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Zhao J, Li X, He R, Wang Y, Wang Z. Construction and Application of a Multienzyme System for Synthesis of L-malate. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-05026-x. [PMID: 39088025 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-05026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a multienzymatic system for synthesis of L-malate. First, recombinant Escherichia coli strains were constructed expressing maleic acid cis-trans isomerase (MaiA) or fumarase C (FumC) from different sources. Serratia marcescens MaiA (SMaiA) and E. coli FumC (ECFumC) showed good catalytic performance. Next, six co-expression systems for SMaiA and ECFumC were constructed. E. coli BL21 (DE3)-pRSFDuet-1-ecfumC-smaiA (named strain pFM2) had the highest L-malate catalytic activity. In 7-L fed-batch fermentation, the SMaiA and ECFumC activities of strain pFM2 wet cells were 43.4 and 154.5 U/g, respectively, 2.4- and 10.7-fold the values that were obtained in shaken flasks. Finally, a whole-cell catalytic process was established for the production of L-malate by strain pFM2 with maleate as the substrate. When the dose of pFM2 wet cells was 0.5 g/100 mL and 1 mol/L maleate was the substrate, the catalytic process was completed within 4 h. Notably, the intermediate fumarate was almost absent during the conversion process. The concentration of L-malate reached 143.8 g/L with a yield of 0.60 g/(L·min). The molar conversion rate of the substrate was 98.4%. These findings lay a foundation for the industrial application of multienzymatic synthesis of L-malate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiaolian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ranfeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yunshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ziqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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Afzal AR, Jeon J, Jung CH. Fumarase activity in NAD-dependent malic enzyme, MaeA, from Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 678:144-147. [PMID: 37634412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
NAD-dependent malic enzymes catalyze NAD reduction to NADH while converting malate to pyruvate and CO2. In this study, NAD was reduced to NADH by MaeA, NAD-dependent malic enzyme from Escherichia coli, when fumarate was used as substrate. This suggested that MaeA catalyzed the conversion of fumarate to malate and then malate to pyruvate. The K0.5 value for fumarate was determined as 13 mM, different from previously characterized fumarases in Escherichia coli. Fumarate inhibited the malic enzyme activity of MaeA where NAD reduction to NADH was examined in the presence of malate as substrate. Human ME2, an NAD-dependent malic enzyme, also converted NAD to NADH in the presence of fumarate, suggesting that the duplex activity as fumarase and malic enzyme might be conserved in various NAD-dependent malic enzymes. MaeB, NADP-dependent malic enzyme from Escherichia coli, did not reduce NADP to NADPH in the presence of fumarate, suggesting the fumarase activities of MaeA and ME2 were specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqeel Rana Afzal
- Department of Medical Science, Chonam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Jinyoung Jeon
- Department of Medical Science, Chonam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Che-Hun Jung
- Department of Medical Science, Chonam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea; Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.
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Cardoso IA, de Souza AKL, Burgess AMG, Chalmers IW, Hoffmann KF, Nonato MC. Characterization of class II fumarase from Schistosoma mansoni provides the molecular basis for selective inhibition. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 175:406-421. [PMID: 33549669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects more than 250 million people worldwide. The only drug available for its treatment undergoes first-pass hepatic metabolism and is not capable of preventing reinfection, which makes the search of new therapies urgently needed. Due to the essential role of fumarases in metabolism, these enzymes represent potential targets for developing novel schistosomiasis treatments. Here, we evaluate the expression profiles for class I and class II fumarases from Schistosoma mansoni (SmFHI and SmFHII, respectively), and report the complete characterization of SmFHII. The first SmFHII structure in complex with L-malate was determined at 1.85 Å resolution. The significant thermoshift observed for SmFHII in the presence of identified ligands makes the differential scanning fluorimetry an adequate technique for ligand screening. A complete kinetic characterization of SmFHII was performed, and comparison with the human fumarase (HsFH) revealed differences regarding the turnover number (kcat). Structural characterization allowed us to identify differences between SmFHII and HsFH that could be explored to design new selective inhibitors. This work represents the very first step towards validate the fumarases as drug targets to treat schistosomiasis. Our results provide the structural basis to rational search for selective ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara Aimê Cardoso
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Kusumota Luiz de Souza
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Adam Muslem George Burgess
- The Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Wyllie Chalmers
- The Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Francis Hoffmann
- The Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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