in soil using capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:923-9. [PMID: 17536738 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A scheme was demonstrated to elucidate the degradation behaviors of the two enantiomers of the fungicide imazalil in soil using cyclodextrin-modified capillary zone electrophoresis. The separation buffer was 50 mmol/L NaH2PO4, 5 mmol/L (NH4)H2PO4, and 5 mmol/L beta-cyclodextrin (pH 3.0). The limits of detection of this CE method were 0.24 and 0.26 microg/mL for (-)- and (+)-imazalil, respectively. Five different soil conditions were investigated in laboratory microcosms: under sunlight; in darkness; under UV irradiation; in sterilized soil; and in soil with wheat planted in it. Radiation, microorganisms, and uptake by wheat benefited the degradation of imazalil in this study. The half-lives (t1/2) of imazalil in soil under the above conditions were 20, 30.5, 11, 27.5, and 21.5 days, respectively. The degradation rate of imazalil in soil under the five different sets of conditions decreased in the order: UV irradiation > sunlight > soil with wheat planted in it > sterilized soil > soil kept in darkness. Imazalil in soil (pH 8.2, slightly alkaline) collected in the suburbs showed non-enantioselective degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Lin Chu
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Gübitz G, Schmid MG. Advances in chiral separation using capillary electromigration techniques. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:114-26. [PMID: 17136739 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an overview of recent developments in CZE, EKC, and CEC covering the literature since the year 2004. Since there appeared a special issue on applications, this review focuses on the progress in electromigration techniques and new methodological developments. New techniques, new chiral selectors as well as new chiral stationary phases for CEC are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Gübitz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University, Graz, Austria.
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Threeprom J. (S)-(+)-2-Octanol as a Chiral Oil Core for the Microemulsion Electrokinetic Chromatographic Separation of Chiral Basic Drugs. ANAL SCI 2007; 23:1071-5. [PMID: 17878580 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.23.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The enantiomeric separation of basic drugs was successfully demonstrated by using a novel chiral microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC). An interesting finding was that the chiral oil core ((S)-(+)-2-octanol) within the microemulsion droplets appeared to play an important role in the chiral separation mechanism. In addition, the enantioselectivity of the analyte-selector complex could be influenced by methanol, through an interaction with the complex. The chiral resolution (R(s)) and partition coefficient were strongly influenced by the concentration of methanol, pH, the concentration of chiral oil and the concentration of a cosurfactant. Under the optimized microemulsion conditions, the baseline separation of (+/-)-ephedrine (R(s) = 2.7), and the partial separations of (+/-)-norephedrine (R(s) = 1.3), (+/-)-synephrine (R(s) = 1.4) and (+/-)-propranolol (R(s) = 1.3), could be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirasak Threeprom
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Thailand.
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Van Eeckhaut A, Michotte Y. Chiral separations by capillary electrophoresis: Recent developments and applications. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2880-95. [PMID: 16688697 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the different classes of chiral selectors that are used in CE. The main properties of every class are described, together with the mechanism of enantioseparation. Newly introduced selectors are also discussed. Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications published from January 2004 till March 2005 are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Van Eeckhaut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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30
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Abstract
Chiral separation of cetirizine, a second-generation H(1)-antagonist, was studied by CD-mediated CE. Several parameters, including pH, CD type, buffer concentration, type of co-ion, applied voltage and temperature, were investigated. The best conditions for chiral separation were obtained using a 75 mM triethanolamine-phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) containing 0.4 mg/mL heptakis(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-beta-CD and 10% ACN. Online UV detection was performed at 214 nm, a voltage of 20 kV was applied and the capillary was temperature controlled at 25 degrees C by liquid cooling. Hydrodynamic injection was performed for 1 s. The method was validated for the quantification of levocetirizine in tablets and for enantiomeric purity testing of the drug substance. Selectivity, linearity, LOD and LOQ, precision and accuracy were evaluated for both methods. The amount of levocetirizine dihydrochloride in the commercially available tablets was quantified and was found to be within the specification limits of the claimed amount (5 mg). The amount of distomer in levocetirizine drug substance was found to be 0.87 +/- 0.09% w/w, which is in agreement with the certificate of analysis supplied by the company.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Van Eeckhaut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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32
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Qin F, Liu Y, Chen X, Kong L, Zou H. Capillary electrochromatographic separation of enantiomers under aqueous mobile phases on a covalently bonded cellulose derivative chiral stationary phase. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3921-9. [PMID: 16152670 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A chemically bonded cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase (CSP) was prepared by a radical polymerization reaction. The prepared CSP was packed into fused-silica capillaries with inner diameter of 75 microm to perform enantiomer separations in CEC. The electrochromatographic behavior of the CSP was investigated. On the prepared CSP, high EOF could be generated under acidic mobile phases, which represented an advantage for the separation of acidic enantiomers. Several neutral, acidic, and basic enantiomers were resolved on the prepared CSP under aqueous mobile phases. The column efficiencies were between 20,000 and 100,000 plates/m, which were much higher than those of HPLC. In addition, it was observed that the separation of some enantiomers benefited from the adoption of THF as mobile phase modifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qin
