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Zhao H, Qi M. Amphiphilic tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate as gas chromatographic stationary phase for high-resolution separations of challenging isomers and analysis of lavender essential oil. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3600-3607. [PMID: 34329529 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the investigation of using tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate as the stationary phase for gas chromatography separations of isomers with different varieties and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of a wide range of components in lavender essential oil. Its capillary column exhibited moderate polarity and column efficiency of 4000 plates/m determined by n-dodecane at 120°C. As demonstrated, it showed outstanding separation performance toward challenging isomers such as xylenes, alkanes, phenols, and anilines and a wide range of components in essential oils with distinct advantages over the commercial polyethylene glycol and polysiloxane columns. Moreover, its capillary columns displayed excellent repeatability and reproducibility with the RSD values of the retention times in the range of 0.02-0.07% for run-to-run, 0.14-0.22% for day-to-day, and 2.5-4.3% for column-to-column. Its application to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the lavender essential oil proved its good potential for practical gas chromatography analyses. To our knowledge, this work presents the first example of employing tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate for chromatographic analyses and demonstrates its promising future in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiru Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Meiling Qi
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
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2
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Gholizadeh A, Chowdhury M, Agah M. Ionic liquid stationary phase coating optimization for semi-packed microfabricated columns. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1647:462144. [PMID: 33957352 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work highlights the effect of the stationary phase coating process on the separation efficiency of gas chromatography microcolumns. The stationary phase coating quality was characterized by three different bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NTf2) anion based ionic liquids. The ionic liquids containing NTf2 anion are used for gas chromatography due to their high temperature stability. In this work, the chemical and physical approaches of column deactivation as well as the temperature treatment were evaluated by separating a mixture of 20 organic components and saturated alkanes. The results show that higher oven temperature treatment provides higher efficiency while losing a bit of peak symmetry. The thermal treated 1-butylpyridinum bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide [BPY][NTf2] stationary phase at 240°C demonstrated as high as 8300 plates per meter for naphthalene. This was a 5-fold increase in separation efficiency in comparison to those of the columns treated at 200°C. Albeit being within acceptable ranges, the peak tailing degraded from 1.17 to 1.46 for naphthalene when the processing temperature for coating increased. Both chemical and physical deactivation process increased separation efficiencies and peak resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Gholizadeh
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - Mustahsin Chowdhury
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - Masoud Agah
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States.
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3
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Komarova AO, Shashkov MV, Sidel’nikov VN. Study of methyl- and phenyl-substituted thermostable polysiloxane–silarylene motionless phases for capillary gas chromatography. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024417110103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Fluoro-substituted tetraphenyl–phenyl grafted polysiloxanes as highly selective stationary phases for gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1449:118-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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He X, Han X, Wang H, Wang B, Wu B. Polysiloxanes-based stationary phases containing methoxy-substituted tetraphenyl–phenyl groups for gas chromotographic separations. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19537g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
3,4-Di(4-methoxy phenyl)-2,5-diphenyl phenyl grafted polysiloxane (MTP) and 3,4-di(3,4,5-trimethoxy phenyl)-2,5-diphenyl phenyl grafted polysiloxane (TMP) were synthesized and statically coated on fused silica capillary columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Xue Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Bing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
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6
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Han X, He X, Wang B, Wu B. Polarizable polysiloxane stationary phase containing a cyano unit attached to an aromatic side group for highly selective separation of H-bonding and aromatic analytes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20397c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new polarizable polysiloxane stationary phase containing a cyano unit attached to an aromatic side group, called CPPP [14.6% 3,4-bis(4-cyanophenyl)-2,5-diphenyl phenyl polysiloxane], was synthesized and used as a stationary phase for capillary gas chromatography (GC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- China
| | - Xinxin He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- China
| | - Bing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- China
| | - Bo Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- China
