1
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Anastas V, Chavdoula E, La Ferlita A, Soysal B, Cosentini I, Nigita G, Kearse MG, Tsichlis PN. KDM2B is required for ribosome biogenesis and its depletion unequally affects mRNA translation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.22.595403. [PMID: 38826406 PMCID: PMC11142201 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.22.595403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
KDM2B is a JmjC domain lysine demethylase, which promotes cell immortalization, stem cell self-renewal and tumorigenesis. Here we employed a multi-omics strategy to address its role in ribosome biogenesis and mRNA translation. These processes are required to sustain cell proliferation, an important cancer hallmark. Contrary to earlier observations, KDM2B promotes ribosome biogenesis by stimulating the transcription of genes encoding ribosome biogenesis factors and ribosomal proteins, particularly those involved in the biogenesis of the 40S ribosomal subunits. Knockdown of KDM2B impaired the assembly of the small and large subunit processomes, as evidenced by specific defects in pre-ribosomal RNA processing. The final outcome was a decrease in the rate of ribosome assembly and in the abundance of ribosomes, and inhibition of mRNA translation. The inhibition of translation was distributed unequally among mRNAs with different features, suggesting that mRNA-embedded properties influence how mRNAs interpret ribosome abundance. This study identified a novel mechanism contributing to the regulation of translation and provided evidence for a rich biology elicited by a pathway that depends on KDM2B, and perhaps other regulators of translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vollter Anastas
- Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Genetics, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Evangelia Chavdoula
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Alessandro La Ferlita
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Burak Soysal
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ilaria Cosentini
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Nigita
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Michael G Kearse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Philip N Tsichlis
- Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Genetics, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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2
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Xu J, Zhang J, Chen W, Ni X. The tumor-associated fibrotic reactions in microenvironment aggravate glioma chemoresistance. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1388700. [PMID: 38863628 PMCID: PMC11165034 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1388700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are one of the most common and lethal brain tumors with poor prognosis. Most patients with glioblastoma (GBM) die within 2 years of diagnosis, even after receiving standard treatments including surgery combined with concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the first-line chemotherapeutic agent for gliomas, but the frequent acquisition of chemoresistance generally leads to its treatment failure. Thus, it's urgent to investigate the strategies for overcoming glioma chemoresistance. Currently, many studies have elucidated that cancer chemoresistance is not only associated with the high expression of drug-resistance genes in glioma cells but also can be induced by the alterations of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Numerous studies have explored the use of antifibrosis drugs to sensitize chemotherapy in solid tumors, and surprisingly, these preclinical and clinical attempts have exhibited promising efficacy in treating certain types of cancer. However, it remains unclear how tumor-associated fibrotic alterations in the glioma microenvironment (GME) mediate chemoresistance. Furthermore, the possible mechanisms behind this phenomenon are yet to be determined. In this review, we have summarized the molecular mechanisms by which tumor-associated fibrotic reactions drive glioma transformation from a chemosensitive to a chemoresistant state. Additionally, we have outlined antitumor drugs with antifibrosis functions, suggesting that antifibrosis strategies may be effective in overcoming glioma chemoresistance through TME normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xu
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wubing Chen
- Department of Radiology, Wuxi Fifth People’s Hospital, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiangrong Ni
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Liu Y, Ali H, Khan F, Pang L, Chen P. Epigenetic regulation of tumor-immune symbiosis in glioma. Trends Mol Med 2024; 30:429-442. [PMID: 38453529 PMCID: PMC11081824 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Glioma is a type of aggressive and incurable brain tumor. Patients with glioma are highly resistant to all types of therapies, including immunotherapies. Epigenetic reprogramming is a key molecular hallmark in tumors across cancer types, including glioma. Mounting evidence highlights a pivotal role of epigenetic regulation in shaping tumor biology and therapeutic responses through mechanisms involving both glioma cells and immune cells, as well as their symbiotic interactions in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of epigenetic regulation that impacts glioma cell biology and tumor immunity in both a cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous manner. Moreover, we provide an overview of potential therapeutic approaches that can disrupt epigenetic-regulated tumor-immune symbiosis in the glioma TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Heba Ali
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Fatima Khan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lizhi Pang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peiwen Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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4
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Chen HL, Jin WL. Diapause-like Drug-Tolerant Persister State: The Key to Nirvana Rebirth. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:228. [PMID: 38399515 PMCID: PMC10890489 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Various drugs have been developed to eliminate it but to no avail because a tumor can go into dormancy to avoid therapy. In the past few decades, tumor dormancy has become a popular topic in cancer therapy. Recently, there has been an important breakthrough in the study of tumor dormancy. That is, cancer cells can enter a reversible drug-tolerant persister (DTP) state to avoid therapy, but no exact mechanism has been found. The study of the link between the DTP state and diapause seems to provide an opportunity for a correct understanding of the mechanism of the DTP state. Completely treating cancer and avoiding dormancy by targeting the expression of key genes in diapause are possible. This review delves into the characteristics of the DTP state and its connection with embryonic diapause, and possible treatment strategies are summarized. The authors believe that this review will promote the development of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Lin Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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5
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Kumari S, Gupta R, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Emerging trends in post-translational modification: Shedding light on Glioblastoma multiforme. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188999. [PMID: 37858622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent multi-omics studies, including proteomics, transcriptomics, genomics, and metabolomics have revealed the critical role of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in the progression and pathogenesis of Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Further, PTMs alter the oncogenic signaling events and offer a novel avenue in GBM therapeutics research through PTM enzymes as potential biomarkers for drug targeting. In addition, PTMs are critical regulators of chromatin architecture, gene expression, and tumor microenvironment (TME), that play a crucial function in tumorigenesis. Moreover, the implementation of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms enhances GBM therapeutics research through the identification of novel PTM enzymes and residues. Herein, we briefly explain the mechanism of protein modifications in GBM etiology, and in altering the biologics of GBM cells through chromatin remodeling, modulation of the TME, and signaling pathways. In addition, we highlighted the importance of PTM enzymes as therapeutic biomarkers and the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in protein PTM prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Kumari
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological, University, India
| | - Rohan Gupta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological, University, India; School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological, University, India; Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, SRM University, Sonepat, Haryana, India.
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological, University, India.
