1
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Kancharana B, Dutta H, Jain N. FOXM1 requires IDH1 for late genes expression in mitotic cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2024:10.1007/s00418-024-02307-8. [PMID: 39039166 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-024-02307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) is a metabolic enzyme that converts isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate in cells. However, research on IDH1 is more focused on the metabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate than the cellular roles of the IDH1 protein. Metabolic enzymes can moonlight by participating in diverse cellular processes in cancer cells. This moonlighting function of the metabolic enzymes can contribute to changes in gene expression. It is unknown whether IDH1 associates with any transcription factor. We asked whether IDH1 coordinates with forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1) in mitotic cells to regulate late genes expression. We found that depletion of IDH1 reduces canonical FOXM1-target expression in mitotic cells. Also, IDH1 binds to FOXM1 and a subset of MuvB proteins, Lin-9 and Lin-54, in mitotic cells. Based on these observations, we suggest that IDH1 coordinates with FOXM1 in mitotic cells to regulate late genes expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balabhaskararao Kancharana
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Hashnu Dutta
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Nishant Jain
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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2
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Li X, Su W, Wu H, Xu J, Tang H, Chen X, Yin Z, Zhang C, Yang J, Yang Y, Zhang N, Yang L. FOXM1 maintains fatty acid homoeostasis through the SET7-H3K4me1-FASN axis. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:310. [PMID: 37620304 PMCID: PMC10449838 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of metabolic genes and subsequent alterations in metabolic phenotypes occur widely in malignant tumours, including glioblastoma (GBM). FOXM1 is a potent transcription factor that plays an oncogenic role by regulating the expression of many genes. As a SET domain containing protein, SET7 is a protein lysine methyltransferase which monomethylates histone proteins and other proteins. The epigenetic modification of histones regulates gene expressions by epigenetically modifying promoters of DNAs and inter vening in tumor development. Activation of FASN increased de novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis, a hallmark of cancer cells. Here, we report that FOXM1 may directly promote the transcription of SET7 and activate SET7-H3K4me1-FASN axis, which results in the maintenance of de novo FA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Li
- Neurosurgery Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijie Su
- Neurosurgery Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honglin Wu
- Neurosurgery Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiakun Xu
- Neurosurgery Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxing Tang
- Neurosurgery Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangkun Chen
- Intensive Care Unit, The First people's Hospital of Suqian City, Jiangsu Province, Suqian, China
| | - Zhanqi Yin
- Intensive Care Unit, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Changming Zhang
- Neurosurgery Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Neurosurgery Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yibing Yang
- Neurosurgery Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nu Zhang
- Neurosurgery Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Lixuan Yang
- Neurosurgery Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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3
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Pamarthy D, Behera SK, Swain S, Yadav S, Suresh S, Jain N, Bhadra MP. Diaryl ether derivative inhibits GPX4 expression levels to induce ferroptosis in thyroid cancer cells. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:861-887. [PMID: 37070554 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma contributes to about 80% of the total thyroid cancer cases. BRAFV600E is a frequently occurring mutation in PTCs. Although several BRAF inhibitors are available, many thyroid cancer patients acquire resistance to BRAF inhibitors. Therefore, new targets and drugs need to be identified as therapies. Ferroptosis is a recently discovered type of cell death, and inhibiting glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) using small molecules was found to trigger ferroptosis. But it is unknown whether inhibiting GPX4 renders thyroid cancer cells susceptible to ferroptosis. To identify novel GPX4 inhibitors, we focused on our previously reported cohort of diaryl ether and dibenzoxepine molecules. In this study, we asked whether diaryl ether and dibenzoxepine derivatives trigger ferroptosis in thyroid cancer cells. To answer this question, we screened diaryl ether and dibenzoxepine derivatives in