1
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Yang B, Li X. Unveiling the Mechanisms of Bone Marrow Toxicity Induced by Lead Acetate Exposure. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1041-1066. [PMID: 37378799 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03733-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb), a widespread heavy metal, causes severe toxicity in human and animal organs (e.g., bone marrow), whereas the mechanisms of the bone marrow toxicity induced by Pb exposure are unclear. Hence, this study was designed to reveal the hub genes involved in Pb-induced bone marrow toxicity. GSE59894 dataset obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) was composed of lead acetate (PbAc2)-treated and control bone marrow samples. Totally 120 and 85 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified on the 1st day, while 153 and 157 DEGs on the 3rd day in the bone marrow treated with 200 and 600 mg/kg of PbAc2, respectively. Notably, a total of 28 and 32 overlapping DEGs were identified in the bone marrow on the 1st and 3rd day treated with PbAc2, respectively. Biological process analysis suggested that the common DEGs were primarily participated in cell differentiation, the response to drug, xenobiotic stimulus, and organic cyclic compound. Pathway analysis demonstrated that the overlapping DEGs were primarily linked to PI3K-Akt, TGF-β, MAPK, and osteoclast differentiation signaling pathways. Moreover, the hub genes, including PLD2, DAPK1, ALB, TNF, FOS, CDKN1A, and TGFB3, might contribute to PbAc2-induced bone marrow toxicity. Overall, our study offers an important insight into the molecular mechanisms of Pb-induced bone marrow toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China.
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2
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Liu J, Gao Z, Liu X. Mitochondrial dysfunction and therapeutic perspectives in osteoporosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1325317. [PMID: 38370357 PMCID: PMC10870151 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1325317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, resulting in heightened vulnerability to fractures due to increased bone fragility. This condition primarily arises from an imbalance between the processes of bone resorption and formation. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported to potentially constitute one of the most crucial mechanisms influencing the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. In essence, mitochondria play a crucial role in maintaining the delicate equilibrium between bone formation and resorption, thereby ensuring optimal skeletal health. Nevertheless, disruption of this delicate balance can arise as a consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction. In dysfunctional mitochondria, the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) becomes uncoupled, resulting in reduced ATP synthesis and increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Reinforcement of mitochondrial dysfunction is further exacerbated by the accumulation of aberrant mitochondria. In this review, we investigated and analyzed the correlation between mitochondrial dysfunction, encompassing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) impairment, mitophagy dysregulation, defects in mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, as well as excessive ROS accumulation, with regards to OP (Figure 1). Furthermore, we explore prospective strategies currently available for modulating mitochondria to ameliorate osteoporosis. Undoubtedly, certain therapeutic strategies still require further investigation to ensure their safety and efficacy as clinical treatments. However, from a mitochondrial perspective, the potential for establishing effective and safe therapeutic approaches for osteoporosis appears promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhonghua Gao
- School of Medicine, Ezhou Vocational University, Ezhou, China
| | - Xiangjie Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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3
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Jang JS, Hong SJ, Mo S, Kim MK, Kim YG, Lee Y, Kim HH. PINK1 restrains periodontitis-induced bone loss by preventing osteoclast mitophagy impairment. Redox Biol 2024; 69:103023. [PMID: 38181706 PMCID: PMC10789640 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.103023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The oral colonization of periodontal pathogens onto gingival tissues establishes hypoxic microenvironment, often disrupting periodontal homeostasis in conjunction with oxidative stress. The association between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and osteolytic periodontitis have been suggested by recent studies. PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), a mitochondrial serine/threonine kinase, is an essential protein for mitochondrial quality control as it protects cells from oxidative stress by promoting degradation of damaged mitochondria through mitophagy. However, the pathophysiological roles of PINK1 in osteoclast-mediated bone loss have not been explored. Here we aimed to determine whether PINK1 plays a role in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis and alveolar bone resorption associated with periodontitis. C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and Pink1 knockout (KO) mice were subjected to ligature-induced periodontitis (LIP), and alveolar bones were evaluated by μCT-analysis and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. The μCT-analysis showed that bone volume fraction and travecular thickness were lower in Pink1 KO compared to WT mice. The number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts was markedly increased in the periodontal tissues of Pink1 KO mice with LIP. The genetic silencing or deletion of Pink1 promoted excessive osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption in vitro, as respectively indicated by TRAP staining and resorption pits on dentin slices. PINK1 deficiency led to mitochondrial instabilities as indicated by confocal microscopy of mitochondrial ROS, mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Consequently, a significant increase in Ca2+-nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1) signaling was also found. On the other hand, restoration of mitophagy and autophagy by spermidine (SPD) treatment and the resolution of oxidative stress by N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) treatment protected PINK1 deficiency-induced excessive generation of osteoclasts. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that PINK1 is essential for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis during osteoclast differentiation. Therefore, targeting PINK1 may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for severe periodontitis with fulminant osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Jang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Jin Hong