- National Chromatographic Research & Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
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33
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Spánik I, Zebrowski W, Májek P, Skacáni I, Krupcík J, Armstrong DW. GC separation of 2-substituted ethyl propionate enantiomers on permethylated and 2,6-dimethyl-3-pentyl β- and γ-cyclodextrin stationary phases. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:1347-56. [PMID: 16138686 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the capillary gas chromatographic enantiomer separation of eight congeneric compounds with general formulae CH3-HCX-COOC2H5 (where X = Cl, Br, I, CN, OH, OC2H5, OC6H5 and NHCOCF3) on four different permethyl- and 2,6-di-O-methyl-3-O-pentyl- beta- and gamma-CD stationary phases has been studied. The separation of enantiomers was evaluated in terms of the interactions of the X substituent of studied derivatives, as well as the nature of the 3-O-alkyl group in the 2,6-di-O-methyl-3-O-alkyl-CDs and the CDs cavity size. The differences in thermodynamic data [deltaH and -deltaS] obtained for studied compounds and the selectivity of modified beta- and gamma-cyclodextrin phases in gas chromatographic separation were evaluated. deltaH values were compared with a deltaH value of an achiral standard (ethyl propionate, where X = H) in order to obtain the contribution of a particular substituent to the overall interaction energy. It was shown that the variation in the enantiomeric separation with temperature and the retention order of these compounds on a given cyclodextrin capillary column depends on the nature of the substituents bonded to stereogenic carbon atom. It was found that the temperature dependencies of selectivity factors, In a on 1/T, were both linear as well as non-linear, inter alia depending on the number of glucopyranose units of the CD derivatives. The enantiospecific thermodynamic data [delta21(deltaH)] and [-delta21(deltaS)] which characterize the chiral recognition in the separation system were used to gain more insight into the mechanistic aspects of the enantioseparations on permethylated and 2,6-di-O-methyl-3-O-pentyl-beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Spánik
- Slovak University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Abstract
A review on the advantages, peculiarities, and the potential of enantioselective capillary electrochromatography (CEC) in nonaqueous media is presented. Some fundamentals on CEC with particular focus on enantioselective CEC are discussed. The strategies, concepts, preferentially utilized chiral selectors and column technologies that have been utilized to succeed in highly efficient enantiomer separations by nonaqueous CEC are described thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lämmerhofer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Recognition Materials, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Liu LB, Zheng ZX, Lin JM. Application of dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin as a chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis for enantiomer separation of ephedrine and related compounds in some drugs. Biomed Chromatogr 2005; 19:447-53. [PMID: 16037931 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (DM-beta-CD) modified capillary electrophoresis has been developed for chiral separation of ephedrine and related compounds, such as (+/-)-norephedrine, (+/-)-N-methylephedrine, (+/-)-ephedrine and (+)-pseudoephedrine. The influence of some crucial parameters such as buffer concentration, pH value, DM-beta-CD concentration, applied voltage and separation temperature on the separation was investigated. Under the optimum conditions, i.e. 40 mM DM-beta-CD in 75 mM Tris (pH 2.5) as the running electrolyte, separation voltage +25 kV and temperature 25 degrees C, a satisfactory separation of the enantiomers was accomplished. The detection limits (S/N = 3) ranged from 65 to 161 ng/mL and the linear range was 0.15 to 101.0 microg/mL for pressure injection. The present method was successfully applied for the analysis of a series of drugs such as anti-tussive, the drug for rheum, the drug for rhinitis and a Chinese traditional herbal medicine, Ephedrae herba (Ma-Huang in Chinese). The recoveries of ephedrine and related compounds in real samples ranged from 97.6 to 103.5%. This method is useful in the simple and rapid analysis of ephedrine derivatives in marketed products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
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Van Eeckhaut A, Detaevernier MR, Michotte Y. Separation of neutral dihydropyridines and their enantiomers using electrokinetic chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 36:799-805. [PMID: 15533673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Accepted: 08/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The separation and simultaneous enantiomeric separation of three neutral 1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP) derivatives (nimodipine, nisoldipine and nitrendipine) was studied using electrokinetic chromatography. Bile salts allowed the non-chiral separation of these DHP derivatives. With the taurine-conjugated bile salts a beginning of enantiomeric separation was observed for nimodipine and nisoldipine. Achiral micelles of sodium dodecyl sulphate mixed with neutral cyclodextrins did not allow enantioseparation. Baseline chiral separation of nisoldipine and nimodipine was obtained with carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin at pH 5.0. The buffer type affected the chiral separation, especially in the case of nisoldipine. The addition of organic solvent decreased the enantioresolution of nimodipine. However, the resolution between the nisoldipine enantiomers was increased when methanol or ethanol were added to the background electrolyte. Varying the temperature had almost no effect on the enantioresolution of nisoldipine, whereas with nimodipine a clear improvement at lower temperatures was observed. Using the optimised method, the selectivity of this method was investigated for three possible impurities of nisoldipine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Van Eeckhaut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Miller MD, Baker GL, Bruening ML. Polymer-brush stationary phases for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1044:323-30. [PMID: 