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Ruiz-Samblás C, González-Casado A, Cuadros-Rodríguez L. Triacylglycerols Determination by High-temperature Gas Chromatography in the Analysis of Vegetable Oils and Foods: A Review of the Past 10 Years. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 55:1618-31. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.713045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Hellmuth C, Uhl O, Segura-Moreno M, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B. Determination of acylglycerols from biological samples with chromatography-based methods. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3470-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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High temperature and highly selective stationary phases of ionic liquid bonded polysiloxanes for gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:833-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sun X, Wu C, Xing J. Ionic liquid-bonded polysiloxane as stationary phase for capillary gas chromatography. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3159-67. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Mayer-Helm BX, Rauter W. Determination of the minimum allowable operating temperature of stationary phases in capillary columns by inverse gas chromatography. Analyst 2005; 130:502-7. [PMID: 15776160 DOI: 10.1039/b416320f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed to determine the minimum allowable operating temperature (MiAOT) of wall coated open tubular capillary columns. Two polyethylene glycol and fourteen polysiloxanes phases with different side groups (methyl, phenyl, cyanopropyl, trifluoropropyl, n-octyl) and backbone stiffening units (tetramethyl-p-silphenylene, tetramethyl-p,p'-sildiphenylene ether, carborane) were investigated by inverse gas chromatography. A sigmoidal profile of temperature versus column efficiency was found for almost all phases, as the column efficiency increased with temperature. The MiAOT was defined as that temperature where the column efficiency is half of its original value at elevated temperatures. It was found that the MiAOT of a stationary phase is approx. 60 K higher than its glass transition temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard X Mayer-Helm
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Mayer-Helm BX, Rauter W, Rauchbauer G, Tomastik C, Bangert H. Approaches for the coating of capillary columns with highly phenylated stationary phases for high-temperature GC. J Sep Sci 2004; 27:335-42. [PMID: 15334923 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two highly phenylated tetramethyl-p-silphenylene-diphenylsiloxane copolymers were coated on fused silica capillary columns and used as stationary phases in GC. The copolymers offered new insights into the coating process and column preparation due to their physicochemical properties. The fused silica capillary surface had to be pretreated in various ways to achieve a homogeneous film and a well deactivated surface: etching with ammonium bifluoride; leaching with sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid; silylation with tetraphenyldimethyldisilazane and triphenylsilylamine. Droplet formation was observed on tetraphenyldimethyldisilazane silylated surfaces leading to capillary columns with low separation efficiency. The topology of inhomogeneous films was investigated by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy. It became apparent that the stationary phase did not form droplets but islands, which are connected by a wetting layer according to the Stranski-Krastanov growth mode. Both copolymers are potential stationary phases for high-temperature GC with promising properties. They offer a higher overall polarity than 75% phenyl, 25% methyl-polysiloxanes in combination with increased thermal stability and reduced bleed levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard X Mayer-Helm
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University School of Medicine, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Mayer BX, Rauter W, Kählig H, Zöllner P. A trifluoropropyl-containing silphenylene-siloxane terpolymer for high temperature gas chromatography. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mayer BX, Kählig H, Rauter W. Chromatographic properties of tetramethyl-p-silphenylene-dimethyl, diphenylsiloxane copolymers as stationary phases for gas-liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2003; 993:59-70. [PMID: 12735438 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00319-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Seven tetramethyl-p-silphenylene-dimethyl, diphenylsiloxane copolymers were coated on fused-silica capillary columns to evaluate their properties as stationary phases in gas-liquid chromatography. The capillary columns were tested concerning their selectivity, separation efficiency, column bleed, inertness, elution temperatures, and working range. The following characteristic properties of the silphenylene unit were found: (i) the impact of the silphenylene group on the chromatographic selectivity is similar to that of two dimethylsiloxy groups and half of a diphenylsiloxy group; (ii) silphenylene-siloxane copolymers offer reduced column bleed and increased maximum allowable operating temperature in comparison to polysiloxanes, since the backbone stiffing phenylene group enhances thermal stability; (iii) the elution temperatures of analytes are increased by 15-30 degrees C on silphenylene-siloxane copolymers compared to polysiloxanes; (iv) the silphenylene unit increases the glass transition temperature of the polymers resulting in elevated minimum allowable operating temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard X Mayer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University School of Medicine, Vienna University, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Mayer BX, Kählig H, Rauter W. A 50% n-octylmethyl, 50% diphenyl-polysiloxane as stationary phase with unique selectivity for gas chromatography. Analyst 2003; 128:1238-42. [PMID: 14667159 DOI: 10.1039/b309476f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An n-octylmethyl, diphenyl-polysiloxane called SOP-50-Octyl was prepared by a condensation reaction of bis(dimethylamino) n-octylmethylsilane with diphenylsilanediol. The resulting copolymer was a gum with high molecular weight and was obtained with a yield of 80%. 1H and 29Si NMR spectroscopy revealed that the copolymer was a 52% octylmethyl, 48% diphenyl-polysiloxane with random microstructure. Small cyclic impurities could be almost quantitatively removed via a purification step. SOP-50-Octyl was used as stationary phase for the preparation of wall coated open tubular fused silica capillary columns for gas-liquid chromatography. The capillary columns exhibited high separation efficiency and high inertness. The stationary phase offered a unique selectivity due to its unique composition. The Rohrschneider-McReynolds constants indicated a low overall polarity in spite of the high phenyl content, as the polarity was distinctly decreased by the octyl substituent. Furthermore, the octyl substituent was responsible for a high column bleed, reducing the maximum allowable operating temperature to 280 degrees C. The elution temperatures of apolar compounds were increased due to increased interaction of the octyl substituent with the analytes. Some applications with volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds illustrate that SOP-50-Octyl is an excellent choice for confirmational analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard X Mayer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University School of Medicine, Vienna University, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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