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Shenzheng Mo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Gun Kim
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Hee Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Ramos-Junior ES, Dawson S, Ryan W, Clinebell B, Serrano-Lopez R, Russell M, Brumbaugh R, Zhong R, Gonçalves Fernandes J, Shaddox LM, Cutler CW, Morandini AC. The protective role of CD73 in periodontitis: preventing hyper-inflammatory fibroblasts and driving osteoclast energy metabolism. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1308657. [PMID: 38152410 PMCID: PMC10751373 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1308657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Periodontitis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease affecting almost half of the adult population and is the leading cause of tooth loss in the United States. The role of extracellular nucleotide signaling including nucleotide metabolizing enzyme CD73 adds an important layer of interaction of purine mediators capable of orchestrating inflammatory outcomes. CD73 is able to catabolize 5'-adenosine monophosphate into adenosine at the extracellular level, playing a critical role in regulating many processes under physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we explored the role of CD73 in ligature-induced periodontitis in vivo comparing wild-type C57Bl/6J and CD73-deficient mice. Methods We assessed gingival levels of inflammatory cytokines in vivo and in murine gingival fibroblasts in vitro, as well as bone loss, and RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. We have also analyzed CD73 mRNA in samples derived from patients diagnosed with severe periodontitis. Results Our results in mice show that lack of CD73 resulted in increased inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as IL-1β, IL-17, Cxcl1 and Cxcl2 in diseased gingiva relative to the healthy-controls and in comparison with the wild type. CD73-deficient gingival fibroblasts also manifested a defective healing response with higher MMP-13 levels. CD73-deficient animals also showed increased osteoclastogenesis in vitro with increased mitochondrial metabolism typified by excessive activation of oxidative phosphorylation, increased mitochondrial membrane potential and accumulation of hydrogen peroxide. Micro-CT analysis revealed that lack of CD73 resulted in decreased bone mineral density, decreased trabecular bone volume and thickness as well as decreased bone volume in long bones. CD73 deficiency also resulted in increased alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis. Correlative studies of gingival samples from severe (Grade C) periodontitis showed decreased levels of CD73 compared to healthy controls, further supporting the relevance of our murine results. Conclusion In conclusion, CD73 appears to play a protective role in the gingival periodontal tissue and bone homeostasis, regulating hyper-inflammatory state of stromal fibroblasts and osteoclast energy metabolism and being an important candidate for future target therapies to prevent or control immune-mediated inflammatory and osteolytic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erivan S. Ramos-Junior
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Shantiece Dawson
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Weston Ryan
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Braden Clinebell
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Rogelio Serrano-Lopez
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Marsha Russell
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Rylee Brumbaugh
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Roger Zhong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Jussara Gonçalves Fernandes
- Division of Periodontology and Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Luciana M. Shaddox
- Division of Periodontology and Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Christopher W. Cutler
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ana Carolina Morandini
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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5
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Ledesma-Colunga MG, Passin V, Lademann F, Hofbauer LC, Rauner M. Novel Insights into Osteoclast Energy Metabolism. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2023; 21:660-669. [PMID: 37816910 PMCID: PMC10724336 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00825-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteoclasts are crucial for the dynamic remodeling of bone as they resorb old and damaged bone, making space for new bone. Metabolic reprogramming in these cells not only supports phenotypic changes, but also provides the necessary energy for their highly energy-consuming activity, bone resorption. In this review, we highlight recent developments in our understanding of the metabolic adaptations that influence osteoclast behavior and the overall remodeling of bone tissue. RECENT FINDINGS Osteoclasts undergo metabolic reprogramming to meet the energy demands during their transition from precursor cells to fully mature bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Recent research has made considerable progress in pinpointing crucial metabolic adaptations and checkpoint proteins in this process. Notably, glucose metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, and oxidative respiration were identified as essential pathways involved in osteoclast differentiation, cytoskeletal organization, and resorptive activity. Furthermore, the interaction between these pathways and amino acid and lipid metabolism adds to the complexity of the process. These interconnected processes can function as diverse fuel sources or have independent regulatory effects, significantly influencing osteoclast function. Energy metabolism in osteoclasts involves various substrates and pathways to meet the energetic requirements of osteoclasts throughout their maturation stages. This understanding of osteoclast biology may provide valuable insights for modulating osteoclast activity during the pathogenesis of bone-related disorders and may pave the way for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Ledesma-Colunga