cell-based assays and performed mechanism of action studies. We found that a diaryl ether derivative, 16 decreased thyroid cell proliferation and triggered ferroptosis by inhibiting GPX4 expression levels. Molecular modeling and dynamics simulations showed that 16 binds to the active site of GPX4. Upon deciphering the mode of 16-induced ferroptosis, we found that 16 treatments decrease mitochondrial polarization and reduce mitochondrial respiration similar to a ferroptosis inducer, RSL3. We conclude that the diaryl ether derivative, 16 inhibits GPX4 expression levels to induce ferroptosis in thyroid cancer cells. Based on our observations, we suggest that 16 can be lead-optimized and developed as a ferroptosis-inducing agent to treat thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Pamarthy
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Behera
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sonam Swain
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sanjay Yadav
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Surisetti Suresh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Nishant Jain
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Manika Pal Bhadra
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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4
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Bhattacharjee D, Kaveti S, Jain N. APC/C CDH1 ubiquitinates STAT3 in mitosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 154:106333. [PMID: 36400381 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
STAT3, an oncogene drives tumor growth and is associated with poor prognosis. However, small molecule-based STAT3 inhibitors were unsuccessful in clinics. Recently, STAT3 degraders that ubiquitinate STAT3 were found to elicit long-lasting anti-tumor responses. Thus, triggering STAT3 ubiquitination in cancers is a better strategy than STAT3 inhibition. However, not much is known about the identity of E3-ligases that ubiquitinate STAT3 in cancers. Therefore, to design better therapies to degrade STAT3, we sought to identify E3-ligases that ubiquitinate STAT3 in cancer cells. To answer this question, we determined the cell cycle-dependent ubiquitination of STAT3 in HEK293T cells and examined the link between STAT3 dephosphorylation and ubiquitination. We found that STAT3 is more strongly ubiquitinated in mitosis than in other phases of the cell cycle. We observed that APC/C CDH1 binds and ubiquitinates STAT3 in mitosis. Further, we also found that inhibiting phosphatases decreases STAT3 ubiquitination. We conclude that APC/C CDH1 ubiquitinates STAT3 in mitosis. We suggest that mitosis can be a potential therapeutic window for treating STAT3-activated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Bhattacharjee
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana State, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Sector 19, Kamala Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sreeram Kaveti
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana State, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Sector 19, Kamala Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nishant Jain
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana State, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Sector 19, Kamala Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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5
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Wang Y, Karki R, Mall R, Sharma BR, Kalathur RC, Lee S, Kancharana B, So M, Combs KL, Kanneganti TD. Molecular mechanism of RIPK1 and caspase-8 in homeostatic type I interferon production and regulation. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111434. [PMID: 36198273 PMCID: PMC9630927 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are essential innate immune proteins that maintain tissue homeostasis through tonic expression and can be upregulated to drive antiviral resistance and inflammation upon stimulation. However, the mechanisms that inhibit aberrant IFN upregulation in homeostasis and the impacts of tonic IFN production on health and disease remain enigmatic. Here, we report that caspase-8 negatively regulates type I IFN production by inhibiting the RIPK1-TBK1 axis during homeostasis across multiple cell types and tissues. When caspase-8 is deleted or inhibited, RIPK1 interacts with TBK1 to drive elevated IFN production, leading to heightened resistance to norovirus infection in macrophages but also early onset lymphadenopathy in mice. Combined deletion of caspase-8 and RIPK1 reduces the type I IFN signaling and lymphadenopathy, highlighting the critical role of RIPK1 in this process. Overall, our study identifies a mechanism to constrain tonic type I IFN during homeostasis which could be targeted for infectious and inflammatory diseases. Wang et al. report the mechanistic regulation of homeostatic type I IFN production by caspase-8 through the RIPK1-TBK1 axis. Hyper-activation of this pathway due to loss of caspase-8 has profound physiological impacts on natural resistance to viral infection and the pathogenesis of lymphadenopathy.