15354455 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) brushes from the inside of silica capillaries by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) yields unique stationary phases for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC). Although PHEMA brushes have only a small effect on the separation of a set of phenols and anilines, derivatization of PHEMA with ethylenediamine (en) allows baseline resolution of several anilines that co-elute from bare silica capillaries. Derivatization of PHEMA with octanoyl chloride (C8-PHEMA films) affords even better resolution in the separation of a series of phenols and anilines. Increasing the thickness of C8-PHEMA coatings by a factor of 2 enhances resolution for several solute pairs, presumably because of an increase in the effective stationary phase to mobile phase volume ratio. Thus, this work demonstrates that thick polymer brushes provide a tunable stationary phase with a much larger phase ratio than is available from monolayer wall coatings. Through appropriate choice of derivatizing reagents, these polymer brushes should allow separation of a wide range of neutral molecules as well as compounds with similar electrophoretic mobilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1322, USA
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Altria KD, Elder D. Overview of the status and applications of capillary electrophoresis to the analysis of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1023:1-14. [PMID: 14760844 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The status of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in the analysis of small molecules is reviewed and summarised with the illustrative use of recent literature references. Examples are cited in this review which demonstrate that CE is now a recognised and established technique in many industries, law courts and government regulatory agencies. Each of the principal areas of CE application in small molecule analysis are covered in sections which highlight the recent developments and possibilities within that area. Application areas include the analysis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, chiral separations, and forensics is covered. This is an update to a previous review article [J. Chromatogr. A 856 (1999) 443] and covers papers published between 1999 and 2002. Technical developments and improvements, such as the advent of capillary array instrumentation for increased sample throughput, and improved detection options are described. Overall it is concluded that CE has become a recognised and established technique in many areas and is still within a period of development of both instrumentation and application which will continue to expand usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Altria
- Product Line Extension Department, Pharmaceutical Development, GSK R&D, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, UK.
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Chankvetadze B, Kartozia I, Yamamoto C, Okamoto Y, Blaschke G. Comparative study on the application of capillary liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography for investigation of enantiomeric purity of the contraceptive drug levonorgestrel. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 30:1897-906. [PMID: 12485732 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00533-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, it has been shown that capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is a promising technique for enantioseparations. However, to date almost no studies are published on a critical comparison of CEC and its pressure-driven counterpart, capillary liquid chromatography (CLC) for real samples. In this study, the goal was to compare CLC and CEC for the determination of the enantiomeric purity of the contraceptive drug levonorgestrel and its pharmaceutical formulation. The study prevailed that not all potential advantages of CEC over CLC can easily be transformed in a real gain of detection limit of the enantiomeric impurity. However, certain advantages of CEC over CLC have been unambiguously shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Hittorfstrasse 58-62, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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Ye N, Gu X, Zou H, Zhu R. Separation and determination of ephedrine enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis usingl-leucine as chiral selector. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02497682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Magnusson J, Wan H, Blomberg LG. Illustration of a simple and versatile scheme for reversing enantiomeric elution order and facilitating enantiomeric impurity determination in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2002; 23:3013-9. [PMID: 12207310 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200209)23:17<3013::aid-elps3013>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Determination of enantiomeric purity is most often done under overload conditions, which leads to deformed peaks. In general, the best resolutions are obtained when the small peak appears before the large peak in the electropherogram. To be able to determine the R(+)-impurity in the S(-)-form as well as the S(-)-impurity in the R(+)-form the elution orders have to be reversed. The present paper describes reversal of enantiomeric elution order for the basic analyte propranolol and the acidic analyte ibuprofen. For propranolol, a charged heptakis-(6-sulfo)-beta-cyclodextrin (CD) is used in the background electrolyte. For ibuprofen, a mix of the charged heptakis-(6-sulfo)-beta-CD and the uncharged heptakis-(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-beta-CD is used in the background electrolyte. The use of a coated capillary and reversal of the polarity shift the elution order, buffer composition is unchanged in both cases. The enantiomers of propranolol and ibuprofen are well separated on both the coated and uncoated capillaries. Detection limits of enantiomer impurities are investigated using spiked samples of both propranolol and ibuprofen.
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Chankvetadze B, Burjanadze N, Santi M, Massolini G, Blaschke G. Enantioseparation of tetramisole by capillary electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography and application of these techniques to enantiomeric purity determination of a veterinary drug formulation of L-levamisole. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20020801)25:12<733::aid-jssc733>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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