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6
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Song YQ, Yang GJ, Ma DL, Wang W, Leung CH. The role and prospect of lysine-specific demethylases in cancer chemoresistance. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1438-1469. [PMID: 37012609 DOI: 10.1002/med.21955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Histone methylation plays a key function in modulating gene expression, and preserving genome integrity and epigenetic inheritance. However, aberrations of histone methylation are commonly observed in human diseases, especially cancer. Lysine methylation mediated by histone methyltransferases can be reversed by lysine demethylases (KDMs), which remove methyl marks from histone lysine residues. Currently, drug resistance is a main impediment for cancer therapy. KDMs have been found to mediate drug tolerance of many cancers via altering the metabolic profile of cancer cells, upregulating the ratio of cancer stem cells and drug-tolerant genes, and promoting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastatic ability. Moreover, different cancers show distinct oncogenic addictions for KDMs. The abnormal activation or overexpression of KDMs can alter gene expression signatures to enhance cell survival and drug resistance in cancer cells. In this review, we describe the structural features and functions of KDMs, the KDMs preferences of different cancers, and the mechanisms of drug resistance resulting from KDMs. We then survey KDM inhibitors that have been used for combating drug resistance in cancer, and discuss the opportunities and challenges of KDMs as therapeutic targets for cancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Guan-Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wanhe Wang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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7
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Liang XW, Liu B, Chen JC, Cao Z, Chu FR, Lin X, Wang SZ, Wu JC. Characteristics and molecular mechanism of drug-tolerant cells in cancer: a review. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1177466. [PMID: 37483492 PMCID: PMC10360399 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1177466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance in tumours has seriously hindered the therapeutic effect. Tumour drug resistance is divided into primary resistance and acquired resistance, and the recent study has found that a significant proportion of cancer cells can acquire stable drug resistance from scratch. This group of cells first enters the drug tolerance state (DT state) under drug pressure, and gradually acquires stable drug resistance through adaptive mutations in this state. Although the specific mechanisms underlying the formation of drug tolerant cells (DTCs) remain unclear, various proteins and signalling pathways have been identified as being involved in the formation of DTCs. In the current review, we summarize the characteristics, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of DTCs in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Wen Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Bing- Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Zhi Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Feng-ran Chu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Xiong Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Sheng-Zhong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Jin-Cai Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
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8
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Young D, Guha C, Sidoli S. The role of histone H3 lysine demethylases in glioblastoma. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:445-454. [PMID: 37286866 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults with an average survival of 15-18 months. Part of its malignancy derives from epigenetic regulation that occurs as the tumor develops and after therapeutic treatment. Specifically, enzymes involved in removing methylations from histone proteins on chromatin, i.e., lysine demethylases (KDMs), have a significant impact on GBM biology and reoccurrence. This knowledge has paved the way to considering KDMs as potential targets for GBM treatment. For example, increases in trimethylation of histone H3 on the lysine 9 residue (H3K9me3) via inhibition of KDM4C and KDM7A has been shown to lead to cell death in Glioblastoma initiating cells. KDM6 has been shown to drive Glioma resistance to receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors and its inhibition decreases tumor resistance. In addition, increased expression of the histone methyltransferase MLL4 and UTX histone demethylase are associated with prolonged survival in a subset of GBM patients, potentially by regulating histone methylation on the promoter of the mgmt gene. Thus, the complexity of how histone modifiers contribute to glioblastoma pathology and disease progression is yet to be fully understood. To date, most of the current work on histone modifying enzymes in GBM are centered upon histone H3 demethylase enzymes. In this mini-review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of histone H3 demethylase enzymes in Glioblastoma tumor biology and therapy resistance. The objective of this work is to highlight the current and future potential areas of research for GBM epigenetics therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejauwne Young
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, New York City, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Pathology, Department of Urology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, New York City, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Chandan Guha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Pathology, Department of Urology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, New York City, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, New York City, NY, 10461, USA.
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9
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Srivastava R, Singh R, Jauhari S, Lodhi N, Srivastava R. Histone Demethylase Modulation: Epigenetic Strategy to Combat Cancer Progression. EPIGENOMES 2023; 7:epigenomes7020010. [PMID: 37218871 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes7020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are heritable, reversible changes in histones or the DNA that control gene functions, being exogenous to the genomic sequence itself. Human diseases, particularly cancer, are frequently connected to epigenetic dysregulations. One of them is histone methylation, which is a dynamically reversible and synchronously regulated process that orchestrates the three-dimensional epigenome, nuclear processes of transcription, DNA repair, cell cycle, and epigenetic functions, by adding or removing methylation groups to histones. Over the past few years, reversible histone methylation has become recognized as a crucial regulatory mechanism for the epigenome. With the development of numerous medications that target epigenetic regulators, epigenome-targeted therapy has been used in the treatment of malignancies and has shown meaningful therapeutic potential in preclinical and clinical trials. The present review focuses on the recent advances in our knowledge on the role of histone demethylases in tumor development and modulation, in emphasizing molecular mechanisms that control cancer cell progression. Finally, we emphasize current developments in the advent of new molecular inhibitors that target histone demethylases to regulate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Srivastava
- Department of Zoology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rubi Singh
- Department of Hematology, Bioreference Laboratories, Elmwood Park, NJ 07407, USA
| | - Shaurya Jauhari
- Division of Education, Training, and Assessment, Global Education Center, Infosys Limited, Mysuru 570027, Karnataka, India
| | - Niraj Lodhi
- Clinical Research (Research and Development Division) Mirna Analytics LLC, Harlem Bio-Space, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Rakesh Srivastava
- Molecular Biology and Microbiology, GenTox Research and Development, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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10
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Zhao Y, Lu T, Song Y, Wen Y, Deng Z, Fan J, Zhao M, Zhao R, Luo Y, xie J, Hu B, Sun H, Wang Y, He S, Gong Y, Cheng J, Liu X, Yu L, Li J, Li C, Shi Y, Huang Q. Cancer Cells Enter an Adaptive Persistence to Survive Radiotherapy and Repopulate Tumor. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204177. [PMID: 36658726 PMCID: PMC10015890 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Repopulation of residual tumor cells impedes curative radiotherapy, yet the mechanism is not fully understood. It is recently appreciated that cancer cells adopt a transient persistence to survive the stress of chemo- or targeted therapy and facilitate eventual relapse. Here, it is shown that cancer cells likewise enter a "radiation-tolerant persister" (RTP) state to evade radiation pressure in vitro and in vivo. RTP cells are characterized by enlarged cell size with complex karyotype, activated type I interferon pathway and two gene patterns represented by CST3 and SNCG. RTP cells have the potential to regenerate progenies via viral budding-like division, and type I interferon-mediated antiviral signaling impaired progeny production. Depleting CST3 or SNCG does not attenuate the formation of RTP cells, but can suppress RTP cells budding with impaired tumor repopulation. Interestingly, progeny cells produced by RTP cells actively lose their aberrant chromosomal fragments and gradually recover back to a chromosomal constitution similar to their unirradiated parental cells. Collectively, this study reveals a novel mechanism of tumor repopulation, i.e., cancer cell populations employ a reversible radiation-persistence by poly- and de-polyploidization to survive radiotherapy and repopulate the tumor, providing a new therapeutic concept to improve outcome of patients receiving radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucui Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases and Cancer CenterShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai201620China
| | - Tingting Lu
- Bio‐X InstitutesKey Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education)Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200030China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic DiseaseThe First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310009China
| | - Yanwei Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases and Cancer CenterShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai201620China
| | - Yanqin Wen
- Bio‐X InstitutesKey Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education)Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200030China
| | - Zheng Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases and Cancer CenterShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai201620China
| | - Jiahui Fan
- Bio‐X InstitutesKey Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education)Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200030China
| | - Minghui Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases and Cancer CenterShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai201620China
| | - Ruyi Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases and Cancer CenterShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai201620China
| | - Yuntao Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases and Cancer CenterShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai201620China
| | - Jianzhu xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases and Cancer CenterShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai201620China
| | - Binjie Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases and Cancer CenterShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai201620China
| | - Haoran Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases and Cancer CenterShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai201620China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases and Cancer CenterShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai201620China
| | - Sijia He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases and Cancer CenterShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai201620China
| | - Yanping Gong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases and Cancer CenterShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai201620China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases and Cancer CenterShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai201620China
| | - Xinjian Liu
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhen518107China
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of General SurgeryShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai201620China
| | - Jikun Li
- Department of General SurgeryShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai201620China
| | - Chuanyuan Li
- Department of DermatologyDuke University Medical CenterBox 3135DurhamNC27710USA
| | - Yongyong Shi
- Bio‐X InstitutesKey Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education)Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200030China
- Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio‐X Institutes)Qingdao UniversityQingdao266003China
| | - Qian Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases and Cancer CenterShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai201620China
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11
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Rational combinations of targeted cancer therapies: background, advances and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:213-234. [PMID: 36509911 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00615-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, elucidation of the genetic defects that underlie cancer has resulted in a plethora of novel targeted cancer drugs. Although these agents can initially be highly effective, resistance to single-agent therapies remains a major challenge. Combining drugs can help avoid resistance, but the number of possible drug combinations vastly exceeds what can be tested clinically, both financially and in terms of patient availability. Rational drug combinations based on a deep understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with therapy resistance are potentially powerful in the treatment of cancer. Here, we discuss the mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies and how effective drug combinations can be identified to combat resistance. The challenges in clinically developing these combinations and future perspectives are considered.