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Saikiran Reddy M, Bhattacharjee D, Jain N. Plk1 regulates mutant IDH1 enzyme activity and mutant IDH2 ubiquitination in mitosis. Cell Signal 2022; 92:110279. [PMID: 35143931 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the metabolic enzymes, IDH1 and IDH2 are frequently found in glioma, chondrosarcoma, and acute myeloid leukemia. In our previous study, we showed that mutant IDH1 and IDH2 proteins levels are high in mitosis, and mutant IDH1 enzyme activity increases in mitosis. In another study, we observed that mutant IDH2 is ubiquitinated in mitosis in an APC/C-dependent manner. To orchestrate mitosis, kinases phosphorylate key proteins and regulate their functions. But it is unknown, whether mitotic kinases regulate mutant IDH1 and IDH2. As IDH1 and IDH2 have 66% sequence identity, thus we hypothesized that a common mitotic kinase(s) may regulate mutant IDH1 and IDH2 in mitosis. To test our hypothesis, we examined mutant IDH1 and IDH2 binding to mitotic kinases and determined their role in regulating mutant IDH1 and IDH2 in mitosis. Here, we observed that Cdk1/Cyclin B1 phosphorylated mutant IDH1 and IDH2 binds Plk1. Conserved Plk1 phosphobinding sites in IDH1 and IDH2 are important for Plk1 binding. We found that Plk1 regulates mutant IDH1 enzyme activity and blocking Plk1 decreases D-2HG, whereas, overexpressing Plk1 increases D-2HG levels. Furthermore, blocking Plk1 decreases mutant IDH2 ubiquitination, whereas, overexpressing Plk1 increases mutant IDH2 ubiquitination in mitosis. We conclude that Plk1 regulates mutant IDH1 enzyme activity and mutant IDH2 ubiquitination in mitosis. Based on our results, we suggest that Plk1 can be a therapeutic target in mutant IDH-linked tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saikiran Reddy
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Debanjan Bhattacharjee
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Nishant Jain
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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7
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Bhattacharjee D, Balabhaskararao K, Jain N. Mutant IDH1 inhibitors activate pSTAT3-Y705 leading to an increase in BCAT1 and YKL-40 levels in mutant IDH1-expressing cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:119114. [PMID: 34329662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IDH1 mutations are frequent and early events in gliomas. Mutant IDH1 produces D-2HG that causes epigenetic changes by increasing histone and DNA methylations, thereby contributing to tumor growth. Mutant IDH1 rewires metabolism and endows a few therapeutic vulnerabilities in cells. But, mutant IDH1 inhibitor(s) treatments reverse these therapeutic vulnerabilities by increasing cell growth. Nevertheless, it is unclear how mutant IDH1 inhibitor(s) increases cell growth. As mutant IDH1 inhibitor(s) increase cell growth, therefore we asked whether mutant IDH1 inhibitor(s) activate oncogenes in mutant IDH1-expressing cells. To answer this question, we used allosteric mutant IDH1 inhibitors to treat mutant IDH1-expressing HT1080 cells, and examined for activation of oncogenes by assessing the levels of our read-outs: BCAT1 and YKL-40. We found that mutant IDH1 inhibitors' treatments increased BCAT1 and YKL-40 levels in HT1080 cells. Next, we observed that mutant IDH1 inhibitors activated STAT3 by phosphorylation at Tyr-705 position (pSTAT3-Y705) and its nuclear translocation. Upon examining the molecular mechanism of pSTAT3-Y705 activation in mutant IDH1 inhibitor-treated cells, we found that mutant IDH1 strongly bound STAT3, but mutant IDH1 inhibitor treatment decreased mutant IDH1-STAT3 binding. Furthermore, we observed that STAT3-knockdown and pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 attenuated the mutant IDH1 inhibitor-mediated increase in BCAT1 and YKL-40 levels, whereas STAT3 overexpression and Interleukin-6 (STAT3 activator) treatments increased BCAT1 and YKL-40 levels. We conclude that mutant IDH1 inhibitors activate the oncogenic transcription factor-STAT3 leading to an increase in BCAT1 and YKL-40 levels in mutant IDH1-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Bhattacharjee
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kancharana Balabhaskararao
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Nishant Jain
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Lambhate S, Bhattacharjee D, Jain N. APC/C CDH1 ubiquitinates IDH2 contributing to ROS increase in mitosis. Cell Signal 2021; 86:110087. [PMID: 34271087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
