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Ahmadi E, Afrooghe A, Soltani ZE, Elahi M, Shayan M, Ohadi MAD, Dehpour AR. Beyond the lungs: Exploring diverse applications of bromhexine and ambroxol. Life Sci 2024; 353:122909. [PMID: 38997062 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The respiratory tract is commonly affected in multisystem disorders. Although many drugs have been developed to target various components of these diseases, there is still a need for effective treatments that can address both respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms. Bromhexine and ambroxol are mucolytic agents with a good safety profile that are widely used to treat respiratory conditions. These compounds seem to present several unresolved questions when carrying out their therapeutic effects, suggesting that they may not merely improve mucociliary clearance. These assumptions have provided the basis for researchers to investigate the specific characteristics of bromhexine and ambroxol. This has led to the emergence of several repositionings for this compound. Accordingly, these compounds have also shown potential benefits in the treatment of various extrapulmonary disorders, including neurological disorders, and inflammatory bowel disease. We gathered findings from relevant studies published in English between 1970 and December 2023 by searching databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Our findings revealed that most of the research on extrapulmonary uses has been conducted at the preclinical level. Accordingly, more clinical studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of bromhexine and ambroxol in these conditions. This article provides an overview of the potential extrapulmonary applications of bromhexine and ambroxol and discusses the potential advantages of using these drugs in multisystem disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ahmadi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arya Afrooghe
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ebrahim Soltani
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Elahi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Orthopedic Trans-Disciplinary Applied Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shayan
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Department of Ophthalmology, 20 Staniford St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mohammad Amin Dabbagh Ohadi
- Neurosurgery Department, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex (IKHC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad-Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Wang L, Li S, Cai K, Xiao Y, Ye L. TLR7 Agonists Modulate the Activation of Human Conjunctival Epithelial Cells Induced by IL-1β via the ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway. Inflammation 2023:10.1007/s10753-023-01818-1. [PMID: 37154978 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Conjunctival epithelia cells play an important role in the development of allergic reactions. TLR7 agonists have been shown in studies to increase the body's immunological tolerance by controlling the proportion of Th1/Th2 cells, although it is still unknown what impact this has on conjunctival epithelial cells. In this study, we examined the effect of TLR7 agonists on the inflammatory-activation of conjunctival epithelial cells induced by IL-1β. Quantitative PCR and ELISA analysis confirmed that TLR7 agonists could impair the proinflammatory cytokines released by the epithelia cells, whereas pro-inflammatory cytokines led to subsequent reactive oxygen species and neutrophil chemotaxis. Phosphorylation analysis and nucleocytoplasmic separation further confirmed that TLR7 agonists inhibit IL-1β-induced epithelia cells activation and ATP depletion via modulating the cytoplasmic residence of ERK1/2. Our finding indicated that TLR7 of conjunctival epithelia cells could be as a potent anti-inflammatory target for the ocular surface. And TLR7 agonists may become potential new drug for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shixu Li
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kaihong Cai
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China.
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Yu L, Bhattacharya D, Wang Z, Wang M. Topical administration of ambroxol eye drops augments tear secretion in rabbits. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 259:1529-1538. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-05043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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