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12
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Dormancy, stemness, and therapy resistance: interconnected players in cancer evolution. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:197-215. [PMID: 36757577 PMCID: PMC10014678 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The biological complexity of cancer represents a tremendous clinical challenge, resulting in the frequent failure of current treatment protocols. In the rapidly evolving scenario of a growing tumor, anticancer treatments impose a drastic perturbation not only to cancer cells but also to the tumor microenvironment, killing a portion of the cells and inducing a massive stress response in the survivors. Consequently, treatments can act as a double-edged sword by inducing a temporary response while laying the ground for therapy resistance and subsequent disease progression. Cancer cell dormancy (or quiescence) is a central theme in tumor evolution, being tightly linked to the tumor's ability to survive cytotoxic challenges, metastasize, and resist immune-mediated attack. Accordingly, quiescent cancer cells (QCCs) have been detected in virtually all the stages of tumor development. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on the characterization of quiescent/therapy resistant cancer cells, unveiling QCCs core transcriptional programs, metabolic plasticity, and mechanisms of immune escape. At the same time, our partial understanding of tumor quiescence reflects the difficulty to identify stable QCCs biomarkers/therapeutic targets and to control cancer dormancy in clinical settings. This review focuses on recent discoveries in the interrelated fields of dormancy, stemness, and therapy resistance, discussing experimental evidences in the frame of a nonlinear dynamics approach, and exploring the possibility that tumor quiescence may represent not only a peril but also a potential therapeutic resource.
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13
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Wang N, Ma T, Yu B. Targeting epigenetic regulators to overcome drug resistance in cancers. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:69. [PMID: 36797239 PMCID: PMC9935618 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is mainly responsible for cancer recurrence and poor prognosis. Epigenetic regulation is a heritable change in gene expressions independent of nucleotide sequence changes. As the common epigenetic regulation mechanisms, DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA regulation have been well studied. Increasing evidence has shown that aberrant epigenetic regulations contribute to tumor resistance. Therefore, targeting epigenetic regulators represents an effective strategy to reverse drug resistance. In this review, we mainly summarize the roles of epigenetic regulation in tumor resistance. In addition, as the essential factors for epigenetic modifications, histone demethylases mediate the histone or genomic DNA modifications. Herein, we comprehensively describe the functions of the histone demethylase family including the lysine-specific demethylase family, the Jumonji C-domain-containing demethylase family, and the histone arginine demethylase family, and fully discuss their regulatory mechanisms related to cancer drug resistance. In addition, therapeutic strategies, including small-molecule inhibitors and small interfering RNA targeting histone demethylases to overcome drug resistance, are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ting Ma
- Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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14
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Re-Sensitizing Cancer Stem Cells to Conventional Chemotherapy Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032122. [PMID: 36768445 PMCID: PMC9917165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are found in many cancer types. They comprise a distinct subpopulation of cells within the tumor that exhibit properties of stem cells. They express a number of cell surface markers, such as CD133, CD44, ALDH, and EpCAM, as well as embryonic transcription factors Oct4, Nanog, and SOX2. CSCs are more resistant to conventional chemotherapy and can potentially drive tumor relapse. Therefore, it is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms that drive chemoresistance and to target them with specific therapy effectively. Highly conserved developmental signaling pathways such as Wnt, Hedgehog, and Notch are commonly reported to play a role in CSCs chemoresistance development. Studies show that particular pathway inhibitors combined with conventional therapy may re-establish sensitivity to the conventional therapy. Another significant contributor of chemoresistance is a specific tumor microenvironment. Surrounding stroma in the form of cancer-associated fibroblasts, macrophages, endothelial cells, and extracellular matrix components produce cytokines and other factors, thus creating a favorable environment and decreasing the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy. Anti-stromal agents may potentially help to overcome these effects. Epigenetic changes and autophagy were also among the commonly reported mechanisms of chemoresistance. This review provides an overview of signaling pathway components involved in the development of chemoresistance of CSCs and gathers evidence from experimental studies in which CSCs can be re-sensitized to conventional chemotherapy agents across different cancer types.
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15
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Moore PC, Henderson KW, Classon M. The epigenome and the many facets of cancer drug tolerance. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 158:1-39. [PMID: 36990531 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of chemotherapeutic agents and the development of new cancer therapies over the past few decades has consequently led to the emergence of myriad therapeutic resistance mechanisms. Once thought to be explicitly driven by genetics, the coupling of reversible sensitivity and absence of pre-existing mutations in some tumors opened the way for discovery of drug-tolerant persisters (DTPs): slow-cycling subpopulations of tumor cells that exhibit reversible sensitivity to therapy. These cells confer multi-drug tolerance, to targeted and chemotherapies alike, until the residual disease can establish a stable, drug-resistant state. The DTP state can exploit a multitude of distinct, yet interlaced, mechanisms to survive otherwise lethal drug exposures. Here, we categorize these multi-faceted defense mechanisms into unique Hallmarks of Cancer Drug Tolerance. At the highest level, these are comprised of heterogeneity, signaling plasticity, differentiation, proliferation/metabolism, stress management, genomic integrity, crosstalk with the tumor microenvironment, immune escape, and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. Of these, epigenetics was both one of the first proposed means of non-genetic resistance and one of the first discovered. As we describe in this review, epigenetic regulatory factors are involved in most facets of DTP biology, positioning this hallmark as an overarching mediator of drug tolerance and a potential avenue to novel therapies.
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16
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McCornack C, Woodiwiss T, Hardi A, Yano H, Kim AH. The function of histone methylation and acetylation regulators in GBM pathophysiology. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1144184. [PMID: 37205197 PMCID: PMC10185819 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1144184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary brain malignancy and is characterized by a high degree of intra and intertumor cellular heterogeneity, a starkly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and nearly universal recurrence. The application of various genomic approaches has allowed us to understand the core molecular signatures, transcriptional states, and DNA methylation patterns that define GBM. Histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs) have been shown to influence oncogenesis in a variety of malignancies, including other forms of glioma, yet comparatively less effort has been placed on understanding the transcriptional impact and regulation of histone PTMs in the context of GBM. In this review we discuss work that investigates the role of histone acetylating and methylating enzymes in GBM pathogenesis, as well as the effects of targeted inhibition of these enzymes. We then synthesize broader genomic and epigenomic approaches to understand the influence of histone PTMs on chromatin architecture and transcription within GBM and finally, explore the limitations of current research in this field before proposing future directions for this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin McCornack
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Timothy Woodiwiss
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, IA, United States
| | - Angela Hardi
- Bernard Becker Medical Library, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Hiroko Yano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- The Brain Tumor Center, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Albert H. Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- The Brain Tumor Center, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Albert H. Kim,
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17
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Regulation of Metastatic Tumor Dormancy and Emerging Opportunities for Therapeutic Intervention. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213931. [PMID: 36430404 PMCID: PMC9698240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer recurrence and metastasis, following successful treatment, constitutes a critical threat in clinical oncology and are the leading causes of death amongst cancer patients. This phenomenon is largely attributed to metastatic tumor dormancy, a rate-limiting stage during cancer progression, in which disseminated cancer cells remain in a viable, yet not proliferating state for a prolonged period. Dormant cancer cells are characterized by their entry into cell cycle arrest and survival in a quiescence state to adapt to their new microenvironment through the acquisition of mutations and epigenetic modifications, rendering them resistant to anti-cancer treatment and immune surveillance. Under favorable conditions, disseminated dormant tumor cells 're-awake', resume their proliferation and thus colonize distant sites. Due to their rarity, detection of dormant cells using current diagnostic tools is challenging and, thus, therapeutic targets are hard to be identified. Therefore, unraveling the underlying mechanisms required for keeping disseminating tumor cells dormant, along with signals that stimulate their "re-awakening" are crucial for the discovery of novel pharmacological treatments. In this review, we shed light into the main mechanisms that control dormancy induction and escape as well as emerging therapeutic strategies for the eradication of metastatic dormant cells, including dormancy maintenance, direct targeting of dormant cells and re-awakening dormant cells. Studies on the ability of the metastatic cancer cells to cease proliferation and survive in a quiescent state before re-initiating proliferation and colonization years after successful treatment, will pave the way toward developing innovative therapeutic strategies against dormancy-mediated metastatic outgrowth.