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vanessa Passin
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Lademann
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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6
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Hsieh TY, Lin JF, Liu FC, Chen HC, Lui SW, Chang YT. Functional implications of rs9373441 with FOXP3+Treg and Tr1 for the clinical effectiveness of csDMARDs in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 551:117612. [PMID: 37866653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by a deficiency in regulatory T cells (Treg), which play a crucial role in immune regulation. While conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) are widely used, there remains a challenge as efficacy varies among patients. In this genome-wide association study (GWAS) involving 410 RA patients, rs9373441 emerged as the most significantly linked single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) to csDMARDs response. This non-coding variant functions as a cis-acting regulatory element within the UTRN gene, which is associated with cortical erosion and osteoporosis. Particularly, individuals with the TT allele at rs9373441 exhibited a more favorable response, characterized by a significant increase in FOXP3 + Treg and Type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1) (p = 0.04, 0.02) and a decrease in Effector T helper cells (Effector Th) (p = 0.03). The GATA3-GCM2-PTH and GATA3-FOXO1-FOXP3 pathways were implicated. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed increased expression levels of UTRN, PTH2R, FOXO1, and FOXO3 in good and moderate responders (p = 0.01, 0.03, 0.0005, and 0.02). Notably, the change in FOXP3 + Treg and Tr1 was positively correlated with UTRN expression (both p = 0.03). These findings underscore the critical link between rs9373441 and the response to csDMARDs, empowering clinicians to tailor treatments for enhanced outcomes in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Hsieh
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, ROC, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Fu Lin
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, ROC, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Cheng Liu
- Rheumatology/Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, ROC, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Cheng Chen
- Rheumatology/Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, ROC, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Wen Lui
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, ROC, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tien Chang
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, ROC, Taipei, Taiwan.
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7
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Chen W, Zhao H, Li Y. Mitochondrial dynamics in health and disease: mechanisms and potential targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:333. [PMID: 37669960 PMCID: PMC10480456 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles that are able to adjust and respond to different stressors and metabolic needs within a cell, showcasing their plasticity and dynamic nature. These abilities allow them to effectively coordinate various cellular functions. Mitochondrial dynamics refers to the changing process of fission, fusion, mitophagy and transport, which is crucial for optimal function in signal transduction and metabolism. An imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics can disrupt mitochondrial function, leading to abnormal cellular fate, and a range of diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Herein, we review the mechanism of mitochondrial dynamics, and its impacts on cellular function. We also delve into the changes that occur in mitochondrial dynamics during health and disease, and offer novel perspectives on how to target the modulation of mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Huakan Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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8
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Yan C, Shi Y, Yuan L, Lv D, Sun B, Wang J, Liu X, An F. Mitochondrial quality control and its role in osteoporosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1077058. [PMID: 36793284 PMCID: PMC9922754 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1077058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are important organelles that provide cellular energy and play a vital role in cell differentiation and apoptosis. Osteoporosis is a chronic metabolic bone disease mainly caused by an imbalance in osteoblast and osteoclast activity. Under physiological conditions, mitochondria regulate the balance between osteogenesis and osteoclast activity and maintain bone homeostasis. Under pathological conditions, mitochondrial dysfunction alters this balance; this disruption is important in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Because of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in osteoporosis, mitochondrial function can be targeted therapeutically in osteoporosis-related diseases. This article reviews different aspects of the pathological mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction in osteoporosis, including mitochondrial fusion and fission, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitophagy, and highlights targeted therapy of mitochondria in osteoporosis (diabetes induced osteoporosis and postmenopausal osteoporosis) to provide novel targets and prevention strategies for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and other chronic bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlu Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Gansu, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yao Shi
- School of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lingqing Yuan
- School of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Donghui Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bai Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiyan Liu