NADPH is a cofactor used by reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes to block ROS produced in cells. Recently, it was shown that in cancer cells, ROS progressively increases in tune to cell cycle leading to a peak in mitosis. Loss of IDH2 is known to cause severe oxidative stress in cell and mouse models as ROS increases in mitochondria. Therefore, we hypothesized that IDH2, a major NADPH-producing enzyme in mitochondria is ubiquitinated for ROS to increase in mitosis. To test this hypothesis, in cancer cells we examined IDH2 ubiquitination in mitosis and measured the ROS produced. We found that IDH2 is ubiquitinated in mitosis and on inhibiting anaphase-promoting complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) IDH2 was stabilized. Further, we observed that overexpressing APC/C coactivator CDH1 decreased IDH2, whereas depleting CDH1 decreased IDH2 ubiquitination. To understand the link between IDH2 ubiquitination and ROS produced in mitosis, we show that overexpressing mitochondria-targeted-IDH1 decreased ROS by increasing NADPH in IDH2 ubiquitinated cells. We conclude that APC/C CDH1 ubiquitinates IDH2, a major NADPH-producing enzyme in mitochondria contributing to ROS increase in mitosis. Based on our results, we suggest that mitosis can be a therapeutic window in mutant IDH2-linked pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Lambhate
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Debanjan Bhattacharjee
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Nishant Jain
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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9
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Liu C, Barger CJ, Karpf AR. FOXM1: A Multifunctional Oncoprotein and Emerging Therapeutic Target in Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3065. [PMID: 34205406 PMCID: PMC8235333 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) is a member of the conserved forkhead box (FOX) transcription factor family. Over the last two decades, FOXM1 has emerged as a multifunctional oncoprotein and a robust biomarker of poor prognosis in many human malignancies. In this review article, we address the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of regulation and oncogenic functions of FOXM1, particularly in the context of ovarian cancer. FOXM1 and its associated oncogenic transcriptional signature are enriched in >85% of ovarian cancer cases and FOXM1 expression and activity can be enhanced by a plethora of genomic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational mechanisms. As a master transcriptional regulator, FOXM1 promotes critical oncogenic phenotypes in ovarian cancer, including: (1) cell proliferation, (2) invasion and metastasis, (3) chemotherapy resistance, (4) cancer stem cell (CSC) properties, (5) genomic instability, and (6) altered cellular metabolism. We additionally discuss the evidence for FOXM1 as a cancer biomarker, describe the rationale for FOXM1 as a cancer therapeutic target, and provide an overview of therapeutic strategies used to target FOXM1 for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam R. Karpf
- Eppley Institute and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68918-6805, USA; (C.L.); (C.J.B.)
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Kalathil D, John S, Nair AS. FOXM1 and Cancer: Faulty Cellular Signaling Derails Homeostasis. Front Oncol 2021; 10:626836. [PMID: 33680951 PMCID: PMC7927600 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.626836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box transcription factor, FOXM1 is implicated in several cellular processes such as proliferation, cell cycle progression, cell differentiation, DNA damage repair, tissue homeostasis, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and redox signaling. In addition to being a boon for the normal functioning of a cell, FOXM1 turns out to be a bane by manifesting in several disease scenarios including cancer. It has been given an oncogenic status based on several evidences indicating its role in tumor development and progression. FOXM1 is highly expressed in several cancers and has also been implicated in poor prognosis. A comprehensive understanding of various aspects of this molecule has revealed its role in angiogenesis, invasion, migration, self- renewal and drug resistance. In this review, we attempt to understand various mechanisms underlying FOXM1 gene and protein regulation in cancer including the different signaling pathways, post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications. Identifying crucial molecules associated with these processes can aid in the development of potential pharmacological approaches to curb FOXM1 mediated tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Kalathil
- Cancer Research Program-4, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Samu John
- Cancer Research Program-4, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Research Centre, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Asha S Nair
- Cancer Research Program-4, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Research Centre, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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