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18
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Tumor cell dormancy: Molecular mechanisms, and pharmacological approaches to target dormant cells for countering tumor. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Gouda MBY, Zidane MA, Abdelhady AS, Hassan NM. Expression and prognostic significance of chromatin modulators EHMT2/G9a and KDM2b in acute myeloid leukemia. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1340-1355. [PMID: 35696556 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics factors are critical for normal cell function and their regulation is sensitive to malignancy development. EHMT2/G9a and KDM2b are key epigenetics players in different cancer types. However, their expression profiles and related consequences in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients have not been known yet. In addition to routine lab work, expression levels of EHMT2/G9a and KDM2b were determined in 110 adult and pediatric patients with De Novo AML. Relations between their expression and patients' clinical data were tested by statistical methods. EHMT2/G9a and KDM2b were highly expressed in AML patients against control cases and associated with the presence of adverse genomic alterations. In response to induction chemotherapy, EHMT2/G9a and KDM2b showed to be significantly high in resistant and relapsed patients in comparison to the complete remission group. KDM2b overexpression was associated with CD11c (integrin alpha X) downregulation. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that EHMT2/G9a and KDM2b overexpression was correlated with poor survival status in AML patients. We conclude that EHMT2/G9a and KDM2b expression levels could be used as independent prognostic factors for AML disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud B Y Gouda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Zidane
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Naglaa M Hassan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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20
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Uribe D, Niechi I, Rackov G, Erices JI, San Martín R, Quezada C. Adapt to Persist: Glioblastoma Microenvironment and Epigenetic Regulation on Cell Plasticity. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:313. [PMID: 35205179 PMCID: PMC8869716 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive brain tumor, characterized by great resistance to treatments, as well as inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. GBM exhibits infiltration, vascularization and hypoxia-associated necrosis, characteristics that shape a unique microenvironment in which diverse cell types are integrated. A subpopulation of cells denominated GBM stem-like cells (GSCs) exhibits multipotency and self-renewal capacity. GSCs are considered the conductors of tumor progression due to their high tumorigenic capacity, enhanced proliferation, invasion and therapeutic resistance compared to non-GSCs cells. GSCs have been classified into two molecular subtypes: proneural and mesenchymal, the latter showing a more aggressive phenotype. Tumor microenvironment and therapy can induce a proneural-to-mesenchymal transition, as a mechanism of adaptation and resistance to treatments. In addition, GSCs can transition between quiescent and proliferative substates, allowing them to persist in different niches and adapt to different stages of tumor progression. Three niches have been described for GSCs: hypoxic/necrotic, invasive and perivascular, enhancing metabolic changes and cellular interactions shaping GSCs phenotype through metabolic changes and cellular interactions that favor their stemness. The phenotypic flexibility of GSCs to adapt to each niche is modulated by dynamic epigenetic modifications. Methylases, demethylases and histone deacetylase are deregulated in GSCs, allowing them to unlock transcriptional programs that are necessary for cell survival and plasticity. In this review, we described the effects of GSCs plasticity on GBM progression, discussing the role of GSCs niches on modulating their phenotype. Finally, we described epigenetic alterations in GSCs that are important for stemness, cell fate and therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Uribe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (D.U.); (I.N.); (J.I.E.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Ignacio Niechi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (D.U.); (I.N.); (J.I.E.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Gorjana Rackov
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José I. Erices
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (D.U.); (I.N.); (J.I.E.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Rody San Martín
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (D.U.); (I.N.); (J.I.E.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Claudia Quezada
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (D.U.); (I.N.); (J.I.E.); (R.S.M.)
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
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21
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Wu Q, Berglund AE, Etame AB. The Impact of Epigenetic Modifications on Adaptive Resistance Evolution in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8324. [PMID: 34361090 PMCID: PMC8347012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly lethal cancer that is universally refractory to the standard multimodal therapies of surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy treatment. Temozolomide (TMZ) is currently the best chemotherapy agent for GBM, but the durability of response is epigenetically dependent and often short-lived secondary to tumor resistance. Therapies that can provide synergy to chemoradiation are desperately needed in GBM. There is accumulating evidence that adaptive resistance evolution in GBM is facilitated through treatment-induced epigenetic modifications. Epigenetic alterations of DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin remodeling have all been implicated as mechanisms that enhance accessibility for transcriptional activation of genes that play critical roles in GBM resistance and lethality. Hence, understanding and targeting epigenetic modifications associated with GBM resistance is of utmost priority. In this review, we summarize the latest updates on the impact of epigenetic modifications on adaptive resistance evolution in GBM to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Anders E. Berglund
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Arnold B. Etame
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
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22
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Lang F, Liu Y, Chou FJ, Yang C. Genotoxic therapy and resistance mechanism in gliomas. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107922. [PMID: 34171339 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most common and lethal brain tumors. Surgical resection followed by radiotherapy plus chemotherapy is the current standard of care for patients with glioma. The existence of resistance to genotoxic therapy, as well as the nature of tumor heterogeneity greatly limits the efficacy of glioma therapy. DNA damage repair pathways play essential roles in many aspects of glioma biology such as cancer progression, therapy resistance, and tumor relapse. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) repairs the cytotoxic DNA lesion generated by temozolomide (TMZ), considered as the main mechanism of drug resistance. In addition, mismatch repair, base excision repair, and homologous recombination DNA repair also play pivotal roles in treatment resistance as well. Furthermore, cellular mechanisms, such as cancer stem cells, evasion from apoptosis, and metabolic reprogramming, also contribute to TMZ resistance in gliomas. Investigations over the past two decades have revealed comprehensive mechanisms of glioma therapy resistance, which has led to the development of novel therapeutic strategies and targeting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchao Lang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fu-Ju Chou
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chunzhang Yang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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23
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Cabanos HF, Hata AN. Emerging Insights into Targeted Therapy-Tolerant Persister Cells in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112666. [PMID: 34071428 PMCID: PMC8198243 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is perhaps the greatest challenge in improving outcomes for cancer patients undergoing treatment with targeted therapies. It is becoming clear that "persisters," a subpopulation of drug-tolerant cells found in cancer populations, play a critical role in the development of drug resistance. Persisters are able to maintain viability under therapy but are typically slow cycling or dormant. These cells do not harbor classic drug resistance driver alterations, and their partial resistance phenotype is transient and reversible upon removal of the drug. In the clinic, the persister state most closely corresponds to minimal residual disease from which relapse can occur if treatment is discontinued or if acquired drug resistance develops in response to continuous therapy. Thus, eliminating persister cells will be crucial to improve outcomes for cancer patients. Using lung cancer targeted therapies as a primary paradigm, this review will give an overview of the characteristics of drug-tolerant persister cells, mechanisms associated with drug tolerance, and potential therapeutic opportunities to target this persister cell population in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidie Frisco Cabanos
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aaron N. Hata
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-724-3442
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24
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Sterling J, Menezes SV, Abbassi RH, Munoz L. Histone lysine demethylases and their functions in cancer. Int J Cancer 2021; 148:2375-2388. [PMID: 33128779 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) are enzymes that remove the methylation marks on lysines in nucleosomes' histone tails. These changes in methylation marks regulate gene transcription during both development and malignant transformation. Depending on which lysine residue is targeted, the effect of a given KDM on gene transcription can be either activating or repressing, and KDMs can regulate the expression of both oncogenes and tumour suppressors. Thus, the functions of KDMs can be regarded as both oncogenic and tumour suppressive, contingent on cell context and the enzyme isoform. Finally, KDMs also demethylate nonhistone proteins and have a variety of demethylase-independent functions. These epigenetic and other mechanisms that KDMs control make them important regulators of malignant tumours. Here, we present an overview of eight KDM subfamilies, their most-studied lysine targets and selected recent data on their roles in cancer stem cells, tumour aggressiveness and drug tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayden Sterling