- Internal Medicine, Northwestern University, Xian, Shanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Xiyan Liu, ; Fangyu An,
| | - Fangyu An
- Teaching Experiment Training Center, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiyan Liu, ; Fangyu An,
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9
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Gundu C, Arruri VK, Yadav P, Navik U, Kumar A, Amalkar VS, Vikram A, Gaddam RR. Dynamin-Independent Mechanisms of Endocytosis and Receptor Trafficking. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162557. [PMID: 36010634 PMCID: PMC9406725 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is a fundamental mechanism by which cells perform housekeeping functions. It occurs via a variety of mechanisms and involves many regulatory proteins. The GTPase dynamin acts as a “molecular scissor” to form endocytic vesicles and is a critical regulator among the proteins involved in endocytosis. Some GTPases (e.g., Cdc42, arf6, RhoA), membrane proteins (e.g., flotillins, tetraspanins), and secondary messengers (e.g., calcium) mediate dynamin-independent endocytosis. These pathways may be convergent, as multiple pathways exist in a single cell. However, what determines the specific path of endocytosis is complex and challenging to comprehend. This review summarizes the mechanisms of dynamin-independent endocytosis, the involvement of microRNAs, and factors that contribute to the cellular decision about the specific route of endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanika Gundu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Arruri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Poonam Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Umashanker Navik
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Veda Sudhir Amalkar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ajit Vikram
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ravinder Reddy Gaddam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence:
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10
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Elblinger E, Bokor J, Bokor Á, Altbäcker V, Nagy J, Szabó J, Sárdi B, Bâlteanu A, Rónai Z, Rózsa L, Rátky J, Anton I, Zsolnai A. Parentage testing and looking for single nucleotide markers associated with antler quality in deer ( Cervus elaphus). Arch Anim Breed 2022; 65:267-274. [PMID: 36035877 PMCID: PMC9399935 DOI: 10.5194/aab-65-267-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To provide a cost-efficient parentage testing kit for red deer (Cervus elaphus), a 63 SNP set has been developed from a high-density Illumina
BovineHD BeadChip containing 777 962 SNPs after filtering of genotypes of 50
stags. The successful genotyping rate was 38.6 % on the chip. The ratio
of polymorphic loci among effectively genotyped loci was 6.5 %. The
selected 63 SNPs have been applied to 960 animals to perform parentage
control. Thirty SNPs out of the 63 had worked on the OpenArray platform. Their
combined value of the probability of identity and exclusion probability was
4.9×10-11 and 0.99803, respectively. A search for loci linked with antler quality was also performed on the
genotypes of the above-mentioned stags. Association studies revealed 14 SNPs
associated with antler quality, where low-quality antlers with short and
thin main beam antlers had values from 1 to 2, while high-quality antlers
with long and strong main beams had values between 4 and 5. The chance for a
stag to be correctly identified as having high-value antlers is expected to
be over 88 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Elblinger
- Kaposvár
Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary
| | - Julianna Bokor
- Game Management
Landscape Center, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Bőszénfa, 7475, Hungary
| | - Árpád Bokor
- Kaposvár
Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary
| | - Vilmos Altbäcker
- Kaposvár
Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary
| | - János Nagy
- Game Management
Landscape Center, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Bőszénfa, 7475, Hungary
| | - József Szabó
- Game Management
Landscape Center, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Bőszénfa, 7475, Hungary
| | - Bertalan Sárdi
- Game Management
Landscape Center, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Bőszénfa, 7475, Hungary
| | - Adrian Valentin Bâlteanu
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine,
Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zsolt Rónai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1053, Hungary
| | - László Rózsa
- Kaposvár
Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Herceghalom, 2053, Hungary
| | - József Rátky
- Department of Obstetrics
and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - István Anton
- Kaposvár
Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Herceghalom, 2053, Hungary
| | - Attila Zsolnai
- Kaposvár
Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Herceghalom, 2053, Hungary
- Institute for Farm Animal Gene Conservation, National Centre for
Biodiversity and Gene Conservation, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
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11
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The Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis after Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063057. [PMID: 33802713 PMCID: PMC8002377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects approximately 300,000 people in the United States. Most individuals who sustain severe SCI also develop subsequent osteoporosis. However, beyond immobilization-related lack of long bone loading, multiple mechanisms of SCI-related bone density loss are incompletely understood. Recent findings suggest neuronal impairment and disability may lead to an upregulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), which promotes bone resorption. Disruption of Wnt signaling and dysregulation of RANKL may also contribute to the pathogenesis of SCI-related osteoporosis. Estrogenic effects may protect bones from resorption by decreasing the upregulation of RANKL. This review will discuss the current proposed physiological and cellular mechanisms explaining osteoporosis associated with SCI. In addition, we will discuss emerging pharmacological and physiological treatment strategies, including the promising effects of estrogen on cellular protection.
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