- School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sharleen V Menezes
- School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ramzi H Abbassi
- School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lenka Munoz
- School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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25
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Brabson JP, Leesang T, Mohammad S, Cimmino L. Epigenetic Regulation of Genomic Stability by Vitamin C. Front Genet 2021; 12:675780. [PMID: 34017357 PMCID: PMC8129186 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.675780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation plays an important role in the maintenance of genomic stability. Ten-eleven translocation proteins (TETs) are a family of iron (Fe2+) and α-KG -dependent dioxygenases that regulate DNA methylation levels by oxidizing 5-methylcystosine (5mC) to generate 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). These oxidized methylcytosines promote passive demethylation upon DNA replication, or active DNA demethylation, by triggering base excision repair and replacement of 5fC and 5caC with an unmethylated cytosine. Several studies over the last decade have shown that loss of TET function leads to DNA hypermethylation and increased genomic instability. Vitamin C, a cofactor of TET enzymes, increases 5hmC formation and promotes DNA demethylation, suggesting that this essential vitamin, in addition to its antioxidant properties, can also directly influence genomic stability. This review will highlight the functional role of DNA methylation, TET activity and vitamin C, in the crosstalk between DNA methylation and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Brabson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Tiffany Leesang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sofia Mohammad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Luisa Cimmino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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26
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Crake RLI, Burgess ER, Royds JA, Phillips E, Vissers MCM, Dachs GU. The Role of 2-Oxoglutarate Dependent Dioxygenases in Gliomas and Glioblastomas: A Review of Epigenetic Reprogramming and Hypoxic Response. Front Oncol 2021; 11:619300. [PMID: 33842321 PMCID: PMC8027507 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.619300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are a heterogeneous group of cancers that predominantly arise from glial cells in the brain, but may also arise from neural stem cells, encompassing low-grade glioma and high-grade glioblastoma. Whereas better diagnosis and new treatments have improved patient survival for many cancers, glioblastomas remain challenging with a highly unfavorable prognosis. This review discusses a super-family of enzymes, the 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenase enzymes (2-OGDD) that control numerous processes including epigenetic modifications and oxygen sensing, and considers their many roles in the pathology of gliomas. We specifically describe in more detail the DNA and histone demethylases, and the hypoxia-inducible factor hydroxylases in the context of glioma, and discuss the substrate and cofactor requirements of the 2-OGDD enzymes. Better understanding of how these enzymes contribute to gliomas could lead to the development of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L. I. Crake
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Eleanor R. Burgess
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Janice A. Royds
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Elisabeth Phillips
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Margreet C. M. Vissers
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Gabi U. Dachs
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Sanches JGP, Song B, Zhang Q, Cui X, Yabasin IB, Ntim M, Li X, He J, Zhang Y, Mao J, Lu Y, Li L. The Role of KDM2B and EZH2 in Regulating the Stemness in Colorectal Cancer Through the PI3K/AKT Pathway. Front Oncol 2021; 11:637298. [PMID: 33791221 PMCID: PMC8006351 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.637298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been increasing worldwide in recent years. Targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs) in CRC remains a difficult challenge. KDM2B and EZH2 play important role in the maintenance of CSCs' self-renewal capacity and tumorigenic ability; however, the biological functions of those genes in CRC remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to define the contribution of the expression of KDM2B in the features of CRC and establish the relationship between KDM2B and EZH2 in colorectal CSCs. Methods: The expression of KDM2B and EZH2 in the specimens of CRC and CRC cell lines were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and immunofluorescence. The underlying mechanisms of altered expressions of KDM2B and EZH2 and their impact on the biologic features of CRC and stemness in CRC were investigated. Results: The KDM2B gene was highly expressed in CRC tissues, and its overexpression positively correlated with tumor stages and tumor/node/metastasis (TNM) classification. The downregulation of KDM2B retarded cell proliferation, induced DNA damage, reduced spheroid formation, and decreased CRC stem cell markers: CD44, CD133, and ALDH-1. Moreover, the downregulation of KDM2B decreased the expression of EZH2 and both regulated cell migration, invasion, and stemness in the CRC cell line. Additionally, the interaction between KDM2B and EZH2 significantly increased the components of the PI3K/AKT pathway including AKT and PI3K. The high expression of KDM2B positively correlated with EZH2 in CRC tissues. Conclusion: This study shows that the downregulation of KDM2B and EZH2 can regulate CRC cell stemness, and their interaction may serve as a novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target for patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Pathology and Forensics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Forensics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinye Cui
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Iddrisu Baba Yabasin
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Michael Ntim
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinlong Li
- Department of Pathology and Forensics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jiabei He
- Department of Ultrasound, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Forensics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jun Mao
- Department of Pathology and Forensics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Teaching Laboratory of Morphology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lianhong Li
- Department of Pathology and Forensics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,The Key Laboratory of Tumor Stem Cell Research of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Cole AJ, Dickson KA, Liddle C, Stirzaker C, Shah JS, Clifton-Bligh R, Marsh DJ. Ubiquitin chromatin remodelling after DNA damage is associated with the expression of key cancer genes and pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:1011-1027. [PMID: 32458023 PMCID: PMC11072370 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03552-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Modification of the cancer-associated chromatin landscape in response to therapeutic DNA damage influences gene expression and contributes to cell fate. The central histone mark H2Bub1 results from addition of a single ubiquitin on lysine 120 of histone H2B and is an important regulator of gene expression. Following treatment with a platinum-based chemotherapeutic, there is a reduction in global levels of H2Bub1 accompanied by an increase in levels of the tumor suppressor p53. Although total H2Bub1 decreases following DNA damage, H2Bub1 is enriched downstream of transcription start sites of specific genes. Gene-specific H2Bub1 enrichment was observed at a defined group of genes that clustered into cancer-related pathways and correlated with increased gene expression. H2Bub1-enriched genes encompassed fifteen p53 target genes including PPM1D, BTG2, PLK2, MDM2, CDKN1A and BBC3, genes related to ERK/MAPK signalling, those participating in nucleotide excision repair including XPC, and genes involved in the immune response and platinum drug resistance including POLH. Enrichment of H2Bub1 at key cancer-related genes may function to regulate gene expression and influence the cellular response to therapeutic DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Cole
- Hormones and Cancer Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Magee Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kristie-Ann Dickson
- Hormones and Cancer Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Translational Oncology Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Clare Stirzaker
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jaynish S Shah
- Hormones and Cancer Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Roderick Clifton-Bligh
- Hormones and Cancer Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah J Marsh
- Hormones and Cancer Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Translational Oncology Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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29
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Bakhshinyan D, Savage N, Salim SK, Venugopal C, Singh SK. The Strange Case of Jekyll and Hyde: Parallels Between Neural Stem Cells and Glioblastoma-Initiating Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 10:603738. [PMID: 33489908 PMCID: PMC7820896 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.603738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, radial glial precursor cells give rise to neural lineages, and a small proportion persist in the adult mammalian brain to contribute to long-term neuroplasticity. Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in two neurogenic niches of the adult brain, the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). NSCs in the SVZ are endowed with the defining stem cell properties of self-renewal and multipotent differentiation, which are maintained by intrinsic cellular programs, and extrinsic cellular and niche-specific interactions. In glioblastoma, the most aggressive primary malignant brain cancer, a subpopulation of cells termed glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) exhibit similar stem-like properties. While there is an extensive overlap between NSCs and GSCs in function, distinct genetic profiles, transcriptional programs, and external environmental cues influence their divergent behavior. This review highlights the similarities and differences between GSCs and SVZ NSCs in terms of their gene expression, regulatory molecular pathways, niche organization, metabolic programs, and current therapies designed to exploit these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bakhshinyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Neil Savage
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sabra Khalid Salim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sheila K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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30
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Kunadis E, Lakiotaki E, Korkolopoulou P, Piperi C. Targeting post-translational histone modifying enzymes in glioblastoma. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 220:107721. [PMID: 33144118 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults, and the most lethal form of glioma, characterized by variable histopathology, aggressiveness and poor clinical outcome and prognosis. GBMs constitute a challenge for oncologists because of their molecular heterogeneity, extensive invasion, and tendency to relapse. Glioma cells demonstrate a variety of deregulated genomic pathways and extensive interplay with epigenetic alterations. Epigenetic modifications have emerged as essential players in GBM research, with biomarker potential for tumor classification and prognosis and for drug targeting. Histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are crucial regulators of chromatin architecture and gene expression, playing a pivotal role in malignant transformation, tumor development and progression. Alteration in the expression of genes coding for lysine and arginine methyltransferases (G9a, SUV39H1 and SETDB1) and acetyltransferases and deacetylases (KAT6A, SIRT2, SIRT7, HDAC4, 6, 9) contribute to GBM pathogenesis. In addition, proteins of the sumoylation pathway are upregulated in GBM cell lines, including E1 (SAE1), E2 (Ubc9) components, and a SUMO-specific protease (SENP1). Preclinical and clinical studies are currently in progress targeting epigenetic enzymes in gliomas, including a new generation of histone deacetylase (HDAC), protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) and bromodomain (BRD) inhibitors. Herein, we provide an update on recent advances in glioma epigenetic research, focusing on the role of histone modifications and the use of epigenetic therapy as a valid treatment option for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kunadis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Lakiotaki
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Penelope Korkolopoulou
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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31
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Du J, Yan X, Mi S, Li Y, Ji H, Hou K, Ma S, Ba Y, Zhou P, Chen L, Xie R, Hu S. Identification of Prognostic Model and Biomarkers for Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics in Glioblastoma by Network Analysis of Multi-Omics Data and Stemness Indices. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:558961. [PMID: 33195193 PMCID: PMC7604309 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.558961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of most human cancers mainly involves the gradual accumulation of the loss of differentiated phenotypes and the sequential acquisition of progenitor and stem cell-like features. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) stem cells (GSCs), characterized by self-renewal and therapeutic resistance, play vital roles in GBM. However, a comprehensive understanding of GBM stemness remains elusive. Two stemness indices, mRNAsi and EREG-mRNAsi, were employed to comprehensively analyze GBM stemness. We observed that mRNAsi was significantly related to multi-omics parameters (such as mutant status, sample type, transcriptomics, and molecular subtype). Moreover, potential mechanisms and candidate compounds targeting the GBM stemness signature were illuminated. By combining weighted gene co-expression network analysis with differential analysis, we obtained 18 stemness-related genes, 10 of which were significantly related to survival. Moreover, we obtained a prediction model from both two independent cancer databases that was not only an independent clinical outcome predictor but could also accurately predict the clinical parameters of GBM. Survival analysis and experimental data confirmed that the five hub genes (CHI3L2, FSTL3, RPA3, RRM2, and YTHDF2) could be used as markers for poor prognosis of GBM. Mechanistically, the effect of inhibiting the proliferation of GSCs was attributed to the reduction of the ratio of CD133 and the suppression of the invasiveness of GSCs. The results based on an in vivo xenograft model are consistent with the finding that knockdown of the hub gene inhibits the growth of GSCs in vitro. Our approach could be applied to facilitate the development of objective diagnostic and targeted treatment tools to quantify cancer stemness in clinical tumors, and perhaps lead considerable benefits that could predict tumor prognosis, identify new stemness-related targets and targeted therapies, or improve targeted therapy sensitivity. The five genes identified in this study are expected to be the targets of GBM stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiuwei Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shan Mi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hang Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Kuiyuan Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yixu Ba
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Digestive Internal Medicine, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Shaoshan Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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32
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SPT6-driven error-free DNA repair safeguards genomic stability of glioblastoma cancer stem-like cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4709. [PMID: 32948765 PMCID: PMC7501306 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma cancer-stem like cells (GSCs) display marked resistance to ionizing radiation (IR), a standard of care for glioblastoma patients. Mechanisms underpinning radio-resistance of GSCs remain largely unknown. Chromatin state and the accessibility of DNA lesions to DNA repair machineries are crucial for the maintenance of genomic stability. Understanding the functional impact of chromatin remodeling on DNA repair in GSCs may lay the foundation for advancing the efficacy of radio-sensitizing therapies. Here, we present the results of a high-content siRNA microscopy screen, revealing the transcriptional elongation factor SPT6 to be critical for the genomic stability and self-renewal of GSCs. Mechanistically, SPT6 transcriptionally up-regulates BRCA1 and thereby drives an error-free DNA repair in GSCs. SPT6 loss impairs the self-renewal, genomic stability and tumor initiating capacity of GSCs. Collectively, our results provide mechanistic insights into how SPT6 regulates DNA repair and identify SPT6 as a putative therapeutic target in glioblastoma. Cancer stem cells can evade treatment. Here, the authors perform an in vitro screen to identify proteins that are involved in protecting glioma cancer stem cells from therapy and find that SPT6 increases BRCA1 expression and drives error-free DNA repair, thereby ensuring the survival of the cells.
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33
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Guan R, Zhang X, Guo M. Glioblastoma stem cells and Wnt signaling pathway: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Chin Neurosurg J 2020; 6:25. [PMID: 32922954 PMCID: PMC7398200 DOI: 10.1186/s41016-020-00207-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common form of primary brain tumor. Glioblastoma stem cells play an important role in tumor formation by activation of several signaling pathways. Wnt signaling pathway is one such important pathway which helps cellular differentiation to promote tumor formation in the brain. Glioblastoma remains to be a highly destructive type of tumor despite availability of treatment strategies like surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Advances in the field of cancer biology have revolutionized therapy by allowing targeting of tumor-specific molecular deregulation. In this review, we discuss about the significance of glioblastoma stem cells in cancer progression through Wnt signaling pathway and highlight the clinical targets being potentially considered for therapy in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang, Harbin, 150086 Heilongjiang Province China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081 Heilongjiang Province China
| | - Mian Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang, Harbin, 150086 Heilongjiang Province China
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Abstract
As a unique subpopulation of cancer cells, cancer stem cells (CSCs) acquire the resistance to conventional therapies and appear to be the prime cause of cancer recurrence. Like their normal counterparts, CSCs can renew themselves and generate differentiated progenies. Cancer stem cells are distinguished among heterogenous cancer cells by molecular markers and their capacity of efficiently forming new tumors composed of diverse and heterogenous cancer cells. Tumor heterogeneity can be inter- or intra-tumor, molecularly resulting from the accumulation of genetic and non-genetic alterations. Non-genetic alterations are mainly changes on epigenetic modifications of DNA and histone, and chromatin remodeling. As tumor-initiating cells and contributing to the tumor heterogeneity in the brain, glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) attract extensive research interests. Epigenetic modifications confer on tumor cells including CSCs reversible and inheritable genomic changes and affect gene expression without alteration in DNA sequence. Here, we will review recent advances in histone demethylation, DNA methylation, RNA methylation and ubiquitination in glioblastomas and their impacts on tumorigenesis with a focus on CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhou Zhu
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Victoria Xie
- M.D. Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Suyun Huang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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35
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Lin Q, Wu Z, Yue X, Yu X, Wang Z, Song X, Xu L, He Y, Ge Y, Tan S, Wang T, Song H, Yuan D, Gong Y, Gao L, Liang X, Ma C. ZHX2 restricts hepatocellular carcinoma by suppressing stem cell-like traits through KDM2A-mediated H3K36 demethylation. EBioMedicine 2020; 53:102676. [PMID: 32114388 PMCID: PMC7047184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver cancer stem cells (CSCs) are critical determinants of HCC relapse and therapeutic resistance, but the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of CSCs are poorly understood. We aimed to explore the role of tumor repressor Zinc-fingers and homeoboxes 2 (ZHX2) in liver CSCs. Methods CD133+ or EPCAM+ stem-like liver cancer cells were sorted from tumor tissues of HCC patients and HCC cell lines by flow cytometry. In addition, sorafenib-resistant cells, tumor-sphere forming cells and side population (SP) cells were respectively cultured and isolated as hepatic CSCs. The tumor-initiating and chemoresistance properties of ZHX2-overexpressing and ZHX2-knockdown cells were analyzed in vivo and in vitro. Microarray, luciferase reporter assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and ChIP-on-chip analyses were performed to explore ZHX2 target genes. The expression of ZHX2 and its target gene were determined by quantitative RT-PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining in hepatoma cells and tumor and adjacent tissues from HCC patients. Results ZHX2 expression was significantly reduced in liver CSCs from different origins. ZHX2 deficiency led to enhanced liver tumor progression and expansion of CSC populations in vitro and in vivo. Re-expression of ZHX2 restricted capabilities of hepatic CSCs in supporting tumor initiation, self-renewal and sorafenib-resistance. Mechanically, ZHX2 suppressed liver CSCs via inhibiting KDM2A-mediated demethylation of histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36) at the promoter regions of stemness-associated transcription factors, such as NANOG, SOX4 and OCT4. Moreover, patients with lower expression of ZHX2 and higher expression of KDM2A in tumor tissues showed significantly poorer survival. Conclusion ZHX2 counteracts stem cell traits through transcriptionally repressing KDM2A in HCC. Our data will aid in a better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying HCC relapse and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Lin
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Zhuanchang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xuetian Yue
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xiangguo Yu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xiaojia Song
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Leiqi Xu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ying He
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yutong Ge
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Siyu Tan
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Tixiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Hui Song
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Detian Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lifen Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Chunhong Ma
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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Breast Cancer Stem Cells as Drivers of Tumor Chemoresistance, Dormancy and Relapse: New Challenges and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101569. [PMID: 31619007 PMCID: PMC6826533 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among women worldwide. Therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat metastatic disease are still inadequate although great progress has been made in treating early-stage breast cancer. Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) that are endowed with high plasticity and self-renewal properties have been shown to play a key role in breast cancer development, progression, and metastasis. A subpopulation of CSCs that combines tumor-initiating capacity and a dormant/quiescent/slow cycling status is present throughout the clinical history of breast cancer patients. Dormant/quiescent/slow cycling CSCs are a key component of tumor heterogeneity and they are responsible for chemoresistance, tumor migration, and metastatic dormancy, defined as the ability of CSCs to survive in target organs and generate metastasis up to two decades after diagnosis. Understanding the strategies that are used by CSCs to resist conventional and targeted therapies, to interact with their niche, to escape immune surveillance, and finally to awaken from dormancy is of key importance to prevent and treat metastatic cancer. This review summarizes the current understanding of mechanisms involved in CSCs chemoresistance, dissemination, and metastasis in breast cancer, with a particular focus on dormant cells. Finally, we discuss how advancements in the detection, molecular understanding, and targeting of dormant CSCs will likely open new therapeutic avenues for breast cancer treatment.
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37
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Court F, Le Boiteux E, Fogli A, Müller-Barthélémy M, Vaurs-Barrière C, Chautard E, Pereira B, Biau J, Kemeny JL, Khalil T, Karayan-Tapon L, Verrelle P, Arnaud P. Transcriptional alterations in glioma result primarily from DNA methylation-independent mechanisms. Genome Res 2019; 29:1605-1621. [PMID: 31533980 PMCID: PMC6771409 DOI: 10.1101/gr.249219.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In cancer cells, aberrant DNA methylation is commonly associated with transcriptional alterations, including silencing of tumor suppressor genes. However, multiple epigenetic mechanisms, including polycomb repressive marks, contribute to gene deregulation in cancer. To dissect the relative contribution of DNA methylation–dependent and –independent mechanisms to transcriptional alterations at CpG island/promoter-associated genes in cancer, we studied 70 samples of adult glioma, a widespread type of brain tumor, classified according to their isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1) mutation status. We found that most transcriptional alterations in tumor samples were DNA methylation–independent. Instead, altered histone H3 trimethylation at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) was the predominant molecular defect at deregulated genes. Our results also suggest that the presence of a bivalent chromatin signature at CpG island promoters in stem cells predisposes not only to hypermethylation, as widely documented, but more generally to all types of transcriptional alterations in transformed cells. In addition, the gene expression strength in healthy brain cells influences the choice between DNA methylation- and H3K27me3-associated silencing in glioma. Highly expressed genes were more likely to be repressed by H3K27me3 than by DNA methylation. Our findings support a model in which altered H3K27me3 dynamics, more specifically defects in the interplay between polycomb protein complexes and the brain-specific transcriptional machinery, is the main cause of transcriptional alteration in glioma cells. Our study provides the first comprehensive description of epigenetic changes in glioma and their relative contribution to transcriptional changes. It may be useful for the design of drugs targeting cancer-related epigenetic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Court
- Laboratoire Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, BP 38, Clermont-Ferrand 63001, France
| | - Elisa Le Boiteux
- Laboratoire Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, BP 38, Clermont-Ferrand 63001, France
| | - Anne Fogli
- Laboratoire Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, BP 38, Clermont-Ferrand 63001, France.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Clermont-Ferrand Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand 63003, France
| | - Mélanie Müller-Barthélémy
- Laboratoire Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, BP 38, Clermont-Ferrand 63001, France.,Pathology Department, Jean Perrin Center, Clermont-Ferrand 63011, France
| | - Catherine Vaurs-Barrière
- Laboratoire Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, BP 38, Clermont-Ferrand 63001, France
| | - Emmanuel Chautard
- Pathology Department, Jean Perrin Center, Clermont-Ferrand 63011, France.,Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, U1240 IMoST, Clermont-Ferrand 63011, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Biostatistics Department, Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, Clermont-Ferrand Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand 63003, France
| | - Julian Biau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, U1240 IMoST, Clermont-Ferrand 63011, France.,Radiotherapy Department, Jean Perrin Center, Clermont-Ferrand 63011, France
| | - Jean-Louis Kemeny
- Pathology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne and Clermont-Ferrand Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand 63003, France
| | - Toufic Khalil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clermont-Ferrand Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand 63003, France
| | - Lucie Karayan-Tapon
- INSERM, U1084, Poitiers 86021, France.,Poitiers University, Poitiers 86000, France.,Department of Cancer Biology, Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers 86021, France
| | - Pierre Verrelle
- INSERM, U1196 CNRS UMR9187, Curie Institute, Orsay 91405, France.,Radiotherapy Department Curie Institute, Paris 75005, France.,Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Philippe Arnaud
- Laboratoire Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, BP 38, Clermont-Ferrand 63001, France
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Gimple RC, Bhargava S, Dixit D, Rich JN. Glioblastoma stem cells: lessons from the tumor hierarchy in a lethal cancer. Genes Dev 2019; 33:591-609. [PMID: 31160393 PMCID: PMC6546059 DOI: 10.1101/gad.324301.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gimple et al. provide a review of the most recent evidence regarding the existence of GSCs in glioblastoma tumors and progress made in defining their key molecular regulators. Glioblastoma ranks among the most lethal of all human cancers. Glioblastomas display striking cellular heterogeneity, with stem-like glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) at the apex. Although the original identification of GSCs dates back more than a decade, the purification and characterization of GSCs remains challenging. Despite these challenges, the evidence that GSCs play important roles in tumor growth and response to therapy has grown. Like normal stem cells, GSCs are functionally defined and distinguished from their differentiated tumor progeny at core transcriptional, epigenetic, and metabolic regulatory levels, suggesting that no single therapeutic modality will be universally effective against a heterogenous GSC population. Glioblastomas induce a systemic immunosuppression with mixed responses to oncoimmunologic modalities, suggesting the potential for augmentation of response with a deeper consideration of GSCs. Unfortunately, the GSC literature has been complicated by frequent use of inferior cell lines and a lack of proper functional analyses. Collectively, glioblastoma offers a reliable cancer to study cancer stem cells to better model the human disease and inform improved biologic understanding and design of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Gimple
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Shruti Bhargava
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Deobrat Dixit
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Su Y, Wang J. JmjC domain-containing protein 8 (JMJD8) represses Ku70/Ku80 expression via attenuating AKT/NF-κB/COX-2 signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118541. [PMID: 31473257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Jumonji C (JmjC) domain-containing proteins have been shown to regulate cellular processes by hydroxylating or demethylating histone and non-histone targets. JMJD8 is a Jumonji C domain-containing protein localized in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and was recently shown to be involved in endothelial differentiation and cellular inflammation response. However, other physiological functions of JMJD8 remain to be elucidated. In this research, we found that knockdown of JMJD8 in cancer cells significantly increased cell proliferation, and attenuated ionizing irradiation or etoposide treatment-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) level through enhancing the expression of Ku70 and Ku80 which are key participants in the non-homologous end-joining repair of DSBs. We also provided evidence to show that knockdown of JMJD8 up-regulated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression which contributed to the enhanced expression of Ku70/Ku80 as shown by the results that pre-treatment of JMJD8 knockdown cells with COX-2 selective inhibitor NS-398 inhibited the induction of Ku70/Ku80. Furthermore, we identified that the up-regulation of COX-2 in JMJD8 knockdown cells was partially due to the increased activation of AKT/NF-κB signaling, and LY294002 (an inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway) repressed the induction of COX-2 and Ku70/Ku80. In conclusion, our research provided data to establish the role of JMJD8 in regulating tumor cell proliferation and their sensitivity to ionizing irradiation or chemo-therapy drug, and the AKT/NF-κB/COX-2 signaling mediated expression of Ku70/Ku80 was involved. The results of this research indicated that JMJD8 is a potential target for enhancing the efficacy of tumor radio- and chemo-therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Su
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
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De Angelis ML, Francescangeli F, La Torre F, Zeuner A. Stem Cell Plasticity and Dormancy in the Development of Cancer Therapy Resistance. Front Oncol 2019; 9:626. [PMID: 31355143 PMCID: PMC6636659 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment with either standard chemotherapy or targeted agents often results in the emergence of drug-refractory cell populations, ultimately leading to therapy failure. The biological features of drug resistant cells are largely overlapping with those of cancer stem cells and include heterogeneity, plasticity, self-renewal ability, and tumor-initiating capacity. Moreover, drug resistance is usually characterized by a suppression of proliferation that can manifest as quiescence, dormancy, senescence, or proliferative slowdown. Alterations in key cellular pathways such as autophagy, unfolded protein response or redox signaling, as well as metabolic adaptations also contribute to the establishment of drug resistance, thus representing attractive therapeutic targets. Moreover, a complex interplay of drug resistant cells with the micro/macroenvironment and with the immune system plays a key role in dictating and maintaining the resistant phenotype. Recent studies have challenged traditional views of cancer drug resistance providing innovative perspectives, establishing new connections between drug resistant cells and their environment and indicating unexpected therapeutic strategies. In this review we discuss recent advancements in understanding the mechanisms underlying drug resistance and we report novel targeting agents able to overcome the drug resistant status, with particular focus on strategies directed against dormant cells. Research on drug resistant cancer cells will take us one step forward toward the development of novel treatment approaches and the improvement of relapse-free survival in solid and hematological cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura De Angelis
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Filippo La Torre
- Department of Surgical Sciences Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ann Zeuner
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Shi X, Fan M. Tip60-dependent acetylation of KDM2B promotes osteosarcoma carcinogenesis. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:6154-6163. [PMID: 31218831 PMCID: PMC6714504 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of KDM2B is frequently occurred in various human solid tumours, and the high levels of KDM2B are associated with tumourigenesis. However, whether and how its activities might be modulated to facilitate tumour progression is still unclear. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting were carried out to detect the acetylation of KDM2B. Nucleosomes and mononucleosomes were prepared and the demethylation activity of KDM2B was detected in these two substrates. The effects of KDM2B acetylation on the transcription of target genes, as well as tumour growth and metastasis were then studied. KDM2B was acetylated in osteosarcoma cancer cell lines (MG‐63 and HOS). This modification occurred at lysine 758 and catalysed by Tip60. Acetylation of KDM2B decreased the capacity of KDM2B in binding with nucleosomes. KDM2B acetylation diminished its demethylation activity towards nucleosomal substrates rather than towards bulk histone. Besides, acetylation of KDM2B diminished its ability to bind with the promoters of p21 and puma. Moreover, the promoting effects of KDM2B acetylation on tumour cells' proliferation and metastasis, and in vivo tumour growth were dependent on Tip60. KDM2B is acetylated at lysine 758 by Tip60 in human osteosarcoma cells. Acetylation of KDM2B diminishes its association with nucleosomes, and thus increasing methylation of H3K36 at its target genes as well as enhancing its oncogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shi
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Beicheng New District Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Mingfu Fan
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Beicheng New District Hospital, Linyi, China
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Tang SL, Gao YL, Hu WZ. Scutellarin inhibits the metastasis and cisplatin resistance in glioma cells. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:587-598. [PMID: 30697056 PMCID: PMC6339467 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s187426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Scutellarin is a natural flavone compound that possesses anti-tumor and chemosensitization effects in several cancers. However, the effects of scutellarin on metastasis and chemoresistance in glioma have not been illustrated. Methods Glioma cells were treated with scutellarin in the presence or absence of LY294002. Cell proliferation was measured using a Cell Proliferation BrdU ELISA kit. Cell migration and invasion were analyzed using transwell assay. The expressions of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin, p-PI3K, PI3K, p-AKT, AKT, p-mTOR and mTOR were measured using Western blot. Furthermore, cells were incubated in the presence of cisplatin with or without the pretreatment of scutellarin. Cell viability was detected by the MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was measured using a histone/DNA ELISA detection kit. The expressions of ABCB1 and ABCG2 were detected using Western blot. Results In the present study, we found that scutellarin inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioma cells. Scutellarin induced E-cadherin expression and reduced the expressions of N-cadherin, and vimentin in glioma cells. Our results also revealed that scutellarin enhanced chemosensitivity to cisplatin, as evidenced by the decreased cell viability to cisplatin and induced cell apoptosis. Moreover, scutellarin inhibited the expressions of ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 and ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 in cisplatin-resistant glioma cells. Scutellarin also prevented the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Conclusion The data suggested that scutellarin suppressed metastasis and chemoresistance in glioma cells. Scutellarin might be a new therapeutic approach for the glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Lei Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan Province, China,
| | - Yuan-Lin Gao
- Department of Neurology, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng 475000, Henan Province, China
| | - Wen-Zhong Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan Province, China,
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Recasens A, Munoz L. Targeting Cancer Cell Dormancy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:128-141. [PMID: 30612715 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell dormancy is a process whereby cells enter reversible cell cycle arrest, termed quiescence. Quiescence is essential for cancer cells to acquire additional mutations, to survive in a new environment and initiate metastasis, to become resistant to cancer therapy, and to evade immune destruction. Thus, dormant cancer cells are considered to be responsible for cancer progression. As we start to understand the mechanisms that enable quiescence, we can begin to develop pharmacological strategies to target dormant cancer cells. Herein, we summarize the major molecular mechanisms underlying the dormancy of disseminated tumor cells and drug-tolerant persister cells. We then analyze the current pharmacological strategies aimed (i) to keep cancer cells in the harmless dormant state, (ii) to reactivate dormant cells to increase their susceptibility to anti-proliferative drugs, and (iii) to eradicate dormant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Recasens
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lenka Munoz
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Orouji E, Utikal J. Tackling malignant melanoma epigenetically: histone lysine methylation. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:145. [PMID: 30466474 PMCID: PMC6249913 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational histone modifications such as acetylation and methylation can affect gene expression. Histone acetylation is commonly associated with activation of gene expression whereas histone methylation is linked to either activation or repression of gene expression. Depending on the site of histone modification, several histone marks can be present throughout the genome. A combination of these histone marks can shape global chromatin architecture, and changes in patterns of marks can affect the transcriptomic landscape. Alterations in several histone marks are associated with different types of cancers, and these alterations are distinct from marks found in original normal tissues. Therefore, it is hypothesized that patterns of histone marks can change during the process of tumorigenesis. This review focuses on histone methylation changes (both removal and addition of methyl groups) in malignant melanoma, a deadly skin cancer, and the implications of specific inhibitors of these modifications as a combinatorial therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Orouji
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1901 East Rd. South Campus Research Building 4, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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